Amabhethri ezimoto ezingama-hybrid nezikagesi

Esihlokweni sethu esedlule, sixoxe ngebhethri njengomthombo kagesi, odingeka ngokuyinhloko ukuqala imoto, kanye nokusebenza kwesikhashana kwesisetshenziswa semishini kagesi. Kodwa-ke, izidingo ezihluke ngokuphelele zibekwa ezindaweni zamabhethri asetshenziswa emkhakheni wokuhambisa amadivayisi amakhulu weselula, kithi, izimoto ezi-hybrid nezimoto zikagesi. Inani eligciniwe lamandla agciniwe liyadingeka ukunika amandla imoto futhi lidinga ukugcinwa kwenye indawo. Emotweni yakudala enenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, igcinwa ethangini ngophethiloli, udizili noma i-LPG. Endabeni yemoto kagesi noma imoto eyi-hybrid, igcinwa kumabhethri, okungachazwa njengenkinga enkulu yemoto kagesi.

Ama-accumulator amanje angagcina amandla amancane, ngenkathi enesisindo esikhulu, esindayo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, kuthatha amahora ambalwa ukuwagcwalisa afike kubukhulu bawo (imvamisa i-8 noma ngaphezulu). Ngokuphambene nalokho, izimoto ezivamile ezinezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo zingagcina inani elikhulu lamandla uma ziqhathaniswa namabhethri esimweni esincane, inqobo nje uma kuthatha umzuzu, mhlawumbe emibili, ukuyishaja. Ngeshwa, inkinga yokugcina ugesi ihlukumeze izimoto zikagesi selokhu zaqala, futhi ngaphandle kwenqubekela phambili engenakuphikwa, amandla abo adingekayo ukuphehla imoto isephansi kakhulu. Kule migqa elandelayo, ukonga i-imeyili Sizoxoxa ngamandla kabanzi futhi sizame ukusondeza iqiniso langempela lezimoto ezinedrive kagesi noma i-hybrid drive. Ziningi izinganekwane ezizungeze lezi "zimoto ezihamba ngogesi", ngakho-ke akulimazi ukubhekisisa izinzuzo noma ukungalungi kwamadrayivu anjalo.

Ngeshwa, izibalo ezinikezwe abakhiqizi nazo ziyangabaza kakhulu futhi zinengqondo. Isibonelo, iKia Venga iqukethe injini kagesi enamandla angu-80 kW kanye ne-torque engu-280 Nm. Amandla anikezwa amabhethri e-lithium-ion anamandla angu-24 kWh, uhla olulinganiselwe lwe-Kia Vengy EV ngokusho komkhiqizi luyi-180 km. Umthamo wamabhethri usitshela ukuthi, uma eshajwe ngokugcwele, anganikeza amandla enjini angu-24 kW, noma adle amandla angu-48 kW ngesigamu sehora, njll. Ukubala kabusha okulula, futhi ngeke sikwazi ukushayela i-180 km. . Uma sifuna ukucabanga ngobubanzi obunjalo, kuzodingeka sishayele isilinganiso sama-60 km / h amahora angaba ngu-3, ​​futhi amandla enjini azoba ingxenye yeshumi kuphela yenani lokuzisholo, okungukuthi 8 kW. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokugibela ngokucophelela (ngokucophelela), lapho uzosebenzisa khona ibhuleki emsebenzini, ukugibela okunjalo kungenzeka. Yiqiniso, asicabangi ukufakwa kwezinsiza ezihlukahlukene zikagesi. Wonke umuntu angakwazi kakade ukucabanga ukuthi yini ukuziphika uma kuqhathaniswa nemoto yakudala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uthela amalitha angu-40 kaphethiloli we-diesel ku-Venga yakudala futhi ushayela amakhulu namakhulu amakhilomitha ngaphandle kwemingcele. Kungani kunjalo? Ake sizame ukuqhathanisa ukuthi angakanani la mandla nokuthi imoto yakudala ingaba nesisindo esingakanani ethangini, nokuthi imoto kagesi ingabamba amabhethri angakanani - funda kabanzi lapha LAPHA.

Amaqiniso ambalwa avela kumakhemikhali nakwe-physics

• inani lekhalori likaphethiloli: 42,7 MJ / kg,
• inani lekhalori likaphethiloli kadizili: 41,9 MJ / kg,
• ukuminyana kaphethiloli: 725 kg / m3,
• uwoyela kwabantu: 840 kg / m3,
• I-Joule (J) = [kg * m2 / s2],
• I-Watt (W) = [J / s],
• 1 MJ = 0,2778 kWh.

Amandla amandla okwenza umsebenzi, akalwa ngama-joules (J), amahora angama-kilowatt (kWh). Umsebenzi (omshini) ubonakaliswa ngokushintsha kwamandla ngesikhathi sokunyakaza komzimba, unamayunithi afanayo namandla. Amandla aveza inani lomsebenzi owenziwe ngeyunithi ngayinye yesikhathi, iyunithi yesisekelo okuyi-watt (W).

