Zonke izimfihlo zesimiso sonozungezilanga

Izimfihlo zesistimu yethu yezinkanyezi zihlukaniswe zaba ezaziwayo, ezihlanganiswe kwabezindaba, isibonelo, imibuzo mayelana nokuphila ku-Mars, i-Europa, i-Enceladus noma i-Titan, izakhiwo nezimo ngaphakathi kwamaplanethi amakhulu, izimfihlo zemiphetho ekude yeSistimu, kanye lezo ezingasakhulunywa kangako. Sifuna ukufinyelela kuzo zonke izimfihlo, ngakho-ke ake sigxile kwezincane kulokhu.

Ake siqale kusukela "ekuqaleni" kweSivumelwano, okungukuthi kusukela I-Sun. Kungani, isibonelo, i- south pole yenkanyezi yethu ibanda kune-north pole yayo cishe ngezinkulungwane ezingu-80. Kelvin? Lo mphumela, owaphawulwa kudala, phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX, awubonakali uncike kuwoi-polarization kazibuthe yelanga. Mhlawumbe isakhiwo sangaphakathi seLanga ezindaweni ezipholile sihluke ngandlela-thile. Kodwa kanjani?

Namuhla siyazi ukuthi banesibopho sokuguquguquka kweLanga. izenzakalo ze-electromagnetic. USam angase angamangazi. Phela lakhiwe nge iplasma, igesi eyizinhlayiyana eshajiwe. Nokho, asazi ngempela ukuthi yisiphi isifunda I-Sun idaliwe amandla kazibuthenoma ndawana thize ekujuleni kwakhe. Muva nje, izilinganiso ezintsha ziye zabonisa ukuthi amandla kazibuthe eLanga anamandla aphindwe kashumi kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili, ngakho le mfihlakalo iya ngokuya ithakazelisa.

Ilanga linomjikelezo wokusebenza weminyaka eyi-11. Ngesikhathi esiphezulu (esiphezulu) salo mjikelezo, iLanga liyakhanya futhi livutha amalangabi futhi amabala elanga. Imigqa yayo yamagnetic yakha ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi njengoba isondela kubukhulu belanga (1). Lapho uchungechunge lokuqubuka olwaziwa ngokuthi ukukhishwa kwe-coronal massinsimu isicaba. Ngesikhathi esincane solar, imigqa yamandla iqala ukuhamba iqonde epalini iye kwelinye, njengaseMhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokujikeleza kwenkanyezi, bayamsonga. Ekugcineni, le migqa yensimu elula nenwebekayo "iklebhuka" njengebhande lenjoloba idonseke kakhulu, okubangele ukuthi inkambu iqhume futhi ithulise insimu ibuyele esimweni sayo sokuqala. Asazi ukuthi lokhu kuhlangene ngani nalokho okwenzeka ngaphansi kobuso beLanga. Mhlawumbe zibangelwa isenzo samandla, i-convection phakathi kwezingqimba ngaphakathi elangeni?

1. Imigqa yensimu kazibuthe yeLanga

ngokulandelayo iphazili yelanga - kungani umkhathi welanga ushisa ngaphezu kobuso beLanga, i.e. i-photosphere? Kushisa kakhulu kangangokuthi kungafaniswa nezinga lokushisa ngaphakathi ilanga core. I-photosphere yelanga inezinga lokushisa elingaba ngu-6000 kelvins, kanti i-plasma eqhele ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa nje ngaphezu kwayo ingaphezu kwesigidi. Njengamanje kukholakala ukuthi indlela yokushisa ye-coronal ingaba inhlanganisela yemiphumela kazibuthe ku umkhathi welanga. Kunezincazelo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezingaba khona ukushisa kwe-coronal: i-nanoflari i ukushisa kwamagagasi. Mhlawumbe izimpendulo zizoqhamuka ocwaningweni kusetshenziswa i-Parker probe, omunye wemisebenzi esemqoka okuwukungena kwi-solar corona bese uyihlaziya.

