Pakistan Air Force
Ikusasa lendiza yasePakistani ngelendiza i-Chengdu JF-17 Thunder, eyakhiwe eChina kodwa ekhiqizwa ngaphansi kwelayisensi ePakistan.
Yakhelwe phezu kwamasiko aseBrithani, iPakistan Air Force manje isinamandla abalulekile esifundeni, isebenzisa ingxube engajwayelekile yemishini yaseMelika neyamaShayina, kanye nemishini evela kwamanye amazwe. I-Pakistan yakha ukuzimela kwayo ngesisekelo sokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi, kodwa ayikushayi indiva ukuzivikela okujwayelekile, kokubili mayelana nokuvimbela isitha esingase sibe khona kanye namayelana nokuqhuba imisebenzi yokulwa.
IPakistan, noma ngokunembile i-Islamic Republic of Pakistan, iyizwe eliseningizimu ye-Asia Ephakathi, elinendawo ecishe ibe yinkulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2,5 kunePoland, enabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200. Leli zwe linomngcele omude kakhulu neNdiya empumalanga - 2912 km, lapho "ihlale" inezingxabano zemingcele. Enyakatho ihlangana ne-Afghanistan (2430 km), naphakathi kweNdiya ne-Afghanistan - nePeople's Republic of China (523 km). Eningizimu-ntshonalanga, iPakistan iphinde ibe semngceleni we-Iran - 909 km. Inokufinyelela ukusuka eningizimu kuya e-Indian Ocean, ubude bogu buyi-1046 km.
IPakistan iyizwe eliphansi futhi ingxenye yezintaba. Ingxenye esempumalanga, ngaphandle kwengxenye esenyakatho ngokwayo, iyisigodi esinqamula umfula i-Indus (3180 km), ogeleza usuka enyakatho-mpumalanga uya eningizimu-ntshonalanga, usuka emngceleni wePeople's Republic of China uye osebeni lomfula. I-Indian Ocean (Ulwandle lwase-Arabian). Umngcele obaluleke kakhulu neNdiya ukusuka endaweni yokubuka yezokuvikela unqamula lesi sigodi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingxenye esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe engasemngceleni we-Iran ne-Afghanistan inezintaba, nokhahlamba lwezintaba zamaHindu Kush-Sulaiman. Isiqongo sabo esiphakeme kunazo zonke yiTakht-e-Sulaiman - amamitha angama-3487 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Yonke iKashmir, iningi layo elingasohlangothini lwaseNdiya, iyindawo enkulu ephikisanayo phakathi kwalawa mazwe womabili. IPakistan ibheka ingxenye elawulwa wumbuso yaseKashmir njengehlalwa amaSulumane kanjalo namaPakistani. Indawo esohlangothini lwase-India lomugqa wokuklama i-Pakistan ebeka isimangalo kuyo yi-Siachen Glacier emngceleni we-China-Indo-Pakistan. Ngokulandelayo, i-India ifuna ukulawula yonke i-Kashmir, kuhlanganise nengxenye elawulwa yi-Pakistan, ngisho naphezu kwezinye izindawo ezidluliswa ngokuzithandela yi-Pakistan kuya ku-PRC. I-India nayo izama ukuhoxisa ukuzimela kwengxenye yayo yeKashmir. Enye indawo ebangwayo yi-Sir Creek e-Indus River delta, ehlukanisa umzila wamanzi, nakuba lingekho itheku kulo mfula futhi yonke indawo inamaxhaphozi futhi cishe ayinamuntu. Ngakho-ke, ingxabano icishe ibe yize, kodwa ingxabano ngeKashmir ithatha amafomu abukhali kakhulu. Kabili, ngo-1947 no-1965, kwaba nempi eKashmir phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan. Impi Yesithathu ngo-1971 yayigxile ekuhlukaniseni izwe laseMpumalanga Pakistan, okwaholela ekuveleni kwezwe elisha elisekelwa amaNdiya elaziwa namuhla ngeBangladesh.