Amandla athile emithombo yamandla

Isisetshenziswa samandla	Inani le-calorific / kg ukuminyana	Inani lekhalori / l Amandla / l	Amandla / kg
I-petroli	42,7 MJ / kg 725 kg / m3	30,96 MJ / l 8,60 kWh / l	11,86 kWh / kg
Amafutha	41,9 MJ / kg 840 kg / m3	35,20 MJ / l 9,78 kWh / l	11,64 kWh / kg
Ibhethri le-Li-ion (Audi R8 e-tron)	42 kWh 470 kg		0,0893 kWh / kg

Kusuka kokungenhla kuyacaca ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ngenani lekhalori elingu-42,7 MJ / kg kanye nobuningi obungu-725 kg / m3, uphethiloli unikeza amandla ayi-8,60 kWh ngelitha noma u-11,86 kWh ngekhilogremu. Uma sakha amabhethri akhona manje afakwe ezimotweni zikagesi, ngokwesibonelo, i-lithium-ion, amandla awo angaphansi kuka-0,1 kWh ngekhilogremu (ukuze kube lula, sizocubungula u-0,1 kWh). Amafutha avamile anikeza amandla angaphezu kwesilinganiso esiphindwe kayikhulu esisindo esifanayo. Uzoqonda ukuthi lo umehluko omkhulu. Uma siyiphula ibe yizincane, isibonelo, iChevrolet Cruze enebhethri elingama-31 kWh ithwala amandla angangena ngaphansi kuka-2,6 kg kaphethiloli noma, uma ufuna, cishe amalitha angu-3,5 kaphethiloli.

Ungasho ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi imoto kagesi iqale nhlobo, hhayi ukuthi isazoba namandla angaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-100. Isizathu silula. Imoto kagesi isebenza kahle kakhulu maqondana nokuguqula amandla agciniwe abe amandla kagesi. Imvamisa, kufanele ibe nokusebenza kahle kuka-90%, ngenkathi ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi cishe kungama-30% wenjini kaphethiloli kanye no-35% wenjini kadizili. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlinzeka amandla afanayo kumoto kagesi, kwanele ngokugcina amandla okuphansi kakhulu.

Ukusebenziseka kalula kokushayela ngakunye

Ngemva kokuhlola ukubala okwenziwe lula, kucatshangwa ukuthi singathola cishe u-2,58 kWh wamandla ayimishini ilitha likaphethiloli, 3,42 kWh ilitha likaphethiloli kadizili, kanye no-0,09 kWh kukhilogremu yebhethri ye-lithium-ion. Ngakho-ke umehluko awukho ngaphezu kwekhulu, kodwa izikhathi ezingamashumi amathathu kuphela. Lena inombolo engcono kakhulu, kodwa namanje ayibomvana ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga nge-sporty Audi R8. Amabhethri ayo agcwele amandla, anesisindo esingu-470 kg, anamandla alingana namalitha angu-16,3 kaphethroli noma amalitha angu-12,3 nje kadizili. Noma, ukube sine-Audi A4 3,0 TDI enamandla ethangi lamalitha angu-62 kaphethiloli kadizili futhi sifuna ukuba nobubanzi obufanayo ekushayeleni ibhethri elihlanzekile, besizodinga cishe u-2350 kg wamabhethri. Kuze kube manje, leli qiniso alinikezi imoto kagesi ikusasa eliqhakazile kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, asikho isidingo sokuphonsa isibhamu ku-rye, njengoba ingcindezi yokuthuthukisa "izimoto ze-e-imoto" izosuswa yi-lobby eluhlaza engenasihawu, ngakho-ke kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abakhiqizi bezimoto bayathanda noma cha, kufanele bakhiqize okuthile "okuluhlaza" . “. Ukushintshwa okuqinisekile kwedrayivu kagesi kuphela yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-hybrids, ahlanganisa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi nenjini kagesi. Njengamanje aziwa kakhulu, isibonelo, iToyota Prius (Auris HSD enobuchwepheshe obuyingxube efanayo) noma iHonda Inside. Nokho, uhla lwazo lukagesi lusahlekwa. Esimweni sokuqala, cishe i-2 km (enguqulweni yakamuva ye-Plug In inyuswa "kuya" ku-20 km), kanti okwesibili, i-Honda ayingqongqozi ngisho nokushayela ugesi kuphela. Kuze kube manje, impumelelo ewumphumela ekusebenzeni akuyona isimangaliso njengoba ukukhangisa ngobuningi kusikisela. Iqiniso libonise ukuthi bangawafaka umbala nganoma yikuphi ukunyakaza okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (umnotho) ikakhulukazi ngobuchwepheshe obuvamile. Inzuzo ye-hybrid power plant ilele ikakhulukazi ekuwongeni uphethiloli lapho ushayela edolobheni. Abakwa-Audi basanda kusho ukuthi okwamanje kudingekile kuphela ukunciphisa isisindo somzimba ukuze kuzuzwe, ngokwesilinganiso, ukonga uphethiloli okufanayo okufezwa ezinye izinhlobo ngokufaka i-hybrid system emotweni. Izinhlobo ezintsha zezinye izimoto nazo ziyakufakazela ukuthi lokhu akukona ukukhala ebumnyameni. Isibonelo, iVolkswagen Golf yesizukulwane sesikhombisa esanda kwethulwa isebenzisa izinto ezilula ukuze ifunde futhi uma isebenza empeleni isebenzisa uphethiloli omncane kunangaphambili. I-automaker yaseJapane i-Mazda ithathe isiqondiso esifanayo. Naphezu kwalezi zimangalo, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-hybrid drive "yebanga elide" kuyaqhubeka. Njengesibonelo, ngizokhuluma nge-Opel Ampera futhi, okuxakayo, imodeli evela ku-Audi A1 e-tron.