Ngawo wonke amandla ayo, nokho, ukwahlulela ngedatha, okungenani okokugcina. Izazi zezinkanyezi ezivela e-Max Planck Institute, ngokubambisana ne-Australian University of New South Wales nezinye izikhungo, zenza ucwaningo ukuze zinqume ukuthi kunjalo ngempela yini. Abacwaningi basebenzisa idatha ukuhlunga izinkanyezi ezifana nelanga kukhathalogi ye-150 XNUMX. izinkanyezi ezilandelanayo eziyinhloko. Izinguquko ekukhanyeni kwalezi zinkanyezi, njengeLanga lethu, eziwumgogodla wokuphila kwazo, ziye zalinganiswa. ILanga lethu lizungeza kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-24,5.ngakho-ke abacwaningi bagxile ezinkanyezini ezinenkathi yokuzungeza eyizinsuku ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-30. Uhlu luphinde lwehliselwa phansi ngokuhlunga amazinga okushisa angaphezulu, ubudala, kanye nenani lama-elementi afaneleka kakhulu iLanga. Imininingwane etholwe ngale ndlela yafakaza ukuthi inkanyezi yethu yayithule ngempela kunabo bonke ababephila ngesikhathi sayo. imisebe yelanga ishintshashintsha ngamaphesenti angu-0,07 kuphela. phakathi kwezigaba ezisebenzayo nezingasebenzi, ukushintshashintsha kwezinye izinkanyezi ngokuvamile kwakukhulu ngokuphindwe kahlanu.

Abanye baye basikisela ukuthi lokhu akusho ngempela ukuthi inkanyezi yethu ngokuvamile ithule, kodwa ukuthi, isibonelo, idlula esigabeni esisebenza kancane esithatha iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. I-NASA ilinganisela ukuthi sibhekene "nobuncane obuncane" okwenzeka njalo emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Isikhathi sokugcina lokhu kwenzeka phakathi kuka-1672 no-1699, lapho kuqoshwa ama-sunspots angamashumi amahlanu kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-40 50 - 30 ama-sunspots ayizinkulungwane ngokwesilinganiso ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-XNUMX. Lesi sikhathi sokuthula esisabekayo saziwa ngokuthi i-Maunder Low emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka edlule.

I-Mercury igcwele izimanga

Kuze kube muva nje, ososayensi bebekubheka njengokungathakazelisi ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ukuthunyelwa kweplanethi kubonise ukuthi, naphezu kokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa elifika ku-450 ° C, ngokusobala, I-Mercury kukhona iqhwa lamanzi. Lo mhlaba nawo ubonakala unokuningi ingaphakathi likhulu kakhulu ngobukhulu balo futhi okuncane ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okumangalisayo. Izimfihlo zeMercury zingaxazululwa yi-European-Japanese mission BepiColombo, ezongena emzileni weplanethi encane ngo-2025.

Idatha evela I-NASA MISENGER umkhumbi-mkhathieyazungeza i-Mercury phakathi kuka-2011 no-2015 ibonise ukuthi izinto eziseMercury zazine-potassium eguquguqukayo kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokunye. ithrekhi enemisebe ezinzile. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi baqala ukuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini lokho i-mercury wayengamela kude nelanga, cishe, futhi waphonswa eduze kwenkanyezi ngenxa yokushayisana nomunye umzimba omkhulu. Ukushaywa okunamandla kungase kuchaze nokuthi kungani i-mercury inomgogodla omkhulu kanye nesiphuku sangaphandle esincanyana. I-Mercury core, enobubanzi obungaba amakhilomitha angu-4000 5000, ingaphakathi kweplanethi enobubanzi obungaphansi kuka-55 12 km, okungaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-700. umthamo wayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ububanzi bomhlaba bungaba ngu-1200 km, kanti ububanzi bomgogodla wawo buyi-XNUMX km kuphela. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi iMerukri yayingenakho ukungqubuzana okukhulu esikhathini esidlule. Kukhona nezimangalo zokuthi I-Mercury ingaba umzimba ongaqondakaliokungenzeka ukuthi yahlasela uMhlaba eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,5 edlule.

