I-Airbus: Imboni Yezokundiza YaseYurophu Yekusasa Ingxenye 1

I-A380, i-Airbus eyibiza ngendiza enkulu yekhulu lama-21, iyindiza enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. I-Emirates ingumsebenzisi omkhulu we-A380.

ekupheleni kuka-2018, kwa-odwa amakhophi angu-162, kwatholakala angu-109. Nokho, ku-53 asele, angu-39 akhanselwa, ukuze ukukhiqizwa kwe-A380 kuphele ngo-2021.

I-Aerospace yaseYurophu ikhathaza i-Airbus inkulu kunawo wonke eZwenikazi Elidala futhi ingenye yabakhiqizi abakhulu emhlabeni bezindiza nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, kanye namasathelayithi, ama-probe, izimoto zokwethula nezinye izinto zokusebenza zasemkhathini. Endabeni yezindiza zabagibeli ezinomthamo wezihlalo ezingaphezu kwe-100, i-Airbus iphumelele ukuncintisana ne-American Boeing ngobuholi bomhlaba iminyaka eminingi.

I-Airbus SE (Societas Europaea) iyinkampani yamasheya ehlanganyelwe esohlwini lokuhwebelana ngamasheya eParis, Frankfurt am Main, Madrid, Barcelona, ​​​​Valencia kanye neBilbao. Ama-73,68% amasheya aseyatholakala. Uhulumeni wase-France nge-Société de Gestion de Partitions Aéronautiques (Sogepa) ungumnikazi wamasheya angu-11,08%, uhulumeni waseJalimane nge-Gesellschaft zur Beteiligungsverwaltung GZBV mbH & Co. KG - 11,07% kanye noHulumeni wase-Spain nge-Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI) - 4,17%. Le nkampani iphethwe ibhodi labaqondisi elinabantu abangu-12 kanye nekomidi eliphezulu (ibhodi) labantu abangu-17. USihlalo weBhodi ngu-Denis Rank kanti uSihlalo kanye no-CEO nguThomas "Tom" Enders. I-Airbus isebenza emikhakheni emithathu eyinhloko (imigqa yebhizinisi): I-Airbus Commercial Aircraft (noma i-Airbus nje) inikeza izindiza ezithwala abantu ezithwala izihlalo ezingaphezu kuka-100, Izindiza Ezinophephela Emhlane ze-Airbus - izindiza ezinophephela emhlane nezempi, kanye ne-Airbus Defense and Space - indiza yezempi (Amasosha Ingxenye yezindiza)) , izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu, izinhlelo zasemkhathini zomphakathi nezempi (Izinhlelo Zemkhathi), kanye nezokuxhumana, ezobunhloli kanye nezinhlelo zokuphepha (CIS).

I-A318 iyimodeli yendiza encane kunazo zonke ekhiqizwa yi-Airbus. Yayisetshenziswa njengesisekelo senguqulo yabagibeli abangu-318-318 ye-A14 Elite (ACJ18).

Isithombe: I-A318 ngemibala ye-Frontier Airlines.

I-Airbus SE inamasheya ezinkampanini eziningi ezahlukene kanye nama-consortiums. I-Airbus Commercial Aircraft inamasheya angu-50% ku-ATR (Avions de Transport Régional), umkhiqizi wama-turboprops anezihlalo ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu-78 kwezokuxhumana zesifunda (ama-50% asele aphethwe nguLeonardo). I-Airbus Defense and Space inamasheya angu-46% ku-Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH, ekhiqiza ama-Typhoon fighters (abanye ozakwethu i-BAE Systems - 33% no-Leonardo - 21%) kanye ne-37,5% yenkampani yezokuvikela i-MBDA (abanye ozakwethu BAE Systems - 37,5% kanye noLeonardo - 25%). Ingumnikazi oyedwa we-STELIA Aerospace kanye ne-Premium AEROTEC, abahlinzeki abahamba phambili emhlabeni bezingxenye nezingxenye nabakhiqizi bezakhiwo zezindiza zomphakathi nezempi. NgoMashi 7, 2018, i-Airbus yathengisa inkampani engaphansi kwayo i-Plant Holdings, Inc. I-Motorola Solutions, futhi ngo-Okthoba 1, i-Héroux-Devtek Inc. inkampani ephethwe yi-Compañía Española de Sistemas Aeronáuticos SA (CESA).

