I-Iron Age - Ingxenye 3

Udaba lwakamuva olumayelana nensimbi yokuqala yempucuko yethu kanye nobudlelwano bayo. Ukuhlola okwenziwe kuze kube manje kubonise ukuthi lena into ethokozisayo yocwaningo elabhorethri yasekhaya. Ukuhlola kwanamuhla ngeke kuthakasele kancane futhi kuzokuvumela ukuthi ubheke ngendlela ehlukile kwezinye izici zekhemistri.

Esinye sezivivinyo engxenyeni yokuqala ye-athikili kwaba ukukhishwa kwe-iron (II) i-hydroxide eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibe yi-iron ensundu (III) i-hydroxide enesixazululo se-H.₂O₂. I-hydrogen peroxide iyabola ngaphansi kwethonya lezici eziningi, kuhlanganise nezinhlanganisela zensimbi (amabhamuza omoya-mpilo atholakala ekuhlolweni). Uzosebenzisa lo mphumela ukuze ubonise...

…Isebenza kanjani i-catalyst

Yebo isheshisa ukusabela, kodwa - kufanelekile ukukhumbula - kuphela lokho okungenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezinikeziwe (yize ngezinye izikhathi kancane kakhulu, ngisho nokungabonakali). Nokho, kukhona isitatimende sokuthi i-catalyst isheshisa ukusabela, kodwa ayihlanganyeli kukho. Hmm... kungani ukungeza? I-Chemistry ayiwona umlingo (ngezinye izikhathi ibonakala ngaleyo ndlela kimi, futhi "emnyama" ukuqala), futhi ngokuhlolwa okulula uzobona i-catalyst isebenza.

Qala ngokulungisa isikhundla sakho. Uzodinga ithreyi ukuze uvikele itafula ekukhukhuleni, amagilavu ​​okuvikela, nezibuko noma i-visor. Ubhekene ne-caustic reagent: i-perhydrol (30% isixazululo se-hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂) nesisombululo se-iron (III) chloride FeCl₃. Yenza ngokuhlakanipha, ikakhulukazi unakekele amehlo akho: isikhumba sezandla sishiswe nge-pehydrol regenerates, kodwa amehlo awakwenzi. (1).

2. I-evaporator ngakwesobunxele iqukethe kuphela amanzi, ngakwesokudla - amanzi ngokungezwa kwe-perhydrol. Uthela isixazululo se-iron(III) chloride kukho kokubili

3. Inkambo yokusabela, ngemva kokuqedwa kwayo, i-catalyst ivuselelwa kabusha

Thela ku-evaporator ye-porcelain bese wengeza amanzi amaningi kabili (ukusabela kwenzeka futhi nge-hydrogen peroxide, kodwa esimweni sesisombululo esingu-3%, umphumela awubonakali). Uthole cishe isixazululo esingu-10% se-H₂O₂ (i-perhydrol yezentengiselwano ixutshwe 1:2 ngamanzi). Thela amanzi anele ku-evaporator yesibili ukuze umkhumbi ngamunye ube nenani elifanayo loketshezi (lokhu kuzoba uhlaka lwakho lwereferensi). Manje engeza u-1-2 cm kuzo zombili izishi.³ Isixazululo se-FeCl esingu-10%.₃ futhi ubheke ngokucophelela ukuqhubeka kokuhlolwa (2).

Ku-evaporator yokulawula, uketshezi lunombala ophuzi ngenxa yama-Fe ions anahydrated.³⁺. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto eziningi zenzeka emkhunjini one-hydrogen peroxide: okuqukethwe kuba nsundu, igesi ikhishwa kakhulu, futhi uketshezi oluku-evaporator luyashisa kakhulu noma ngisho namathumba. Ukuphela kokusabela kuphawulwa ukuphela kokuvela kwegesi kanye noshintsho kumbala wokuqukethwe ubephuzi, njengasohlelweni lokulawula (3). Ubungufakazi nje ukusebenza kwe-catalytic converter, kodwa uyazi ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezenzeke emkhunjini?