I-India ibe nezikhali zenuzi kusukela ngo-1974. Njengoba umuntu ebengalindela, izimpi ezigcwele phakathi kwalamazwe amabili zanqamuka kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke. Nokho, iPakistan iphinde yethula olwayo uhlelo lwenuzi. Umsebenzi wezikhali zenuzi wasePakistan waqala ngoJanuwari 1972. Umsebenzi wawuholwa isazi sefiziksi yenuzi uMunir Ahmad Khan (1926-1999) isikhathi esingaphezu kwekota yekhulu. Okokuqala, ingqalasizinda yokukhiqiza i-plutonium ecebile yenziwa. Kusukela ngo-1983, kuye kwaba nokuhlolwa okuningana okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlola okubandayo, lapho ama-athomu angahlukaniswa abe amacala ngaphansi kwesisindo esibucayi, ukuvimbela ukuqala kokusabela kweketango futhi kuholele ekuqhumeni kwangempela kwenyukliya.
UMunir Ahmad Khan ukugqugquzele kakhulu ukukhokhiswa okuyindilinga kohlobo lwe-implosion, lapho zonke izakhi zegobolondo eliyindilinga ziqhunyiswa ngaphakathi kusetshenziswa iziqhumane ezivamile, zinamathelane phakathi nendawo, okudala inqwaba engaphezulu ebucayi ngokuminyana okuphezulu, okusheshisa ukusabela. Ngesicelo sakhe, kwasungulwa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-plutonium ethuthukisiwe ngendlela ye-electromagnetic. Omunye wabambisene naye abakhulu, uDkt. Abdul Qadir Khan, uncome ukukhokhiswa okulula kohlobo "lwesibhamu", lapho kwadutshulwana khona amacala amabili. Lena indlela elula, kodwa ayisebenzi kahle enanini elinikeziwe lezinto eziqhekekayo. UDkt. Abdul Qadeer Khan naye wakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium ecebile esikhundleni se-plutonium. Ekugcineni, iPakistan yathuthukisa imishini yokukhiqiza kokubili i-plutonium ecebile kanye ne-uranium ecebe kakhulu.
Ukuhlolwa kokugcina kwamandla enuzi ePakistan kwaba ukuhlolwa okuphelele ngoMeyi 28, 1998. Ngalolu suku, izivivinyo ezinhlanu ngasikhathi sinye zenziwa ezintabeni zaseRas Koh eduze nomngcele wase-Afghan ngamandla okuqhuma angaba ngu-38 kt, wonke amacala ayewuhlobo lwe-uranium implosion. Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, ukuhlolwa kokuqhuma okukodwa kwenziwa ngesivuno esingaba ngu-20 kt. Ngalesi sikhathi, indawo yokuqhuma kwakuyi-Kharan Desert (ngaphezu nje kwe-100 km eningizimu-ntshonalanga yendawo yangaphambilini), okuyinto eyinqaba, ngoba lena yindawo yepaki kazwelonke ... Konke ukuqhuma kwakungaphansi komhlaba, futhi akukho misebe eyaphunyuka. . Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ngalo mzamo wesibili (ukuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi kwesithupha ePakistan) kwakuwukuthi nakuba kulokhu kwakuyinkokhelo yohlobo lwe-implosion, i-plutonium yasetshenziswa esikhundleni se-uranium ecebile. Mhlawumbe, ngale ndlela imiphumela yazo zombili izinhlobo zezinto zokwakha yaqhathaniswa ngokoqobo.
Ngo-2010, abaseMelika balinganisela ngokusemthethweni indawo egcinwe ePakistan kuma-warheads angama-70-90 emicibisholo ecitshwayo namabhomu asemoyeni anesivuno esingu-20-40 kt. I-Pakistan ayizami ukwakha amakhanda empi anamandla kakhulu e-thermonuclear. Ngo-2018, izikhali zenuzi zasePakistan zalinganiselwa ku-120-130 wezikhali zenuzi zemicibisholo namabhomu.
Imfundiso Yenuzi yasePakistan
Kusukela ngo-2000, ikomidi elaziwa ngokuthi Umyalo Kazwelonke belinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthuthukisa isu, ukulungela kanye nokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwezikhali zenuzi. Kuyinhlangano yezempi yomphakathi eholwa nguNdunankulu u-Imran Khan. Ikomidi likahulumeni lakhiwe uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela kanye noNgqongqoshe Wemboni Yezokuvikela. Ngasohlangothini lwezempi, uSihlalo Wezikhulu Zabasebenzi, uJenene Nadeem Raza, kanye neziNduna Zabasebenzi zawo wonke amagatsha amabutho ahlomile: Amasosha, Amasosha Asemoyeni kanye Nasemanzini. Indoda yesihlanu yezempi iyinhloko yophiko oluhlanganisiwe lwezobunhloli, owesithupha ungumqondisi womnyango wokuhlela amasu weKomidi le-Chiefs of Staff. Amabili okugcina anesikhundla sika-lieutenant general, amasosha amane asele anezinga likajenene (izinkanyezi ezine). Isihlalo se-PNCA (Pakistan National Command) inhloko-dolobha yezwe, i-Islamabad. Ikomidi liphinde lenze isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi ngokwako.