Ngo-2018, i-Airbus yethule irekhodi lendiza yabagibeli engama-93 kumakhasimende entengiso angama-800 (ama-82 ngaphezulu kwango-2017, akhuphuke ngo-11,4%). Lokhu kuhlanganisa: 20 A220s, 626 A320s (kuhlanganise 386 A320neos), 49 A330s (kuhlanganise A330neos zokuqala ezintathu), 93 A350 XWBs kanye 12 A380s. Cishe u-34% yenani eliphelele lezindiza eziya kubasebenzisi base-Asia, u-17% e-Europe, u-14% eMelika, u-4% eMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Afrika kanye no-31% ezinkampanini eziqashisayo. Lona bekuwunyaka weshumi nesithupha ilandelana lapho i-Airbus iqopha ukwanda kwenani lezindiza ezidayisiwe. Ibhuku le-oda lenyuke ngamayunithi angu-747 ngaphandle kwenani lekhathalogi lama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-41,519 ukuze libe yirekhodi lamayunithi angu-7577 abiza u-€411,659 webhiliyoni! Kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2018, i-Airbus ithole ama-oda ezindiza zabagibeli ezingu-19 zazo zonke izinhlobo, amamodeli nezinhlobonhlobo ezivela kumakhasimende angu-340, okulethiwe angu-414 11. Njengamanje, izindiza ze-Airbus ezingu-763 433 ezisetshenziswa amakhasimende angu-10 emhlabeni wonke.

Mayelana nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane, izindiza zezindiza zezindiza ze-Airbus zilethe amayunithi we-356 ngonyaka odlule futhi zathola ama-oda weyunithi ye-381 enenani lekhathalogi ye-6,339 billion euros. Incwadi yoku-oda ekupheleni konyaka ifinyelele kumayunithi angama-717 abiza ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-14,943. I-Airbus Defence and Space ithole ama-oda yenani lengqikithi yekhathalogi yama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8,441, okuletha ukusilela emuva emkhakheni ku-€35,316 billion. Isamba senani lebhuku lama-oda eqembu lonke kusukela ngomhla ka-31 Disemba 2018 lalingama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-461,918.

Ngonyaka odlule, i-Airbus SE yazuza ukuthengiswa okuhlanganisiwe kwezigidigidi ezingama-63,707, inzuzo enkulu (EBIT; intela yangaphambi kwentela) engu-€5,048 webhiliyoni kanye nensalela yemali engenayo engu-€3,054 webhiliyoni. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-2017, imali engenayo inyuke ngo-€4,685 bhiliyoni (+8%), inzuzo iyonke ngo-€2,383 webhiliyoni (+89%) kanye nensalela yenzuzo ngezigidi ezingu-693 (+29,4%). Imali engenayo kanye nemali engenayo yomkhakha ngamunye (ngemuva kokucabangela ukulahlekelwa embonini ehlukahlukene kanye neminye imisebenzi) ibe, ngokulandelana: Izindiza Zezentengiselwano ze-Airbus - 47,199 billion (+10,6%) kanye nezigidigidi ezingu-4,295 (+90%), Izindiza Ezinophephela Emhlane - 5,523 billion (-5,7, 366%) kanye ne-48 million euros (+10,985%), i-Airbus Defense and Space - 4,7 billion euros (+676%) kanye ne-46 million euros (+74,1%). Ngakho, isabelo sezindiza ze-Airbus Commercial Aircraft emalini engenayo yeqembu sasingu-8,7%, izindiza zezindiza ze-Airbus - 17,2%, kanye ne-Airbus Defense and Space - 36,5%. Ngokwendawo, i-23,297% yemali engenayo (€27,9 billion) ivela ekuthengisweni e-Asia Pacific; 17,780% (17,5 billion) - eYurophu; 11,144% (10 billion) - eNyakatho Melika; 6,379% (2,3 billion) - eMpumalanga Ephakathi; 1,437% (5,8 billion) - eLatin America; 3,670% (3,217 billion) - kwamanye amazwe. Ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-14,6 asetshenziswe ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni, okuyi-2017% ngaphezu kuka-2,807 (XNUMX billion).

Ukuzalwa kwe-Airbus.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-60, abakhiqizi bezindiza baseYurophu baqala ukulahlekelwa ukuncintisana komhlaba wonke ezinkampanini zaseMelika i-Boeing, i-Lockheed kanye noMcDonnell Douglas. Ngisho nezinkampani zezindiza zaseYurophu zaziya ngokuya zilangazelela ukushayela izindiza zaseMelika. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ukuphela kwendlela yokuphumelela - futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuphila emakethe nhlobo - kwakuwukuhlanganisa amandla, njengoba kwakunjalo ngohlelo lwezindiza ze-Concorde supersonic. Ngakho, kutholwe izinzuzo ezimbili ezengeziwe: ukuncintisana okuhlangene okucindezelayo kwaqedwa futhi umthwalo wezezimali ezinkampanini ezihilelekile wehliswa (ozakwethu ngamunye wathatha ingxenye yezindleko zohlelo kuphela).