Umbala onsundu uvela kumakhompiyutha ayoni akhayo ngenxa yokusabela:

Igesi ekhishwa ngamandla ku-evaporator, yiqiniso, i-oxygen (ungahlola ukuthi ilangabi elivuthayo liqala ukushisa ngaphezu koketshezi). Esinyathelweni esilandelayo, i-oxygen ekhishwe ekuphenduleni okungenhla i-oxidize ama-Fe cations.²⁺:

Ama-Fe ions avuselelwe³⁺ baphinde bahlanganyele ekuphenduleni kokuqala. Le nqubo iphela lapho sekusetshenziswe yonke i-hydrogen peroxide, ozoyibona njengoba umbala ophuzi ubuyela kulokho okuqukethwe ku-evaporator. Uma uphindaphinda izinhlangothi zombili zesibalo sokuqala ngamabili bese wengeza eceleni kweyesibili, bese ukhansela amagama afanayo ezinhlangothini ezibhekene (njengakwisibalo esivamile sezibalo), uthola isibalo sokusabela kokusabalalisa H.₂O₂. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi awekho ama-ion ensimbi kuwo, kodwa ukuze ubonise indima yawo ekuguquleni, thayipha ngaphezu komcibisholo:

I-hydrogen peroxide ibuye ibole ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokwale equation engenhla (ngokusobala ngaphandle kwama-ion ensimbi), kodwa le nqubo ihamba kancane. Ukwengezwa kwe-catalyst kushintsha indlela yokusabela ibe yileyo elula ukuyisebenzisa futhi ngenxa yalokho kusheshisa konke ukuguqulwa. Ngakho kungani umbono wokuthi i-catalyst ayihileli ekuphenduleni? Mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi ivuselelwa kunqubo futhi ihlala ingashintshile kungxube yemikhiqizo (esivivinyweni, umbala ophuzi we-Fe(III) ion uvela ngaphambi nangemva kokusabela). Ngakho khumbula lokho i-catalyst ibandakanyeka ekuphenduleni futhi iyingxenye esebenzayo.

Ngenkinga no-X.₂O₂

4. I-Catalase ibola i-hydrogen peroxide (ishubhu kwesokunxele), ukwengeza isixazululo se-EDTA kubhubhisa i-enzyme (ishubhu kwesokudla)

Ama-enzyme nawo angama-catalyst, kodwa asebenza kumangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Imvelo isebenzise i-iron ions ezikhungweni ezisebenzayo zama-enzyme, isheshisa i-oxidation nokunciphisa ukusabela. Lokhu kungenxa yezinguquko ezincane ezishiwo kakade ku-valence yensimbi (kusuka ku-II kuya ku-III futhi ngokuphambene nalokho). Enye yalawa ma-enzyme i-catalase, evikela amangqamuzana emkhiqizweni onobuthi kakhulu wokuguqulwa kwe-oxygen yamangqamuzana - i-hydrogen peroxide. Ungathola kalula i-catalase ngokugaya amazambane bese wengeza amanzi kumazambane acutshiwe. Vumela ukumiswa kucwiliswe phansi futhi ulahle amandla amakhulu.

Thela u-5 cm ku-tube yokuhlola.³ khipha amazambane bese wengeza u-1 cm³ i-hydrogen peroxide. Okuqukethwe kunegwebu kakhulu, kungase "kukhase kuphume" eshubhuni yokuhlola, ngakho kuzame ethreyini. I-Catalase iyi-enzyme esebenza kahle kakhulu, i-molecule eyodwa ye-catalase ingakwazi ukwehlukana kuze kufike kuma-molecule we-H ayizigidi ezimbalwa ngomzuzu.₂O₂.