I-American probe, ngaphezu kweqhwa elimangalisayo lamanzi endaweni enjalo, ku I-Mercury craters,wabona nezimbotshana zalokho okwakukhona I-Crater Gardener (2) Umsebenzi wathola izici ezingavamile zokuma komhlaba ezingaziwa kwamanye amaplanethi. Lokhu kucindezeleka kubonakala kubangelwa ukuhwamuka kwento ngaphakathi kwe-Mercury. kubukeka sengathi a Isendlalelo sangaphandle seMercury kukhishwa okuthile okuguquguqukayo, okufakwe ngaphansi kwesikhala esizungezile, kushiye lezi zakhiwo eziyinqaba. Muva nje kuvele ukuthi i-scythe elandelayo i-Mercury yenziwe nge-sublimating material (mhlawumbe ayifani). Ngoba i-BepiColombo izoqala ucwaningo lwayo eminyakeni eyishumi. ngemva kokuphela komsebenzi we-MESSENGER, ososayensi banethemba lokuthola ubufakazi bokuthi lezi zimbobo ziyashintsha: ziyanda, bese ziyancipha. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi iMercury iseyiplanethi esebenzayo, ephilayo, hhayi izwe elifile njengeNyanga.

2. Izakhiwo ezingaqondakali ku-crater i-Kertes ku-Mercury

IVenus iyashaywa, kodwa kuthiwani?

Kungani I-Venus wehluke kangaka eMhlabeni? Ichazwe njengewele loMhlaba. Icishe ifane ngosayizi futhi ilele kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi indawo yokuhlala ezungeza ilangalapho kunamanzi awuketshezi. Kodwa kuvela, ngaphandle kobukhulu, akukho ukufana okuningi. Kuyiplanethi eneziphepho ezingapheli ezigubha amakhilomitha angama-300 ngehora, futhi umphumela we-greenhouse uwunikeza izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kwesihogo elingu-462 degrees Celsius. Kushisa ngokwanele ukuncibilikisa umthofu. Kungani kunezinye izimo ezinjalo ngaphandle kwasemhlabeni? Yini eyabangela lo mphumela onamandla we-greenhouse?

Umkhathi weVenus kuze kufike kumaphesenti angama-95. isikhutha, igesi efanayo eyimbangela eyinhloko yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu eMhlabeni. Uma ucabanga lokho umkhathi emhlabeni ingamaphesenti angu-0,04 kuphela. NHLOBONI₂ungaqonda ukuthi kungani kunje. Kungani kunegesi engaka kuVenus? Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi iVenus yayikade ifana kakhulu noMhlaba, inamanzi awuketshezi kanye ne-CO encane.₂. Kodwa ngesinye isikhathi, kwafudumala ngokwanele ukuba amanzi ahwamuke, futhi njengoba umhwamuko ubuye ube igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla, wabhebhethekisa ukushisa. Ekugcineni kwashisa ngokwanele ukuba ikhabhoni evaleleke emadwaleni idedelwe, ekugcineni igcwalise umkhathi ngesikhutha.₂. Nokho, kumelwe ukuba kukhona okunyakazise i-domino yokuqala kumagagasi okushisa alandelanayo. Ingabe bekuwuhlobo oluthile lwenhlekelele?

Ucwaningo lwe-geological and geophysical kuVenus lwaqala ngobuqotho ngenkathi ingena emzileni wayo ngo-1990. Magellan probe futhi waqhubeka nokuqoqa idatha kwaze kwaba ngu-1994. UMagellan wenze imephu engamaphesenti angama-98 yendawo yomhlaba futhi wasakaza izinkulungwane zezithombe ezimangalisayo zeVenus. Ngokokuqala ngqa, abantu babheka kahle ukuthi iVenus ibukeka kanjani ngempela. Okumangaze kakhulu ukuntuleka kwama-craters uma kuqhathaniswa namanye afana neNyanga, iMars, neMercury. Izazi zezinkanyezi zazizibuza ukuthi yini eyayingenza ubuso beVenus bubukeke busha kangaka.

Njengoba ososayensi bebhekisisa kakhudlwana uxhaxha lwedatha ebuyiselwe nguMagellan, kwaya ngokuya kucaca ukuthi indawo yale planethi kufanele ngandlela thize “ishintshwe” ngokushesha, uma “ingashintshwa”. Lesi sigameko esiyinhlekelele kufanele ngabe senzeke eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-750 edlule, ngakho muva nje izigaba zokuma komhlaba. Don Tercott evela eNyuvesi yase-Cornell ngo-1993 yasikisela ukuthi uqweqwe lwaseVenusian lwagcina luminyene kangangokuba lwavala ukushisa kweplanethi ngaphakathi, lwagcina lukhukhule ngodaka oluncibilikisiwe. UTurcott uchaze le nqubo njengomjikelezo, ephakamisa ukuthi umcimbi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamakhulu ambalwa edlule ungaba owodwa nje ochungechungeni. Abanye baye baphakamisa ukuthi intaba-mlilo yiyona ebangela "ukuguqulwa" kwendawo futhi asikho isidingo sokubheka incazelo izinhlekelele zasemkhathini.