Maphakathi nawo-60s, ngenxa yenani elikhula ngokushesha labagibeli, abathwali baseYurophu bamemezela isidingo sendiza entsha enomthamo wezihlalo okungenani ze-100, eklanyelwe ukwenza imizila emifushane nephakathi ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalezi zici ezithile, indiza yasheshe yathola igama elingekho emthethweni le-airbus (airbus). Ukuphendula, izinkampani zaseBrithani i-BAC kanye no-Hawker Siddeley bakha imiklamo yokuqala esekelwe endizeni yabo yangaphambili engu-1-11 kanye ne-Trident ngokulandelana, kuyilapho i-French Sud Aviation ithuthukisa umklamo wendiza ye-Galion. Khona-ke, u-Hawker Siddeley, kanye nezinkampani zaseFrance i-Bréguet kanye ne-Nord Aviation, bakha umklamo wokuqala wendiza ye-HBN 100. Ngokulandelayo, izinkampani zaseNtshonalanga Jalimane i-Dornier, i-Hamburger Flugzeugbau, i-Messerschmitt, i-Siebelwerke-ATG ne-VFW yakha kabusha i-Studientgruppe Airmed Arbeitsgembuseinschaft Airbus), kwathi ngoSepthemba 2 1965 yaguqulwa yaba iDeutsche Airbus), ukuze kufundwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukwakhiwa kwendiza efanelekile iyodwa noma iqale ukubambisana nabalingani bakwamanye amazwe.

I-China Eastern Airlines A319 eboniswe esithombeni bekungumndeni wama-320 we-AXNUMX obuhlangene eTianjin, eChina. I-FALC kwaba ulayini wokuqala womhlangano we-Airbus ngaphandle kwase-Europe.

Ngo-Okthoba 1965, izindiza zaseYurophu zashintsha izidingo zazo ze-Airbus, zayibeka endaweni okungenani yezihlalo ezingu-200-225, uhla lwe-1500 km, kanye nezindleko zokusebenza cishe ngo-20-30% ngaphansi kwalezo ze-Boeing 727-200. Kulesi simo, wonke amaphrojekthi akhona asephelelwe yisikhathi. Ukweseka ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Airbus, ohulumeni baseGreat Britain, France kanye neFederal Republic of Germany bakhethe inhlangano eyodwa kazwelonke ukuba ithuthukise ngokubambisana iphrojekthi entsha: Hawker Siddeley, Sud Aviation kanye ne-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Airbus. Isisekelo somsebenzi owengeziwe kwakuyiphrojekthi yendiza enomzimba obanzi enenjini engu-HBN 100, manje eseqokiwe i-HSA 300. Nokho, amaFulentshi awazange akuthande lokhu kuqokwa, ngoba, ngokombono wabo, yayikhuthaza i-Hawker Siddeley Aviation, nakuba yayisemthethweni. zavela ezinhlamvini zokuqala zamagama abo bobathathu abalingani. Ngemva kwezingxoxo ezinde, kwamukelwa igama lokuvumelana elithi A300, lapho uhlamvu A lwalusho i-Airbus, futhi inombolo engu-300 yayiyinani eliphakeme lezihlalo zabagibeli.

Ngo-October 15, 1966, izinkampani ezintathu okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla zafaka isicelo kohulumeni bamazwe azo ngesicelo sokuxhasa ngezimali lolu hlelo ngesabelomali sombuso. NgoJulayi 25, 1967, ongqongqoshe bezoMnotho kanye/noma bezokuThutha baseGreat Britain, eFrance naseJalimane basayina isivumelwano sokuqala “sokuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele zokuthuthukiswa okuhlangene nokukhiqizwa kwama-airbuses” ngenhloso “yokuqinisa ukubambisana kweYurophu kulo mkhakha. yobuchwepheshe bezindiza futhi ngaleyo ndlela ikhuthaze inqubekelaphambili yezomnotho nezobuchwepheshe eYurophu ". Isivumelwano esiqondile, esaqala isigaba sokuthuthukisa uhlelo, sasayinwa ngoSepthemba walowo nyaka eLondon. I-France ne-UK bekumele ithwale u-37,5% wezindleko zohlelo ngalunye, bese iJalimane ibe ngu-25%. I-Sud Aviation yaba inkampani ehamba phambili, nonjiniyela waseFrance uRoger Beteil ehola ithimba lezokuthuthukiswa.

Ekuqaleni, i-Rolls-Royce yayizothuthukisa izinjini ze-turbojet ezintsha ngokuphelele ze-RB300 ze-A207. Nokho, wabeka kuqala ukuthuthukiswa izinjini RB211, okuhloswe ngokuyinhloko emakethe yaseMelika, mayelana nokuthi umsebenzi RB207 cishe kwaphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavela ukuthi izindiza zaseYurophu zibuyekeze izibikezelo zazo zokukhula kwezimoto zabagibeli behla.