Ukusebenziseka kalula kokushayela ngakunye

Isisetshenziswa samandla	Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini	Amandla asebenzayo / l	Amandla asebenzayo / kg
I-petroli	0,30	2,58 kWh / l	3,56 kWh / kg
Amafutha	0,35	3,42 kWh / l	4,07 kWh / kg
Amabhethri e-lithium-ion	0,90	-	KULUNGILE. 0,1 kWh / kg

I-Vauxhall Ampera

Yize i-Opel Ampera ivame ukwethulwa njengemoto kagesi, empeleni iyimoto eyi-hybrid. Ngaphezu kwenjini kagesi, i-Ampere ibuye isebenzise injini yangaphakathi yomlilo engu-1,4 litre 63 kW. Kodwa-ke, le njini kaphethiloli ayiqhubeki ngqo ngamasondo, kepha isebenza njenge-generator uma kwenzeka amabhethri ephelelwa ugesi. amandla. Ingxenye kagesi imelwe yimoto kagesi ekhipha u-111 kW (150 hp) kanye ne-torque engu-370 Nm. Amandla kagesi anikwe amandla ngamaseli e-lithium ayi-220. Anamandla aphelele ayi-16 kWh futhi anesisindo esingu-180 kg. Le moto kagesi ingahamba amakhilomitha angama-40-80 ku-drive kagesi kuphela. Leli banga livame ukulingana ukushayela kwezinsuku zonke zedolobha futhi kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza njengoba ithrafikhi yedolobha idinga ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwephethiloli ezimotweni zomlilo. Amabhethri angaphinda avuselelwe kusuka endaweni ejwayelekile, kuthi uma ihlanganiswa nenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, ibanga le-Ampera lifinyelela kumakhilomitha ahlonipheke amakhulu amahlanu.

I-audi e electron A1

I-Audi, encamela idrayivu yakudala enobuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu kune-hybrid drive efunwa kakhulu, yethule imoto eyi-hybrid ye-A1 e-tron ethokozisayo eminyakeni engaphezu kwemibili edlule. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion anamandla angu-12 kWh kanye nesisindo esingu-150 kg ashajwa injini ye-Wankel njengengxenye yejeneretha esebenzisa amandla ngendlela kaphethiloli ogcinwe ethangini elingu-254-litre. Injini inomthamo wama-cubic metres ayi-15. cm futhi ikhiqiza 45 kW / h el. amandla. Injini kagesi inamandla angu-75 kW futhi ikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla afinyelela ku-0 kW ngesikhathi esifushane. Ukusheshisa ukusuka ku-100 kuya ku-10 cishe imizuzwana engu-130 kanye nesivinini esiphezulu esingaba ngu-50 km / h. Imoto ingahamba cishe amakhilomitha angu-12 izungeza idolobha ngokushayela ugesi kuphela. Ngemva kokuqedwa kwe-e. amandla enziwa asebenze ngobuhlakani injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ejikelezayo futhi ishaje ugesi. amandla amabhethri. Amabhethri agcwele aphelele kanye namalitha angu-250 kaphethroli alinganiselwa ku-1,9 km kanti isebenzisa amalitha angu-100 ngebanga lika-1450 km. Isisindo sokusebenza kwemoto yi-12 kg. Ake sibheke ukuguqulwa okulula ukuze sibone ngokuqhathanisa okuqondile ukuthi angakanani amandla afihlwe ethangini elingu-30 litre. Uma sicabanga ukuthi injini yesimanje yakwa-Wankel isebenza kahle ngo-70%, bese kuba u-9 kg wayo, kanye no-12 kg (31 L) kaphethiloli, okulingana no-79 kWh wamandla agcinwe kumabhethri. Ngakho 387,5 kg injini kanye ithangi = 1 kg amabhethri (kubalwa Audi A9 e-Tron izisindo). Uma besifuna ukwandisa ithangi likaphethiloli ngamalitha angu-62, ngabe sesivele sinawo amandla angu-XNUMX kWh atholakalayo ukuze siqhube imoto. Ngakho singaqhubeka. Kodwa kumele abambe okukodwa. Ngeke isaba imoto "eluhlaza". Ngakho-ke nalapha kubonakala ngokucacile ukuthi idrayivu kagesi inqunyelwe ngokuphawulekayo ukuminyana kwamandla wamandla agcinwe kumabhethri.

Ikakhulukazi, intengo ephakeme, kanye nesisindo esiphezulu, kuye kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi i-hybrid drive e-Audi iye yaphela kancane kancane ngemuva. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto eziyingxubevange nezimoto zikagesi kwa-Audi kwehle ngokuphelele. Imininingwane mayelana nenguqulo entsha yemodeli ye-e-tron ye-A1 isanda kuvela. Uma uyiqhathanisa neyangaphambili, injini/ijeneretha eshintshashintshayo isithathelwe injini engu-1,5 kW 94-litre three-cylinder turbocharged. Ukusetshenziswa kweyunithi yokushisa yangaphakathi yangaphakathi kwaphoqeleka yi-Audi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobunzima obuhambisana nalokhu kudluliselwa, futhi injini entsha yamasilinda amathathu ayiklanyelwe ukushaja amabhethri kuphela, kodwa futhi isebenze ngqo namasondo okushayela. Amabhethri akwaSanyo anamandla afanayo angu-12kWh, kanti ububanzi bokushayela ugesi bukhushulwe kancane baba cishe ku-80km. Abakwa-Audi bathi i-A1 e-tron ethuthukisiwe kufanele ibe nesilinganiso selitha elilodwa ngekhilomitha ngalinye. Ngeshwa, lezi zindleko zine-snag eyodwa. Okwezimoto ezixubile ezinobubanzi obuhlanzekile obunwetshiwe. idrayivu isebenzisa indlela ethokozisayo yokubala izinga lokugeleza lokugcina. Okubizwa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kuzitshwa. ukugcwalisa amafutha kusuka inethiwekhi yokushaja ibhethri, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokugcina kwe-l / 100 km, kucabangela kuphela ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kumakhilomitha angu-20 wokugcina wokushayela, lapho kunogesi. ukushajwa kwebhethri. Ngesibalo esilula kakhulu, singakwazi ukubala lokhu uma amabhethri ayekhishwe ngokufanelekile. sahamba emva kokuphela kukagesi. amandla avela kumabhethri kaphethiloli kuphela, ngenxa yalokho, ukusetshenziswa kuzokwanda izikhathi ezinhlanu, okungukuthi, amalitha angu-5 kaphethiloli ngebanga elingu-100 km.

