Amandla enuzi emkhathini. Ama-atomic acceleration impulses

Umqondo wokusebenzisa amandla enuzi ukuze uqhubekisele phambili imikhumbi-mkhathi futhi uyisebenzise ezisekelweni zangaphandle noma ezindaweni zokuhlala ezizayo awumusha. Muva nje, beze ngegagasi elisha, futhi njengoba beba insimu yokuncintisana okukhulu kwamandla, ukuqaliswa kwabo kuba nokwenzeka kakhulu.

I-NASA kanye noMnyango Wezamandla wase-US baqale ukusesha phakathi kwezinkampani ezithengisayo amaphrojekthi ezindawo zokuphehla amandla enuzi eNyangeni naseMars. Lokhu kufanele kusekele ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside futhi mhlawumbe namaphrojekthi okuhlalisa abantu. Inhloso ye-NASA ukuthi ibe isilungele ukwethulwa ngo-2026. Isitshalo kumele senziwe sakhiwe ngokuphelele futhi sihlanganiswe eMhlabeni bese sihlolelwa ukuphepha.

Anthony Calomino, umqondisi weNASA wobuchwepheshe benuzi e-Space Technology Administration, wathi Uhlelo lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwe-nuclear fission lwe-XNUMX-kilowatt oluzogcina lwethulwa futhi lubekwe eNyangeni. (eyodwa). Kumele ihlanganiswe ne-lunar lander futhi i-booster izoyisa kuyo umjikelezo wenyanga. Isilayishi bese uletha uhlelo phezulu.

Kulindeleke ukuthi lapho ifika esizeni izobe isilungele ukusebenza ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe noma ukwakhiwa. Ukusebenza kuwukubonakaliswa kwamathuba futhi kuzoba isiqalo sokusebenzisa isisombululo kanye nokuphuma kwaso.

"Uma ubuchwepheshe sebuqinisekisiwe ngesikhathi sokubonisa, izinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo zingakhushulwa noma amadivaysi amaningi angasetshenziswa ndawonye emisebenzini yesikhathi eside eya eNyangeni futhi mhlawumbe ne-Mars," kuchaza uCalomino ku-CNBC. “Amayunithi amane, ngalinye elikhiqiza ugesi ongu-10 kilowatts, azohlinzeka ngamandla anele ukusetha indawo yezempi eNyangeni noma ku-Mars.

Amandla okukhiqiza amanani amaningi kagesi ebusweni bamaplanethi kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-fission olusekelwe phansi luzokwenza ucwaningo olukhulu, izindawo ezingaphandle kwabantu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza endaweni, kuyilapho kuvumela ukuthi kube khona ukuhweba. "

Izosebenza kanjani isikhungo samandla enuzi? Ifomu elicetshiswe kancane amafutha enuzi thanda amandla i-nuclear core... Encane i-nuclear reactor izokhiqiza ukushisa, okuzodluliselwa ohlelweni lokuguqula amandla. Isistimu yokuguqula amandla izoqukatha izinjini eziklanyelwe ukusebenza ekushiseni kwereactor esikhundleni sikaphethiloli ovuthayo. Lezi zinjini zisebenzisa ukushisa, zikuguqule kube ugesi, ofakwa esimweni bese usakazwa ezintweni ezisetshenziswa abasebenzisi endaweni yeNyanga neMars. Indlela yokushisa ukushisa ibalulekile ukugcina izinga lokushisa elifanele lokusebenza lamadivayisi.

Amandla enuzi manje sekubhekwa njengokuphela kwendlela enengqondo lapho amandla elanga, umoya namandla amanzi azitholakali kalula. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyi-Mars, amandla elanga ahluka kakhulu ngezinkathi zonyaka, futhi iziphepho zothuli ngezikhathi ezithile zingathatha izinyanga.

Enyangeni inyanga ebandayo ubusuku buthatha izinsuku ezingu-14, ukukhanya kwelanga kuhluka kakhulu eduze kwezigxobo futhi kungabikho emigodini enomthunzi unomphela. Ezimweni ezinzima kangaka, ukuthola amandla elangeni kunzima, futhi uphethiloli ulinganiselwe. Amandla e-Surface fission anikeza isisombululo esilula, esithembekile nesisebenzayo.

Ngokungafani ama-reactor aphansiakukho nhloso yokukhipha noma ukushintsha uphethiloli. Ekupheleni kwemishini yeminyaka eyi-10, kukhona nohlelo lokunqanyulwa okuphephile kwalesi sikhungo. "Ekupheleni kokusebenza kwayo, uhlelo luzocishwa futhi izinga lemisebe lizokwehla kancane kancane libe sezingeni eliphephile ekufinyeleleni nasekusebenzeni komuntu," kuchaza uCalomino. "Izinhlelo zemfucuza zingathuthelwa endaweni yokugcina okude lapho zingeke zibeke engozini abasebenzi noma imvelo."