Bahlukene izimfihlakalo zeVenus. Amaplanethi amaningi azungeza ngokuphambene newashi lapho ebhekwa phezulu. Uhlelo lwelanga (okungukuthi, kusukela eNyakatho yePole Yomhlaba). Kodwa-ke, iVenus yenza okuphambene, okuholela embonweni wokuthi ukushayisana okukhulu kufanele kwenzeke endaweni esikhathini esidlule.

Ingabe lina amadayimane e-Uranus?

, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuphila, izimfihlakalo zebhande elisemkhathini, kanye nezimfihlakalo zeJupiter nezinyanga zayo ezinkulu ezikhangayo ziphakathi “kwezimfihlakalo ezaziwayo” esizisho ekuqaleni. Ukuthi abezindaba babhala kakhulu ngabo akusho ukuthi siyazazi izimpendulo. Kusho ukuthi siyazi kahle imibuzo. Okwakamuva kulolu chungechunge umbuzo wokuthi yini edala inyanga ye-Jupiter, i-Europa, ikhanye ohlangothini olungakhanyiswa yiLanga (3). Ososayensi babheja ngethonya Inkambu kazibuthe ye-Jupiter.

3. Ukuhumusha ngobuciko kokukhanya kwenyanga kwe-Jupiter, eYurophu

Kuningi osekubhaliwe ngoFr. Uhlelo lweSaturn. Kulokhu, nokho, kukhulunywa kakhulu ngezinyanga zayo hhayi ngeplanethi uqobo. Wonke umuntu uyathakathwa umoya ongavamile we-titan, uketshezi oluthembisayo oluphakathi nolwandle lwase-Enceladus, umbala ophindwe kabili oyinqaba we-Iapetus. Kunezimfihlakalo eziningi kangangokuthi ukunakwa okuncane kukhokhelwa i-gas giant ngokwayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, inezimfihlo eziningi kunendlela yokwakheka kwezishingishane ezinezinhlangothi ezine ezigxotsheni zayo (4).

4. Isishingishane esiyi-hexagonal esigxotsheni seSaturn.

Ososayensi bayaphawula ku ukudlidliza kwezindandatho zeplanethiokubangelwa ukundindizela ngaphakathi kwayo, ukungezwani okuningi nokungahambi kahle. Kulokhu baphetha ngokuthi inani elikhulu lezinto kufanele lenzeke ngaphansi kokubushelelezi (uma kuqhathaniswa neJupiter). I-Jupiter ibhekwa eduze umkhumbi-mkhathi we-Juno. Futhi uSaturn? Akazange aphile ukuze abone umsebenzi onjalo wokuhlola, futhi akwaziwa ukuthi uzowulinda yini esikhathini esizayo.

Nokho, naphezu kwezimfihlo zabo, Saturn ibonakala iyiplanethi esondelene futhi ethambile uma iqhathaniswa neplanethi eseduze nelanga, i-Uranus, isimanga sangempela phakathi kwamaplanethi. Wonke amaplanethi esimiso sonozungezilanga azungeza ilanga ohlangothini olufanayo futhi endizeni efanayo, ngokusho kwezazi zezinkanyezi, kuwumkhondo wenqubo yokudala yonke kusuka kudiski elijikelezayo legesi nothuli. Wonke amaplanethi, ngaphandle kwe-Uranus, ane-eksisi yokujikeleza eqondiswe cishe "phezulu", okungukuthi, i-perpendicular endizeni ye-ecliptic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Uranus wayebonakala elele kule ndiza. Isikhathi eside kakhulu (iminyaka engama-42), isigxobo sayo esisenyakatho noma eningizimu sikhomba ngqo eLangeni.