I-Audi A1 e-tron II. isizukulwane

Izinkinga zokugcina ugesi

Indaba yokugcina amandla indala njengobunjiniyela bukagesi uqobo. Imithombo yokuqala kagesi kwakungamaseli e-galvanic. Ngemva kwesikhashana, kungenzeka inqubo ehlehliswayo yokuqoqwa kukagesi kumaseli esibili e-galvanic - amabhethri atholwe. Amabhethri okuqala asetshenziswa kwakungamabhethri omthofu, ngemva kwesikhathi esifushane i-nickel-iron kanye ne-nickel-cadmium yakamuva, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo okungokoqobo kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Kufanele futhi kwengezwe ukuthi, naphezu kocwaningo olunzulu emhlabeni wonke kule ndawo, ukwakheka kwabo okuyisisekelo akukashintshi kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zezinto eziyisisekelo nokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha zokuhlukanisa amaseli nezikebhe, kwakungenzeka ukunciphisa kancane amandla adonsela phansi, ukunciphisa ukuzikhipha kwamaseli, nokwandisa induduzo nokuphepha komqhubi, kodwa lokho mayelana nakho. I-drawback ebaluleke kakhulu, isb. Isilinganiso esingesihle kakhulu senani lamandla agciniwe esisindweni kanye nevolumu yamabhethri asala. Ngakho-ke, lawa mabhethri asetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezimile (izinsiza zamandla eziyisipele uma kwenzeka ukunikezwa kwamandla kwehluleka, njll.). Amabhethri asetshenziswa njengomthombo wamandla wezinhlelo zokudonsa, ikakhulukazi kojantshi (izinqola zokuthutha), lapho isisindo esisindayo kanye nobukhulu obubalulekile nakho kungazange kuphazamise kakhulu.

Inqubekela phambili yokugcina amandla

Kodwa-ke, isidingo sokuthuthukisa amaseli ngamakhono amancane nobukhulu emahoreni e-ampere sikhuphukile. Ngakho-ke, kwakheka amangqamuzana ayinhloko ane-alkaline nezinguqulo ezivalwe ze-nickel-cadmium (NiCd) bese kuba yi-nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Okokugoqelwa kwamaseli, kwakheka ubungako nobukhulu bemikhono efanayo njengamaseli ajwayelekile e-zinc chloride. Ngokuyinhloko, imingcele etholakalayo yamabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride yenza kube lula ukuwasebenzisa, ikakhulukazi, kumaselula, ama-laptops, amathuluzi wamathuluzi, njll. umthamo omkhulu kuma-ampere-amahora. Ukuhlelwa kwe-lamellar kohlelo olukhulu lwe-electrode yeseli kuthathelwa indawo ubuchwepheshe bokuguqula uhlelo lwe-electrode, kufaka phakathi abahlukanisi, lube yikhoyili eyi-cylindrical, efakwa ixhumane namaseli amise okwejwayelekile ngosayizi we-AAA, AA, C no-D, resp. ukuphindaphinda kosayizi wazo. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile, kukhiqizwa amaseli ayizicaba akhethekile.

Ubuhle bamaseli e-hermetic anama-electrode asontekile yikhono elikhulu ngokuphindwe kaningana lokushaja nokukhipha amaza aphezulu kanye nesilinganiso sokuminyana kwamandla okuhlobene nesisindo seseli kanye nevolumu uma kuqhathaniswa nomklamo wamaseli amakhulu wakudala. Okubi wukuzikhulula kanye nemijikelezo yokusebenza embalwa. Umthamo omkhulu weseli eyodwa ye-NiMH cishe u-10 Ah. Kodwa, njengamanye amasilinda amakhulu obubanzi, awavumeli ukushaja imisinga ephezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokushisa okuyinkinga, okunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi, ngakho-ke lo mthombo usetshenziswa kuphela njengebhethri elisizayo ohlelweni lwe-hybrid (Toyota Prius). 1,3 kWh).

Intuthuko ebalulekile emkhakheni wokugcinwa kwamandla kube ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-lithium aphephile. I-lithium iyinto enenani eliphezulu le-electrochemical, kodwa futhi isebenza ngokwedlulele ngomqondo we-oxidative, ophinde ubangele izinkinga uma usebenzisa insimbi ye-lithium ekusebenzeni. Lapho i-lithium ihlangana ne-oksijeni yasemkhathini, ukuvutha kwenzeka, okuthi, kuye ngezakhiwo zemvelo, kungaba nohlamvu lokuqhuma. Lesi sakhiwo esingathandeki singaqedwa noma ngokuvikela ngokucophelela indawo engaphezulu, noma ngokusebenzisa izinhlanganisela ze-lithium ezingasebenzi kancane. Njengamanje, amabhethri e-lithium-ion ajwayelekile kanye ne-lithium-polymer anomthamo we-2 kuya ku-4 Ah ngamahora we-ampere. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo kufana nalokho kwe-NiMh, futhi ngesilinganiso sokukhipha i-voltage ye-3,2 V, i-6 kuya ku-13 Wh yamandla iyatholakala. Uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride, amabhethri e-lithium angagcina amandla aphindwe kabili noma kane ngevolumu efanayo. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion (polymer) ane-electrolyte ekwijeli noma esesimweni esiqinile futhi angenziwa kumaseli asicaba azacile njengengxenye yeshumi embalwa yemilimitha cishe kunoma yimuphi umumo ukuze avumelane nezidingo zohlelo olusebenzayo.