Ngokuhambisana nemfundiso yamanje yenuzi, iPakistan isebenzisa ukuvimbela izikhali zenuzi emazingeni amane:
- esidlangalaleni noma ngemigudu yobunxusa ukuxwayisa ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi;
- isixwayiso senuzi ekhaya;
- isiteleka senuzi esihlakaniphile ngokumelene namasosha ezitha endaweni yomuntu;
- ukuhlasela okuhloswe kwezempi (okuhlosiwe kuphela kokubaluleka kwezempi) endaweni yesitha.
Mayelana nesinqumo sokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi, kubekwe ngokusemthethweni ukuthi kunemibango emine lapho iPakistan izosebenzisa izikhali zayo zenuzi. Imininingwane ayaziwa, kodwa kusukela ezinkulumweni ezisemthethweni, izitatimende futhi, mhlawumbe, okuthiwa. Ukuvuza okulawulwayo okulandelayo kuyaziwa:
- i-spatial threshold - lapho amasosha ezitha ewela umngcele othile ePakistan. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kuwumngcele woMfula i-Indus, futhi vele kungamasosha aseNdiya - uma edudulela amabutho asePakistan ezintabeni ezisentshonalanga yezwe, iPakistan izohlasela amabutho aseNdiya;
- umkhawulo wamakhono ezempi - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umngcele ofinyelelwe amabutho esitha, uma ngenxa yempi iPakistan izolahlekelwa amandla ayo amaningi ezempi, okuzokwenza ukuzivikela okuphumelelayo kungenzeki, uma isitha singayeki ukulwa, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi. izikhali njengendlela yokunxephezela amandla;
- umkhawulo wezomnotho - uma isitha besingabangela ukukhubazeka okuphelele komnotho kanye nesistimu yezomnotho, ikakhulukazi ngokuvinjelwa kwemikhumbi kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezimboni ezibucayi, ezokuthutha noma enye ingqalasizinda ehlobene nomnotho, ukuhlasela kwezikhali zenuzi kungaphoqa isitha ukuba simise imisebenzi enjalo. ;
- umkhawulo wezepolitiki - uma izenzo zesitha ezisobala ziholele ekudilizweni kanzima kwezepolitiki kwePakistan, ngokwesibonelo, ngokubulala abaholi bayo, okubhebhethekisa uthuthuva oluphenduka impi yombango.
UDkt. Farrukh Saleem, usosayensi wezepolitiki kanye nochwepheshe bezokuphepha emhlabeni wonke ozinze e-Islamabad, unomthelela omkhulu ekuhloleni usongo nasekuthuthukisweni kwemfundiso yokuvikela yasePakistan. Umsebenzi wakhe uthathwa njengobalulekile nguhulumeni nobuholi bezempi. Kuvela emisebenzini yakhe lapho ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni kwezinsongo ePakistan kuza khona: izinsongo zempi, i.e. ithuba lokuhlasela okuvamile kwePakistan, izinsongo zenuzi, i.e. kungenzeka ukuthi iNdiya isebenzise izikhali zenuzi ngokumelene nePakistan (asikho isimo okulindelekile lapho ezinye izifundazwe zingasongela iPakistan ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi), izinsongo zamaphekula - kuvela ukuthi inkinga ePakistan izimpi phakathi kwamaqembu amaSulumane, amaShia namaSunni, futhi kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-Iran engumakhelwane iyizwe lamaShia, kanti iPakistan iningi lamaSunni.
Ubushokobezi bamahlelo banda ngo-2009, kodwa ngosizo lwe-United States, usongo lwehlisiwe lwaba ngezilinganiso ezilawulekayo. Okungasho ukuthi ubuphekula abuhlali buyingozi kuleli. Izinsongo ezimbili ezilandelayo ezikhonjiwe ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi kanye nezinsongo zomnotho. Bobahlanu bahlonzwe njengezingozi okufanele zithathwe ngokungathi sína futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele zokubhekana nazo.