I-axis engavamile yokujikeleza kwe-Uranus lokhu kungenye yezinto ezikhangayo umphakathi wayo wasemkhathini ozinikezayo. Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, izakhiwo eziphawulekayo zamasathelayithi ayo acishe abe ngamashumi amathathu awaziwayo atholakale futhi uhlelo lwendandatho ithole incazelo entsha kosonkanyezi baseJapan eholwa nguSolwazi Shigeru Ida ovela eTokyo Institute of Technology. Ucwaningo lwabo lukhombisa lokho ekuqaleni komlando wethu Isimiso sikanozungezilanga i-Uranus sashayisana neplanethi enkulu eneqhwalokho kwayijika unomphela iplanethi encane. Ngokocwaningo lukaProf. Ida nozakwabo, ukungqubuzana okukhulu namaplanethi akude, abandayo naneqhwa kuzohluka ngokuphelele ekushayisaneni namaplanethi anamatshe. Ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa amanzi okwakheka kweqhwa liphansi, imfucumfucu yamagagasi amaningi e-Uranus kanye neqhwa kungenzeka kuhwamuke phakathi nokushayisana. Kodwa-ke, le nto ike yakwazi ngaphambilini ukutshekisa i-eksisi yeplanethi, okuyinikeza isikhathi sokujikeleza okusheshayo (usuku luka-Uranus manje selungaba amahora angu-17), futhi imfucumfucu encane evela ekushayisaneni yahlala esimweni esinegesi isikhathi eside. Izinsalela ekugcineni zizokwakha izinyanga ezincane. Isilinganiso sesisindo se-Uranus nesisindo samasathelayithi ayo sikhulu ngokuphindwe kayikhulu kunesilinganiso sobunzima boMhlaba nesathelayithi yawo.

Isikhathi eside Uranus wayengabhekwa njengomuntu okhuthele ngokukhethekile. Lokhu kwaze kwaba ngu-2014, lapho izazi zezinkanyezi ziqopha amaqoqo eziphepho ezinkulu ze-methane ezakhukhula iplanethi. Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izivunguvungu kwamanye amaplanethi zinikezwa amandla elanga. Kodwa amandla elanga awaqinile ngokwanele eplanethini ekude njenge-Uranus. Ngokwazi kwethu, awukho omunye umthombo wamandla ongabhebhezela iziphepho ezinamandla kangaka. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi iziphepho zika-Uranus ziqala emkhathini wayo ophansi, ngokuphambene neziphepho ezibangelwa ilanga elingenhla. Nokho, ngaphandle kwalokho, imbangela nendlela yalezi ziphepho kuseyimpicabadala. Umkhathi we-Uranus ingashintshashintsha kakhulu kunalokho ebonakala ngaphandle, ikhiqize ukushisa okubhebhezela lezi ziphepho. Futhi kungase kufudumale kakhulu lapho kunalokho esikucabangayo.

NjengoJupiter noSaturn Umkhathi wase-Uranus ucebile nge-hydrogen ne-helium.kodwa ngokungafani nabazala bayo abakhulu, i-uranium nayo iqukethe i-methane eningi, i-ammonia, amanzi, ne-hydrogen sulfide. Igesi ye-methane imunca ukukhanya ekugcineni okubomvu kwe-spectrum., enikeza u-Uranus umbala oluhlaza okotshani. Ekujuleni komkhathi kunempendulo kwenye imfihlakalo enkulu ye-Uranus - ukungalawuleki kwayo. amandla kazibuthe itsheke ngama-degree angu-60 ukusuka eksisini yokuzungeza, iqine kakhulu esigxotsheni esisodwa kunakwesinye. Ezinye izazi zezinkanyezi zikholelwa ukuthi le ndawo esontekile ingase ibe umphumela woketshezi olukhulu lwe-ayoni olufihlwe ngaphansi kwamafu aluhlaza agcwele amanzi, i-ammonia, ngisho namaconsi edayimane.