Idrayivu kagesi emotweni yomgibeli ingenziwa njengeyona eyinhloko futhi eyodwa kuphela (imoto kagesi) noma ihlangene, lapho idrayivu kagesi ingaba umthombo oyinhloko futhi osizayo wokudonsa (i-hybrid drive). Ngokuya ngokuhluka okusetshenzisiwe, izidingo zamandla okusebenza kwemoto ngakho-ke umthamo wamabhethri uyahluka. Ezimotweni zikagesi, umthamo webhethri uphakathi kuka-25 no-50 kWh, futhi nge-hybrid drive, iphansi ngokwemvelo futhi isukela ku-1 kuya ku-10 kWh. Kusukela kumanani anikeziwe kungabonakala ukuthi ku-voltage yeseli eyodwa (ye-lithium) engu-3,6 V, kuyadingeka ukuxhuma amaseli ochungechungeni. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kuma-conductor okusabalalisa, ama-inverter nama-motor windings, kunconywa ukuthi ukhethe i-voltage ephakeme kunokuvamile kunethiwekhi ye-on-board (12 V) yokushayela - amanani avame ukusetshenziswa asuka ku-250 kuya ku-500 V. namuhla, amaseli e-Lithium ngokusobala awuhlobo olufaneleka kakhulu. Kuyavunywa, asabiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma eqhathaniswa namabhethri aneasidi yomthofu. Nokho, zinzima kakhulu.

Amandla kagesi avamile wamaseli ebhethri e-lithium angu-3,6 V. Leli nani lihlukile kumaseli avamile we-nickel-metal hydride, ngokulandelanayo. I-NiCd, ene-voltage yegama engu-1,2 V (noma i-lead - 2 V), okuthi, uma isetshenziswe ekusebenzeni, ingavumeli ukushintshashintsha kwazo zombili izinhlobo. Ukushaja kwalawa mabhethri e-lithium kubonakala ngesidingo sokugcina ngokunembile inani le-voltage yokushaja ephezulu, edinga uhlobo olukhethekile lweshaja futhi, ikakhulukazi, ayivumeli ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokushaja eziklanyelwe ezinye izinhlobo zamaseli.

Izici eziyinhloko zamabhethri e-lithium

Izici eziyinhloko zamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi kanye nama-hybridi kungabhekwa njengezici zawo zokushaja nokukhipha.

Isici sokushaja 

Inqubo yokushaja idinga ukulawulwa kwamanje wokushaja, ukulawulwa kwamandla weseli nokulawulwa kwethempelesha yamanje akunakweqiwa. Kumaseli e-lithium asetshenziswayo namuhla asebenzisa i-LiCoO2 njenge-cathode electrode, umkhawulo wamandla wokushaja omkhulu ngu-4,20 kuye ku-4,22 V ngeseli ngalinye. Ukudlula leli nani kuholela ekulimaleni kwezinto zeseli futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehluleka ukufinyelela leli nani kusho ukungasetshenziswa kwamandla weseli okuqokiwe. Ukushaja, isici esijwayelekile se-IU sisetshenzisiwe, okungukuthi, esigabeni sokuqala ikhokhiswa njengamanje njalo kuze kufike amandla ka-4,20 V / cell. Okwamanje ukushaja kukhawulwe kunani eliphakeme elivumelekile elicaciswe ngumenzi weseli, ngokulandelana. ongakhetha ishaja. Isikhathi sokushaja esigabeni sokuqala siyehluka kusuka kumashumi emizuzu eminingana kuya emahoreni ambalwa, kuya ngobukhulu bamanje wokushaja. Amandla eseli kancane kancane akhuphuka aze afike kubukhulu. amanani we-4,2 V. Njengoba sekushiwo, le voltage akufanele yeqwe ngenxa yobungozi bokulimala kweseli. Esigabeni sokuqala sokushaja, u-70 kuya ku-80% wamandla ugcinwa kumaseli, esigabeni sesibili okusele. Esigabeni sesibili, amandla wokushaja agcinwa enanini eliphakeme elivumelekile, futhi okwamanje ukushaja kuyehla kancane. Ukushaja kuqediwe lapho i-current yehle yaya cishe ku-2-3% wamanje wokukhishwa kweseli okulinganiselwe. Njengoba inani eliphakeme lemisinga yokushaja esimweni samaseli amancane libuye liphindwe kaningana kunalokhu okukhiphayo, ingxenye enkulu kagesi ingagcinwa esigabeni sokuqala sokushaja. amandla ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu (cishe ½ nehora eli-1). Ngakho-ke, uma kwenzeka kuba nesimo esiphuthumayo, kungenzeka ukushaja amabhethri emoto kagesi endaweni eyanele ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngisho nasendabeni yamaseli e-lithium, ugesi onqwabelene uyancipha ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile sokugcina. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingaba ngu-3 zesikhathi sokuphumula.