Ngemuva kokuthulula i-extract ku-tube yesibili yokuhlola, engeza i-1-2 ml³ Isixazululo se-EDTA (i-sodium edetic acid) kanye nokuqukethwe kuyaxutshwa. Uma manje ungeza isibhamu se-hydrogen peroxide, ngeke ubone noma yikuphi ukubola kwe-hydrogen peroxide. Isizathu ukwakheka kwe-iron ion complex ezinzile kakhulu ene-EDTA (lesi siphehli sisabela ngama-ion amaningi ensimbi, asetshenziselwa ukunquma nokuwasusa endaweni ezungezile). Inhlanganisela ye-Fe ions³⁺ nge-EDTA ivimbe indawo esebenzayo ye-enzyme futhi ngenxa yalokho yenza i-catalase ingasebenzi (4).

Indandatho yensimbi yomshado

Kukhemistri yokuhlaziya, ukuhlonza ama-ion amaningi kusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwezimvula ezincibilika kancane. Kodwa-ke, ukubuka ngokushesha etafuleni le-solubility kuzobonisa ukuthi i-nitrate (V) ne-nitrate (III) anions (usawoti wangaphambili ubizwa ngokuthi ama-nitrate, kanti okugcina - ama-nitrites) empeleni awakhi imvula.

I-Iron (II) sulfate I-FeSO isiza ekutholeni la ma-ion.₄. Lungiselela ama-reagents. Ngokungeziwe kulo sawoti, uzodinga isisombululo esigxilisiwe se-sulfuric acid (VI) H₂SO₄ kanye nesixazululo esihlanjululwe esingu-10-15% sale asidi (qaphela lapho uhlanza, uthela, yebo, "i-asidi emanzini"). Ngaphezu kwalokho, usawoti oqukethe ama-anion atholakele, njenge-KNO₃, NANO₃, NANO₂. Lungiselela isisombululo se-FeSO esigxilile.₄ kanye nezixazululo zikasawoti wawo womabili ama-anion (chitha ingxenye yesine yethisipuni likasawoti cishe ngo-50 cm³ amanzi).

5. Umphumela omuhle wokuhlolwa kweringi.

Ama-reagents alungile, sekuyisikhathi sokuzama. Thela u-2-3 cm ube amashubhu amabili³ Isixazululo se-FeSO₄. Bese wengeza amaconsi ambalwa esixazululo esingu-N esigxilile.₂SO₄. Usebenzisa i-pipette, qoqa i-aliquot yesisombululo se-nitrite (isb. i-NaNO₂) bese uwuthela ukuze ugeleze phansi odongeni lwethubhu yokuhlola (lokhu kubalulekile!). Ngendlela efanayo, uthele ingxenye yesixazululo se-saltpeter (isibonelo, i-KNO₃). Uma uthela ngokucophelela zombili izixazululo, imibuthano ensundu izovela phezulu (yingakho igama elivamile lalokhu kuhlolwa - ukusabela kwendandatho) (5). Umphumela uyathakazelisa, kodwa unelungelo lokudumazeka, mhlawumbe ngisho nokuthukuthela (Lokhu ukuhlolwa kokuhlaziya, ngemva kwakho konke? Imiphumela iyafana kuzo zombili izimo!).

Nokho, yenza okunye ukuhlola. Lesi sikhathi engeza i-dilute H.₂SO₄. Ngemva kokwethula izixazululo ze-nitrate nama-nitrites (njengangaphambili), uzobona umphumela omuhle eshubhuni elilodwa lokuhlola - elinesixazululo se-NaNO.₂. Kulokhu cishe awunakho ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuba usizo kokuhlolwa kweringi: ukusabela endaweni ene-acidic kancane kuvumela ama-ion amabili ukuthi ahluke ngokucacile.

Indlela yokusabela isekelwe ekuboleni kwazo zombili izinhlobo ze-nitrate ions ngokukhululwa kwe-nitrogen oxide (II) CHA (kulokhu, i-ion yensimbi i-oxidized kusuka kumadijithi amabili kuya kwamathathu). Inhlanganisela ye-Fe(II) ion ne-NO inombala onsundu futhi inikeza indandatho umbala (uma ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngendlela efanele, ngokuxuba nje izixazululo uzothola umbala omnyama weshubhu lokuhlola, kodwa - kufanele vuma - ngeke kube umphumela othakazelisayo). Kodwa-ke, ukubola kwe-nitrate ions kudinga i-acidic reaction medium enamandla, kuyilapho i-nitrite idinga i-acidification encane kuphela, yingakho umehluko obonakalayo ekuhlolweni.

