Futhi ukuhlanganiswa?

Imibiko ekupheleni konyaka odlule mayelana nokwakhiwa kwe-reactor yokuhlanganiswa kochwepheshe baseShayina izwakala ihlaba umxhwele (1). Imithombo yezindaba yaseChina ibike ukuthi isikhungo i-HL-2M, esisesikhungweni socwaningo e-Chengdu, sizosebenza ngo-2020. Ithoni yemibiko yabezindaba ibonise ukuthi indaba yokufinyelela kumandla angapheli we-thermonuclear fusion yaxazululwa unomphela.

Ukuhlolisisa imininingwane kusiza ekudambiseni ithemba.

entsha i-tokamak uhlobo lwemishini, enomklamo othuthuke kakhulu kunalawo aziwayo kuze kube manje, kufanele ikhiqize i-plasma enamazinga okushisa angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200 degrees Celsius. Lokhu kumenyezelwe esitatimendeni esikhishwe yinhloko yeSouthwestern Institute of Physics ye-China National Nuclear Corporation uDuan Xiuru. Idivayisi izohlinzeka ngosekelo lobuchwepheshe kumaShayina asebenza kuphrojekthi I-International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)kanye nokwakhiwa.

Ngakho-ke ngicabanga ukuthi akukabi yinguquko yamandla, nakuba yadalwa amaShayina. i-reactor KhL-2M kuze kube manje kuncane okwaziwayo. Asazi ukuthi yini ebikezelwe ukuphuma kwe-thermal yalesi sikhungo noma ukuthi yimaphi amazinga wamandla adingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlangana kwe-nuclear fusion kuyo. Asiyazi into ebaluleke kakhulu - noma ngabe i-fusion reactor yaseShayina iyidizayini enebhalansi yamandla evumayo, noma ngabe ingenye nje i-fusion reactor yokuhlola evumela ukusabela kwe-fusion, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo idinga amandla engeziwe okuthi “ ukuthungela” kunamandla angatholwa njengomphumela wokusabela.

Umzamo wamazwe ngamazwe

I-China, kanye ne-European Union, i-United States, i-India, i-Japan, i-South Korea ne-Russia, bangamalungu ohlelo lwe-ITER. Lona uhlelo olubiza kakhulu kumaphrojekthi amanje ocwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe axhaswe ngamazwe ashiwo ngenhla, abiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20. Yavulwa ngenxa yokubambisana phakathi kohulumeni kaMikhail Gorbachev noRonald Reagan ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, futhi eminyakeni eminingi kamuva yafakwa esivumelwaneni esasayinwa yiwo wonke la mazwe ngo-2006.

2. Endaweni yokwakhiwa kwe-ITER tokamak

Iphrojekthi ye-ITER eCadarache eningizimu yeFrance (2) ithuthukisa i- tokamak enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, okungukuthi, igumbi le-plasma okumelwe lithanjiswe kusetshenziswa inkambu enamandla kazibuthe ekhiqizwa izibuthe zikagesi. Lokhu kusungulwa kwasungulwa yiSoviet Union ngeminyaka yama-50s kanye nama-60s. Umphathi wephrojekthi, Lavan Koblenz, yamemezela ukuthi inhlangano kufanele yamukele "i-plasma yokuqala" ngo-December 2025. I-ITER kufanele isekele ukusabela kwe-thermonuclear kubantu abangaba yinkulungwane eyodwa isikhathi ngasinye. imizuzwana, ukuthola amandla 500-1100 MW. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-takamak enkulu kunazo zonke yaseBrithani kuze kube manje, I-JET (i-joint European torus), igcina ukusabela amashumi ambalwa amasekhondi futhi ithola amandla kuze kube I-16 MW. Amandla kule reactor azokhishwa ngendlela yokushisa - akufanele aguqulwe abe ugesi. Ukuletha amandla okuhlanganisa kugridi akukho mbuzo njengoba iphrojekthi ingeyezinjongo zocwaningo kuphela. Kungenxa yesisekelo se-ITER kuphela lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona isizukulwane esizayo se-thermonuclear reactors, sifinyelele emandleni. 3-4 izinkulungwane MW.

Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani izitshalo zamandla ahlanganisiwe ezivamile zingakabi khona (naphezu kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha yocwaningo olunzulu nolubizayo) ubunzima bokulawula kanye "nokuphatha" ukuziphatha kwe-plasma. Nokho, iminyaka yokuhlola iye yathola izinto eziningi ezibalulekile, futhi namuhla amandla okuhlanganisa abonakala eseduze kunangaphambili.