Izici zokukhishwa

I-voltage iqala yehle ngokushesha iye ku-3,6-3,0 V (kuya ngobungako bokukhishwa kwamanje) futhi ihlala icishe ifane njalo kukho konke ukukhipha. Ngemuva kokukhathala kokunikezwa kwe-imeyili. amandla futhi ehlisa amandla eseli ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukukhishwa kufanele kuphele kungakadluli ugesi okhipha amandla womenzi we-2,7 kuye ku-3,0 V.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukwakheka komkhiqizo kungalimala. Inqubo yokuthulula kulula ukuyilawula. Kukhawulelwe kuphela ngenani lamanje futhi kuyama lapho inani lamandla okugcina okukhipha lifinyelelwa. Inkinga kuphela ukuthi izakhiwo zamaseli ngamanye ngokuhlelwa okulandelanayo azifani neze. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla esiphi iseli awehli ngaphansi kwamandla okugcina okukhipha, ngoba lokhu kungakulimaza futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukungasebenzi kahle kwebhethri lonke. Okufanayo kufanele kubhekwe lapho ushaja ibhethri.

Uhlobo okukhulunywe ngalo lwamaseli e-lithium anento ehlukile ye-cathode, lapho i-oxide ye-cobalt, i-nickel noma i-manganese ithathelwa indawo yi-phosphide Li3V2 (PO4) 3, iqeda izingozi ezishiwo zokulimala kweseli ngenxa yokungathobeli. umthamo ophakeme. Okumenyezelwe futhi ukuthi yimpilo yabo yokusebenza emenyezelwe yemijikelezo engaba ngu-2 (ekukhishweni okungu-000%) futhi ikakhulukazi iqiniso lokuthi lapho iseli selikhishwe ngokuphelele, ngeke lilimale. Inzuzo futhi ingugesi ophakeme ophakeme we-80 lapho ushaja kufika ku-4,2 V.

Kule ncazelo engenhla, kungakhonjiswa ngokusobala ukuthi amabhethri e-lithium njengamanje ukuphela kwento ehlukile njengokugcina amandla okushayela imoto uma kuqhathaniswa namandla agcinwe kuphethiloli we-fossil ethangini likaphethiloli. Noma ikuphi ukunyuka komthamo othile webhethri kuzokhuphula ukuncintisana kwale drive eco-friendly. Singathemba nje ukuthi intuthuko ngeke yehlise ijubane, kepha, kunalokho, qhubekela phambili ngamamayela ambalwa.

Izibonelo zezimoto ezisebenzisa amabhethri e-hybrid nawakagesi

IToyota Prius iyi-hybrid yakudala enamandla kagesi aphansi kugesi omsulwa. ukushayela

IToyota Prius isebenzisa ibhethri elingu-1,3 kWh NiMH, elisetshenziswa kakhulu njengomthombo wamandla wokusheshisa futhi livumela idrayivu kagesi ehlukile ukuthi isetshenziselwe ibanga elilinganiselwa ku-2 km ubude. ijubane lama-50 km / h. I-Plug-In version isivele isebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion anomthamo ka-5,4 kWh, ekuvumela ukuthi ushayele kuphela ku-drive kagesi ibanga elingu-14-20 km ngejubane eliphezulu. isivinini 100 km / h.

Abakwa-Opel Ampere-hybrid abanamandla akhuphukile okugcina amandla kwi-imeyili emsulwa. ukushayela

Imoto kagesi enobubanzi obeluliwe (40-80 km), njengoba i-Opel ibiza izihlalo ezine ezinezicabha ezinhlanu i-Amper, inikwe amandla yimoto kagesi ene-111 kW (150 hp) ne-torque engu-370 Nm. Amandla kagesi anikwe amandla ngamaseli e-lithium ayi-220. Anamandla aphelele ayi-16 kWh futhi anesisindo esingu-180 kg. I-generator iyinjini kaphethiloli engu-1,4 litre ephuma no-63 kW.

IMitsubishi neMiEV, iCitroën C-Zero, iPeugeot iOn-clean el. izimoto

Amabhethri e-lithium-ion anomthamo we-16 kWh avumela imoto ukuthi ihambe ibanga elingafika ku-150 km ngaphandle kokushaja, njengoba kukalwa ngokuya ngezinga elijwayelekile le-NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). Amabhethri anamandla amakhulu (330 V) atholakala ngaphakathi phansi futhi avikelwe nohlaka lokubeletha ekulimaleni uma kwenzeka kuba nomthelela. Kungumkhiqizo weLithium Energy Japan, ibhizinisi elihlanganyelwe phakathi kweMitsubishi ne-GS Yuasa Corporation. Kunama-athikili angama-88 esewonke. Ugesi wedrayivu uhlinzekwa ngebhethri le-lithium-ion elingu-330 V, eliqukethe amaseli angama-88 50 Ah anomthamo ophelele we-16 kWh. Ibhethri lizokhokhiswa lisuka esitolo esidayisa izindlu kungakapheli amahora ayisithupha, kusetshenziswa ishaja yangaphandle esheshayo (125 A, 400 V), ibhethri lizofakwa ku-80% ngesigamu sehora.