Insimbi Esensimini Eyimfihlo

Abantu bebelokhu benento abayifihlayo. Ukwakhiwa kwephephabhuku kuphinde kwahlanganisa nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuvikela ulwazi olunjalo oludluliswayo - ukubethela noma ukufihla umbhalo. Kuye kwasungulwa izinhlobonhlobo zoyinki abazwelayo kule ndlela yakamuva. Lezi yizinto ezikwenze wazenza umbhalo awubonakalikodwa-ke, kwembulwa ngaphansi kwethonya, isibonelo, ukushisa noma ukwelashwa ngenye into (umthuthukisi). Ukulungisa uyinki omuhle kanye nonjiniyela wawo akunzima. Kwanele ukuthola ukusabela lapho kwakhiwa umkhiqizo onemibala. Kungcono ukuthi inkino ngokwayo ingabi nambala, khona-ke umbhalo owenziwe yibo uzobe ungabonakali ku-substrate yanoma yimuphi umbala.

Izingxube ze-ayoni zenza noyinki okhangayo. Ngemuva kokwenza izivivinyo ezichazwe ngaphambilini, izixazululo ze-iron (III) ne-FeCl chloride zinganikezwa njengoyinki ozwelayo.₃, i-potassium thiocyanide KNCS ne-potassium ferrocyanide K₄[Fe(CN)₆]. Ekuphenduleni kwe-FeCl₃ nge-cyanide izophenduka ibebomvu, futhi nge-ferrocyanide izoba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Zingcono njengeziyinki. izixazululo ze-thiocyanate ne-ferrocyanidenjengoba zingenambala (esimweni sokugcina, isisombululo kufanele sihlanjululwe). Umbhalo wenziwe ngesixazululo esiphuzi se-FeCl.₃ ingabonakala ephepheni elimhlophe (ngaphandle uma ikhadi liphuzi).

6. I-mascara enethoni ezimbili muhle

7. Inki ye-salicylic acid enozwela

Lungiselela izixazululo ezihlanjululwe zawo wonke usawoti bese usebenzisa ibhulashi noma umeshi ukuze ubhale emakhadini ngesisombululo se-cyanide ne-ferrocyanide. Sebenzisa ibhulashi elihlukile ngalinye ukuze ugweme ukungcolisa ama-reagents. Uma somile, gqoka amagilavu ​​okuzivikela bese umanzisa ukotini ngesixazululo se-FeCl.₃. Isixazululo se-iron (III) chloride okudlayo futhi ishiya izindawo eziphuzi eziphenduka zibe nsundu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, gwema ukungcolisa isikhumba kanye nemvelo ngaso (yenza ukuhlolwa kuthreyi). Sebenzisa i-swab kakotini ukuze uthinte isiqeshana sephepha ukuze udambisa ubuso balo. Ngaphansi kwethonya lonjiniyela, kuzovela izinhlamvu ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ungakwazi futhi ukubhala ngawo womabili uyinki ephepheni elilodwa, bese umbhalo oveziwe uzoba nemibala emibili (6). I-salicylic alcohol (2% i-salicylic acid ku-alcohol) nayo ifaneleka njengoyinki oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (7).

Lokhu kuphetha isihloko esinezingxenye ezintathu ngensimbi nezinhlanganisela zayo. Uthole ukuthi lokhu kuyisici esibalulekile, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kukuvumela ukuthi wenze izivivinyo eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Kodwa-ke, sisazogxila esihlokweni esithi "insimbi", ngoba ngenyanga uzohlangana nesitha sakhe esibi kakhulu - ukugqwala.

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