Engeza i-helium-3, gxuma futhi ushise

I-ITER yiyona nto okugxilwe kuyo kakhulu ocwaningweni lokuhlanganisa umhlaba wonke, kodwa izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo, izinkampani namalabhorethri ezempi nazo zisebenza kwamanye amaphrojekthi enhlanganisela achezuka endleleni yakudala.

Ngokwesibonelo, olwenziwa eminyakeni yamuva on evela eMassachusetts Institute of Technology ucwaningo nge Helem-3 on the tokamak wanikeza imiphumela ethokozisayo, kuhlanganise ukwanda kwamandla okuphindwe kashumi i-plasma ion. Ososayensi abenza ucwaningo ku-C-Mod tokamak e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, kanye nochwepheshe abavela eBelgium nase-UK, benze uhlobo olusha lukaphethiloli we-thermonuclear oluqukethe izinhlobo ezintathu zama-ion. Ithimba I-Alcatel C-Mod (3) yenza ucwaningo emuva ngo-September 2016, kodwa idatha evela kulezi zivivinyo isanda kuhlaziywa, iveza ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla e-plasma. Imiphumela yayikhuthaza kangangokuthi ososayensi abasebenzisa ilabhorethri yokuhlanganisa enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, i-JET yase-UK, banquma ukuphinda ukuhlola. Ukwanda okufanayo kwamandla kwafinyelelwa. Imiphumela yocwaningo ishicilelwe kumagazini i-Nature Physics.

3. I-Tokamak Alcator C-Mod iyasebenza

Isihluthulelo sokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli wenuzi kwaba ukwengezwa kwamanani omkhondo we-helium-3, isotopu ezinzile ye-helium, ene-neutron eyodwa esikhundleni samabili. Uphethiloli wenuzi owawusetshenziswa endleleni ye-Alcator C ngaphambilini wawuqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zama-ion, i-deuterium ne-hydrogen. I-Deuterium, i-isotope ye-hydrogen ezinzile ene-neutron ku-nucleus yayo (ngokungafani ne-hydrogen engenawo ama-neutron), yenza cishe u-95% wamafutha. Ososayensi basePlasma Research Center kanye neMassachusetts Institute of Technology (PSFC) basebenzisa inqubo ebizwa Ukushisa kwe-RF. Ama-antenna aseduze ne-tokomak asebenzisa imvamisa yomsakazo othile ukuze ajabulise izinhlayiya, futhi amagagasi ayalinganiswa ukuze "aqondise" ama-ion e-hydrogen. Ngenxa yokuthi i-hydrogen yakha ingxenye encane yengqikithi kaphethiloli, ukugxilisa ingxenye encane kuphela yama-ion ekushiseni kuvumela amazinga anamandla amakhulu ukuba afinyelelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ion e-hydrogen avuselelwe adlulela kuma-ion e-deuterium akhona kule ngxube, futhi izinhlayiya ezakhiwe ngale ndlela zingena egobolondweni elingaphandle le-reactor, likhulule ukushisa.

Ukusebenza kahle kwale nqubo kuyanda lapho i-helium-3 ion yengezwa engxubeni ngenani elingaphansi kwe-1%. Ngokugxilisa konke ukushisa komsakazo enanini elincane le-helium-3, ososayensi bakhuphule amandla ama-ion ku-megaelectronvolts (MeV).

Oza kuqala - waphakelwa kuqala Okulingana ngesi-Russian: Ukudla isivakashi sekwephuzile kanye nethambo

Kube nentuthuko eminingi emhlabeni yomsebenzi wokuhlanganisa olawulwayo eminyakeni embalwa edlule eye yavuselela amathemba ososayensi kanye nathi sonke ukuthi ekugcineni sifinyelele "I-Holy Grail" yamandla.

Izimpawu ezinhle zihlanganisa, phakathi kokunye, okutholwe e-Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (DOE). Amaza omsakazo asetshenziswe ngempumelelo enkulu ukunciphisa kakhulu lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka kwe-plasma, okungaba semqoka ohlelweni "lokugqokisa" ukusabela kwe-thermonuclear. Ithimba elifanayo labacwaningi ngoMashi 2019 labika ngokuhlolwa kwe-lithium tokamak lapho izindonga zangaphakathi ze-reactor yokuhlola zazimbozwe nge-lithium, into eyaziwa kakhulu ngamabhethri avame ukusetshenziswa kugesi. Ososayensi baphawule ukuthi ulwelwesi lwe-lithium ezindongeni ze-reactor lumunca izinhlayiya ze-plasma ezihlakazekile, zivimbele ukuthi ziphinde zibonakale emuva efwini le-plasma futhi ziphazamise ukusabela kwe-thermonuclear.

4. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo iphrojekthi ye-TAE Technologies

Izazi ezivela ezikhungweni ezinkulu zesayensi ezinedumela elihle ziye zaze zaba abantu abaqaphelayo lapho zisho. Muva nje, kuphinde kwaba nokukhula okukhulu kwentshisekelo kumasu okuhlanganiswa okulawulwayo emkhakheni ozimele. Ngo-2018, u-Lockheed Martin wamemezela uhlelo lokuthuthukisa i-compact fusion reactor (CFR) prototype phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezayo. Uma ubuchwepheshe inkampani esebenza kubo busebenza, idivayisi elingana neloli izokwazi ukuhlinzeka ngogesi owanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zedivayisi engu-100-square-foot. abahlali basedolobheni.

Ezinye izinkampani nezikhungo zocwaningo ziyaqhudelana ukuze zibone ukuthi ubani ongakha i-reactor yangempela ye-fusion, okuhlanganisa i-TAE Technologies kanye ne-Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ngisho noJeff Bezos wase-Amazon kanye noBill Gates wakwaMicrosoft basanda kuhlanganyela ekuhlanganiseni amaphrojekthi. I-NBC News isanda kubala izinkampani ezincane eziyishumi nesikhombisa ezihlanganisa kuphela e-US. Iziqalo ezifana ne-General Fusion noma i-Commonwealth Fusion Systems zigxile kuma-reactor amancane asekelwe kuma-superconductors amasha.

Umqondo "we-cold fusion" nezinye izindlela zokuphendula ama-reactors amakhulu, hhayi kuphela i-tokamaks, kodwa futhi okuthiwa. izinkanyezi, ngomklamo ohluke kancane, owakhiwe kuhlanganise naseJalimane. Ukucinga indlela ehlukile nakho kuyaqhubeka. Isibonelo salokhu idivayisi ebizwa ngokuthi Z-pinch, eyakhiwe ososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseWashington futhi yachazwa kwenye yezindaba zakamuva zephephabhuku iPhysics World. I-Z-pinch isebenza ngokucupha futhi icindezele i-plasma endaweni enamandla kazibuthe. Ekuhlolweni, kwakungenzeka ukuzinzisa i-plasma kuma-microseconds angu-16, futhi ukusabela kwe-fusion kwaqhubeka cishe ingxenye yesithathu yalesi sikhathi. Lo mbukiso bekufanele ubonise ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwezinga elincane kungenzeka, nakuba ososayensi abaningi basenokungabaza okukhulu ngalokhu.

Ngokulandelayo, sibonga usekelo lwe-Google nabanye abatshalizimali bezobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile, inkampani yaseCalifornia i-TAE Technologies isebenzisa okwehlukile, kunokuvamile ekuhloleni ukuhlanganisa, ingxube ye-boron fuel, ezazisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ama-reactors amancane nashibhile, ekuqaleni ngenjongo yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi injini ye-fusion rocket. I-prototype cylindrical fusion reactor (4) ngemishayo yokubala (CBFR), eshisisa igesi ye-hydrogen ukuze yakhe izindandatho ezimbili ze-plasma. Zihlanganisa nezinqwaba zezinhlayiya ze-inert futhi zigcinwe esimweni esinjalo, okufanele sikhulise amandla nokuqina kwe-plasma.

Esinye isiqalisi esididiyelwe iGeneral Fusion esivela esifundazweni saseCanada eBritish Columbia sijabulela ukwesekwa nguJeff Bezos ngokwakhe. Kalula nje, umqondo wakhe uwukujova i-plasma eshisayo ebholeni lensimbi ewuketshezi (ingxube ye-lithium nomthofu) ngaphakathi kwebhola lensimbi, ngemva kwalokho i-plasma icindezelwe ngamaphiston, afana nenjini yedizili. Ingcindezi edaliwe kufanele iholele ekuhlanganeni, okuzokhulula inani elikhulu lamandla ukuze kunikwe amandla izinjini zohlobo olusha lwesikhungo samandla. UMike Delage, oyisikhulu sezobuchwepheshe kwaGeneral Fusion, uthi ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi kungase kuqale eminyakeni eyishumi.

5. Umfanekiso ovela kugunya lobunikazi le-thermonuclear le-US Navy.

Muva nje, Umbutho Wezempi Wasemanzini wase-US uphinde wafaka ilungelo lobunikazi "ledivayisi yokuhlanganisa i-plasma". I-patent ikhuluma ngezinkundla kazibuthe ukudala "ukudlidliza okusheshisiwe" (5). Umqondo uwukwakha ama-fusion reactor amancane ngokwanele ukuthi aphatheke. Akudingekile ukusho ukuthi, lesi sicelo selungelo lobunikazi sahlangatshezwana nokungabaza.