Mina ngokwami ​​ngingumlandeli omkhulu wezimoto zikagesi futhi ngihlale ngiqapha okwenzekayo kule ndawo, kodwa iqiniso okwamanje alinalo ithemba kangako. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa nolwazi olungenhla, olubonisa ukuthi ukuphila kokubili kwezimoto ezihlanzekile zikagesi kanye ne-hybrid akulula, futhi ngokuvamile umdlalo wezinombolo kuphela ozenza sengathi unjalo. Ukukhiqizwa kwazo kusadingeka kakhulu futhi kubiza, futhi ukusebenza kwazo kusaphikiswana ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ububi obuyinhloko bezimoto zikagesi (ama-hybrids) amandla athile aphansi kakhulu agcinwe kumabhethri uma kuqhathaniswa namandla agcinwe kumafutha ajwayelekile (udizili, uphethiloli, igesi ye-petroleum ewuketshezi, igesi yemvelo ecindezelwe). Ukuletha ngempela amandla ezimoto zikagesi eduze nezimoto ezivamile, amabhethri kuzodingeka ehlise isisindo sawo okungenani ingxenye yeshumi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Audi R8 e-tron ebaluliwe bekumele igcine u-42 kWh hhayi ku-470 kg, kodwa ku-47 kg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi sokushaja kuzodingeka sehliswe kakhulu. Cishe ihora ku-70-80% umthamo kusekuningi, futhi angikhulumi ngamahora angu-6-8 ngokwesilinganiso ngokukhokhiswa okugcwele. Asikho isidingo sokukholelwa i-bullshit mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwe-zero yezimoto zikagesi ze-CO2 noma. Masiphawule ngokushesha iqiniso lokuthi Amandla asezisekelo zethu nawo akhiqizwa izitshalo zamandla ashisayo, futhi azikhiqizi kuphela i-CO2 eyanele. Ingasaphathwa ukukhiqizwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemoto enjalo, lapho isidingo se-CO2 sokukhiqiza sikhulu kakhulu kuneyakudala. Akumelwe sikhohlwe ngenani lezingxenye eziqukethe izinto ezisindayo nezinobuthi kanye nokulahlwa kwazo okunezinkinga kamuva.

Ngawo wonke ama-minuses ashiwo futhi angashiwongo, imoto kagesi (i-hybrid) nayo inezinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa. Emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni noma emabangeni amafushane, ukusebenza kwabo okonga kakhulu akunakuphikwa, kuphela ngenxa yesimiso sokugcina amandla (ukubuyisela kabusha) ngesikhathi sokubhuleka, lapho ezimotweni ezivamile kukhishwa ngesikhathi sokubhuleka ngendlela yokushisa kwemfucuza emoyeni, hhayi yisho ukuthi kungenzeka amakhilomitha ambalwa ukushayela uzungeze idolobha ukuze ushajwe kabusha nge-imeyili yomphakathi. inetha. Uma siqhathanisa imoto ehlanzekile kagesi kanye nemoto yakudala, khona-ke emotweni evamile kukhona injini yomlilo yangaphakathi, yona ngokwayo iyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi. Amandla ayo kumele adluliselwe emasondweni ngandlela thize, futhi lokhu kwenziwa kakhulu nge-manual noma automatic transmission. Kusekhona umehluko owodwa noma ngaphezulu endleleni, ngezinye izikhathi futhi i-driveshaft kanye nochungechunge lwama-axle shafts. Yiqiniso, imoto nayo idinga ukwehlisa ijubane, injini idinga ukupholisa, futhi la mandla okushisa alahleka ngokungenamsebenzi emvelweni njengokushisa okusalayo. Imoto kagesi isebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ilula - (ayisebenzi ku-hybrid drive, eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu). Imoto kagesi ayinawo u-gearbox, o-gearbox, amakhadini nama-half shafts, khohlwa ngenjini ngaphambili, ngemuva noma phakathi. Ayinayo irediyetha, okungukuthi i-coolant ne-starter. Inzuzo yemoto kagesi ukuthi ikwazi ukufaka ama-motor ngqo emasondweni. Futhi ngokuzumayo usune-ATV ephelele ekwazi ukulawula isondo ngalinye ngaphandle kwamanye. Ngakho-ke, ngemoto kagesi, ngeke kube nzima ukulawula isondo elilodwa kuphela, futhi kungenzeka ukukhetha nokulawula ukusatshalaliswa okuhle kwamandla okubamba amakhona. Injini ngayinye ingaba ibhuleki, futhi elizimele ngokuphelele kwamanye amasondo, eliguqula okungenani amandla e-kinetic abuyele kumandla kagesi. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhuleki avamile azoba ngaphansi kwengcindezi encane kakhulu. Izinjini zingakhiqiza amandla aphezulu atholakalayo cishe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi ngaphandle kokulibala. Ukusebenza kahle kwabo ekuguquleni amandla agcinwe kumabhethri abe amandla e-kinetic cishe ku-90%, okucishe kuphindwe kathathu kunamamotho ajwayelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, azikukhiqizi ukushisa okuyinsalela okungako futhi akudingeki kube nzima ukuzipholisa. Okudingayo kulokhu ihadiwe enhle, iyunithi yokulawula kanye nomklami omuhle.

Suma sumárum. Uma izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi noma amaHybridi asondele kakhulu ezimotweni zakudala ezinezinjini ezonga ugesi, zisenendlela enzima kakhulu futhi enzima phambi kwazo. Ngiyethemba nje ukuthi lokhu akuqinisekisiwe ngenombolo yezinombolo ezilahlekisayo noma. ingcindezi enehaba evela ezikhulwini. Kepha masingalahli ithemba. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-nanotechnology kuhamba ngempela ngokuxhuma nemingcele, futhi, mhlawumbe, izimangaliso zisilindele ngempela esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

Ekugcineni, ngizokwengeza into eyodwa ethokozisayo. Kumanje kunesiteshi esisebenzisa amandla elanga.