I-reactor encane, engasindi, kodwa esebenza kahle edingeka kakhulu

Njengoba ukuhlola komkhathi kukhula, vele senza kahle kakhulu ngakho izinhlelo zokuphehla amandla enuzi ngezinga elincane. Sekuyisikhathi eside izimiso ezinjalo zinika amandla imikhumbi-mkhathi engenamuntu eya ezindaweni ezikude zesimiso sonozungezilanga.

Ngo-2019, umkhumbi-mkhathi we-New Horizons onamandla enuzi wandiza entweni ekude kakhulu eyake yabonwa eduze, i-Ultima Thule, ngale kwe-Pluto endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Kuiper belt. Wayengeke akwenze ngaphandle kwamandla enuzi. Amandla elanga awatholakali ngamandla anele ngaphandle kwe-orbit ye-Mars. Imithombo yamakhemikhali ayihlali isikhathi eside ngoba ukuminyana kwamandla kuphansi kakhulu futhi nesisindo sayo sikhulu kakhulu.

Isetshenziswa emisebenzini yebanga elide amajeneretha e-radiothermal (RTG) isebenzisa i-plutonium isotope 238Pu, elungele ukukhiqiza ukushisa okungapheli okuvela ekuboleni kwemvelo okukhipha imisebe ngokukhipha izinhlayiya ze-alpha, ezibe seziguqulelwa ugesi. Iminyaka engama-88 yokuphila kwesigamu sempilo kusho ukuthi izosebenza umsebenzi wesikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, ama-RTG awakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamandla akhethekile aphezulu adingekayo ohambweni olude, imikhumbi emikhulu kakhulu, ingasaphathwa eyezisekelo zangaphandle komhlaba.

Isixazululo, isibonelo, sokuba khona kokuhlola kanye nendawo yokuhlala ku-Mars noma eNyangeni kungaba amadizayini we-reactor amancane i-NASA ebilokhu iwahlola iminyaka eminingana. Lezi zisetshenziswa zaziwa ngokuthi Iphrojekthi ye-Kilopower fission energy (2), aklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngamandla kagesi asuka ku-1 kuye ku-10 kW futhi angamiswa njengamamojula adidiyelwe ezinhlelweni zokuqhubela amandla kagesi noma ukusekela ucwaningo, izimayini noma amakholoni ezindikimbeni zasemkhathini zangaphandle.

Njengoba wazi, inqwaba ibalulekile emkhathini. amandla we-reactor akufanele idlule isisindo semoto evamile. Njengoba sazi, isibonelo, embukisweni wakamuva SpaceX Falcon Amarokhethi Heavyukwethula imoto emkhathini okwamanje akuyona inkinga yobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, ama-reactors okukhanya angafakwa kalula ku-orbit ezungeze uMhlaba nangale kwalokho.

2. XNUMX kilowathi we-KIlopower reactor prototype.

Irokhethi ene-reactor iphakamisa amathemba nokwesaba

Owayengumqondisi we-NASA UJim Bridenstine wagcizelela izikhathi eziningi izinzuzo zezinjini ze-nuclear thermal, ingeza ngokuthi amandla engeziwe ku-orbit angase avumele umkhumbi ozungezayo ukuba ubaleke ngempumelelo uma uhlaselwa izikhali ezilwa nesathelayithi.

Ama-reactor ku-orbit bangakwazi futhi ukunika amandla amalaser anamandla ezempi, nakho okuthakasela kakhulu iziphathimandla zase-US. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba injini ye-nuclear rocket indize okokuqala, iNASA kumelwe iguqule imithetho yayo mayelana nokuletha izinto zenuzi emkhathini. Uma lokhu kuyiqiniso, ngakho-ke, ngokohlelo lwe-NASA, indiza yokuqala yenjini yenuzi kufanele yenzeke ngo-2024.

Kodwa-ke, i-US ibonakala iqala ngeqa amaphrojekthi ayo enuzi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuba iRussia imemezele uhlelo oluzothatha iminyaka eyishumi lokwakha umkhumbi-mkhathi wabantu osebenzisa amandla enuzi. Bake baba ngumholi ongenambangi kwezobuchwepheshe basemkhathini.

Ngawo-60s, i-United States yayinephrojekthi ye-Orion pulse-pulse nuclear missile, okwakufanele ibe namandla kangangokuthi ingavumela. ukuhambisa wonke amadolobha emkhathinifuthi wenze indiza yomuntu siqu eya e-Alpha Centauri. Lonke lolo chungechunge lwaseMelika oludala belulokhu luseshalofini kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-70s.