IToyota Industries Corp (TIC) isungule isiteshi sokushaja elanga sezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi kanye ne-hybrid. Lesi siteshi sixhunywe nogesi, ngakho-ke amaphaneli elanga angu-1,9 kW angaba umthombo owengeziwe wamandla. Kusetshenziswa umthombo wamandla ozifakela (welanga), isiteshi sokushaja singanikeza amandla amakhulu we-110 VAC / 1,5 kW, lapho sixhunywe kuma-mains, sinikeza inani eliphakeme elingu-220 VAC / 3,2 kW.

Ugesi ongasetshenzisiwe ovela kuma-solar panel ugcinwa kumabhethri, angagcina u-8,4 kWh ukuze uwasebenzise kamuva. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi unikeze ugesi kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa noma izesekeli zesiteshi sokuhambisa. Izitendi zokushaja ezisetshenziswa kulesi siteshi zinobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obakhelwe ngaphakathi obukwaziyo ukubona izimoto ngokufanele. abanikazi babo besebenzisa amakhadi ahlakaniphile.

Amagama abalulekile amabhethri

• Amandla - ikhombisa inani lokushajwa kukagesi (inani lamandla) agcinwe ebhethrini. Icaciswa ngamahora we-ampere (Ah) noma, esimweni samadivayisi amancane, ngamahora angu-milliamp (mAh). Ibhethri elingu-1 Ah (= 1000 mAh) ngokombono likwazi ukuletha i-amp engu-1 ihora elilodwa.
• Ukumelana kwangaphakathi - ikhombisa ikhono lebhethri lokuhlinzeka ngamanje okuphumayo okungaphezulu noma okuncane. Ukwenza umfanekiso, amathini amabili angasetshenziswa, enye ene-outlet encane (ukumelana okuphezulu kwangaphakathi) kanti enye ibe nenkulu (ukumelana okuphansi kwangaphakathi). Uma sinquma ukuwathulula, ithini elinomgodi omncane wokudonsa amanzi lizothulula kancane kancane.
• I-voltage ilinganise amandla kagesi - kumabhethri e-nickel-cadmium kanye ne-nickel-metal hydride, ingu-1,2 V, i-lead 2 V ne-lithium kusukela ku-3,6 kuya ku-4,2 V. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, le voltheji iyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-0,8 - 1,5 V kumabhethri e-nickel -cadmium kanye ne-nickel-metal hydride, 1,7 - 2,3 V ngomthofu kanye no-3-4,2 no-3,5-4,9 we-lithium.
• Ukushaja zamanje, khulula manje - kuvezwe ngama-ampere (A) noma ama-milliamp (mA). Lolu ulwazi olubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo kwebhethri okukhulunywa ngayo ocingweni oluthile. Iphinde inqume izimo zokushajwa nokushajwa okufanele kwebhethri ukuze umthamo wayo usetshenziswe kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ungachithi.
• Ukushaja i-acc. khulula ijika - Ibonisa ngokucacile ushintsho ku-voltage kuye ngesikhathi lapho ishaja noma ishajwa ibhethri. Uma ibhethri likhishwa, ngokuvamile kuba noshintsho oluncane ku-voltage cishe cishe u-90% wesikhathi sokuphuma. Ngakho-ke, kunzima kakhulu ukucacisa isimo samanje sebhethri kusuka ku-voltage elinganisiwe.
• Ukuzikhulula, ukuzikhiphela – Ibhethri alikwazi ukugcina ugesi ngaso sonke isikhathi. amandla, njengoba ukusabela kuma-electrode kuyinqubo ebuyiseleka emuva. Ibhethri elishajiwe lizikhiphela ngokwalo kancane kancane. Le nqubo ingathatha kusukela emavikini ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni. Endabeni yamabhethri e-lead-acid, lokhu kungu-5-20% ngenyanga, kumabhethri e-nickel-cadmium - cishe i-1% yeshaje kagesi ngosuku, esimweni samabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride - cishe i-15-20% ngenyanga, futhi i-lithium ilahlekelwa cishe ngama-60%. umthamo wezinyanga ezintathu. Ukuzikhipha ngokwakho kuncike ekushiseni okuzungezile kanye nokumelana kwangaphakathi (amabhethri anezinga eliphakeme lokumelana nokukhishwa kwangaphakathi akhipha kancane) futhi vele umklamo, izinto ezisetshenziswayo kanye nomsebenzi nakho kubalulekile.
•  Ibhethri (amakhithi) - Ezimeni ezihlukile kuphela lapho amabhethri asetshenziswa ngawodwana. Ngokuvamile zixhunywe kusethi, cishe njalo zixhunywe ochungechungeni. Ubuningi bamanje besethi enjalo bulingana nobuningi bamanje beseli ngayinye, i-voltage elinganiselwe iyisamba sezintambo ezilinganiselwe zamaseli ngamanye.
•  Ukuqoqwa kwamabhethri.  Ibhethri elisha noma elingasetshenziswanga kufanele lifakwe kweyodwa kepha okungcono kaningi (3-5) ukushaja okugcwele okuhamba kancane nemijikelezo yokuhamba kancane. Le nqubo ehamba kancane ibeka imingcele yebhethri ezingeni olifunayo.
•  Umphumela wememori – Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ibhethri ishajwa futhi ishajwa ifike ezingeni elifanayo cishe ngokungaguquki, hhayi amandla amaningi kakhulu, futhi akufanele kube nokushajwa okugcwele noma ukuchithwa okujulile kweseli. Lo mthelela oseceleni uthinte i-NiCd (incane futhi i-NiMH).