Nokho, sekuyisikhathi sokususa umqondo omdala. injini yenuzi emkhathiniikakhulukazi ngoba izimbangi, kuleli cala ikakhulukazi eRussia, muva nje babonise isithakazelo esikhulu kulobu buchwepheshe. Irokhethi ye-nuclear thermal inganciphisa isikhathi sokundiza siye ku-Mars sibe uhhafu, mhlawumbe size sibe yizinsuku eziyi-XNUMX, okusho ukuthi osomkhathi badla izinsiza ezimbalwa kanye nomthwalo wemisebe omncane kubasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kubonakala, ngeke kube khona ukuncika okunjalo "kumafasitela", okungukuthi, indlela ephindaphindiwe ye-Mars eya eMhlabeni njalo eminyakeni embalwa.

Kodwa-ke, kunengozi, ehlanganisa iqiniso lokuthi i-reactor ye-onboard ingaba umthombo owengeziwe wemisebe esimweni lapho isikhala sesivele sithwele usongo olukhulu lwalolu hlobo. Akugcini lapho. Injini eshisayo ye-nuclear ayikwazi ukwethulwa emkhathini woMhlaba ngenxa yokwesaba ukuqhuma nokungcola okungenzeka. Ngakho-ke, amarokhethi ajwayelekile anikezwa ukuqaliswa. Ngakho-ke, aseqeli isigaba esibiza kakhulu esihambisana nokwethulwa kwenqwaba ku-orbit ukusuka eMhlabeni.

Iphrojekthi yocwaningo ye-NASA ebizwa IZIHLAHLA (I-Nuclear Thermal Rocket Environmental Simulator) iyisibonelo esisodwa semizamo ye-NASA yokubuyela ekusebenzeni kwenuzi. Ngo-2017, ngaphambi kokuba kukhulunywe ngokubuyela kubuchwepheshe, i-NASA yanikeza i-BWX Technologies inkontileka yeminyaka emithathu, engu-$19 million ukuze kuthuthukiswe izingxenye zikaphethiloli nama-reactors adingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe. injini yenuzi. Omunye wemiqondo emisha ye-NASA ye-nuclear propulsion yasemkhathini i-Swarm-Probe ATEG Reactor, SPEAR(3), okulindeleke ukuthi isebenzise umengameli omusha we-lightweight reactor kanye namajeneretha asezingeni eliphezulu we-thermoelectric (ATEGs) ukuze kwehliswe ngokuphawulekayo ingqikithi yesisindo esiphelele.

Lokhu kuzodinga ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lokusebenza nokunciphisa izinga lamandla eliphelele lengqikithi. Kodwa-ke, isisindo esincishisiwe sizodinga amandla amancane okushayela, okuholela kumkhumbi-mkhathi kagesi omncane, ongabizi, onamandla enuzi.

3. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo uphenyo olwenziwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwephrojekthi ye-Swarm-Probe Enabling ATEG Reactor.

Anatoly PerminovLokhu kumenyezelwe yinhloko yeFederal Space Agency yaseRussia. izokwakha umkhumbi-mkhathi onamandla enuzi wokuhamba emkhathini ojulile, enikeza eyakhe, indlela yokuqala. Idizayini yokuqala yaqedwa ngo-2013, kanti iminyaka eyi-9 elandelayo ihlelelwe ukuthuthukiswa. Lolu hlelo kufanele lube inhlanganisela yokukhiqiza amandla enuzi nohlelo lwe-ion propulsion. Igesi eshisayo engu-1500°C esuka ku-reactor kufanele iphendule i-turbine ephendula ijeneretha ephehla ugesi wenjini ye-ion.

Ngokusho kukaPerminov, idrayivu izokwazi ukusekela ukuthunyelwa komuntu ku-Marsfuthi osomkhathi bangahlala ku-Red Planet izinsuku ezingu-30 ngenxa yamandla enuzi. Sekukonke, ukundiza okuya ku-Mars ngenjini yenuzi nokusheshisa okuqhubekayo bekungathatha amasonto ayisithupha esikhundleni sezinyanga ezingu-300, okuzokwenza ukuba umfutho wendiza uphindwe izikhathi ezingu-XNUMX kunowenjini yamakhemikhali.

Nokho, akuzona zonke ezibushelelezi kangaka ohlelweni Russian. Ngo-Agasti 2019, kwaqhuma i-reactor eSarov, eRussia ogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe, obekuyingxenye yenjini yerokhethi oLwandle iBaltic. uphethiloli owuketshezi. Akwaziwa ukuthi le nhlekelele ihlobene yini nohlelo locwaningo lwe-Russian nuclear propulsion oluchazwe ngenhla.

Ngokungangabazeki, nokho, isici sombango phakathi kwe-United States neRussia, futhi mhlawumbe neChina phansi. ukusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi emkhathini inikeza ucwaningo umfutho onamandla osheshayo.