Usemzileni wakhe Izinyanga ezingu-27 ezaziwayo nezindandatho ezingu-13 ezaziwayo. Zonke ziyinqaba njengeplanethi yazo. Izindandatho ze-Uranus azenziwe ngeqhwa elikhanyayo, njengalapho ezungeze iSaturn, kodwa ngemfucumfucu yamadwala nothuli, ngakho amnyama kakhulu futhi anzima ukubonwa. Izindandatho zeSaturn ukushabalala, njengoba izazi zezinkanyezi zisola, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa izindandatho ezizungeze i-Uranus zizohlala zinde kakhulu. Kukhona nezinyanga. Phakathi kwabo, mhlawumbe "into elinywe kakhulu yesimiso sonozungezilanga", UMiranda (5). Kwenzekani kulesi sidumbu esicwiyiwe, nathi asazi. Lapho bechaza ukunyakaza kwezinyanga zase-Uranus, ososayensi basebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi "okungahleliwe" kanye "nokungazinzile". Izinyanga zilokhu zidudulana futhi zidonsana ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla adonsela phansi, okwenza izindlela zazo ezinde zingabikezeleki, futhi ezinye zazo kulindeleke ukuba zishayisane phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka. Kukholakala ukuthi okungenani eyodwa yezindandatho zika-Uranus kwakheka ngenxa yalokho kushayisana. Ukungabikezeli kwalolu hlelo kungenye yezinkinga zemishini yokucabanga yokuzungeza le planethi.

Inyanga eyaxosha ezinye izinyanga

Kubonakala sengathi sazi okwengeziwe ngokwenzeka eNeptune kunase-Uranus. Siyazi ngeziphepho ezinkulu ezifinyelela ku-2000 km/h futhi siyabona izindawo ezimnyama zezishingishane endaweni yayo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi, kancane nje. Siyazibuza ukuthi kungani iplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ikhipha ukushisa okungaphezu kwalokho ekutholayo. Kuyamangaza uma ucabanga ukuthi iNeptune ikude kakhulu neLanga. I-NASA ilinganisela ukuthi umehluko wokushisa phakathi komthombo wokushisa namafu angaphezulu ungu-160° Celsius.

Akukho okungaqondakali kancane kule planethi. Ososayensi bayazibuza kwenzekani ngezinyanga ze-neptune. Sazi izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko amasathelayithi athola ngayo amaplanethi - noma amasathelayithi akhiwa ngenxa yethonya elikhulu, noma ashiywe ukwakheka kwesimiso sonozungezilanga, ezakhiwe ngesivikelo se-orbital esizungeza umdondoshiya wegesi emhlabeni. umhlaba i Mashi cishe bathola izinyanga zabo emithelela emikhulu. Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zegesi, izinyanga eziningi ekuqaleni zakha kusuka ku-orbital disk, nazo zonke izinyanga ezinkulu zizungeza endizeni efanayo kanye nesistimu yokukhala ngemva kokujikeleza kwazo. I-Jupiter, iSaturn kanye ne-Uranus iyasifanela lesi sithombe, kodwa iNeptune ayifanele. Kunenyanga eyodwa enkulu lapha Traitonokumanje okuyinyanga yesikhombisa ngobukhulu esimisweni sikanozungezilanga (6). Kubukeka sengathi yinto ethwebuliwe kudlula Kuyperokwathi ngale ndlela kwabhubhisa cishe lonke uhlelo lweNeptune.

6. Ukuqhathaniswa kosayizi bamasathelayithi amakhulu kunawo wonke namaplanethi amancane esimiso sonozungezilanga.

I-Orbita Trytona ichezuka kumhlangano. Wonke amanye amasathelayithi amakhulu esiwaziyo - iNyanga Yomhlaba, kanye nawo wonke amasathelayithi amakhulu amakhulu eJupiter, Saturn kanye ne-Uranus - azungeza cishe endizeni efanayo neplanethi atholakala kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke zizungeza ohlangothini olufanayo namaplanethi: ngokuphambene newashi uma sibheka "phansi" kusukela enyakatho ye-Sun. I-Orbita Trytona inokuthambekela okungu-157° uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyanga, ezizungezisayo ngokuzungezisa kwe-Neptune. Izungeza kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-retrograde: I-Neptune izungeza njengokuya kwewashi, kuyilapho i-Neptune nawo wonke amanye amaplanethi (kanye nawo wonke amasathelayithi angaphakathi kwe-Triton) izungeza ibheke kolunye uhlangothi (7). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Triton ayikho ngisho endizeni efanayo noma eduze kwayo. ezungeza iNeptune. Itsheke cishe ngo-23° endizeni lapho i-Neptune izungeza ku-eksisi yayo, ngaphandle kokuthi izungeza ibheke endaweni engafanele. Kuyifulegi elikhulu elibomvu elisitshela ukuthi i-Triton ayizange ivele kudiski leplanethi efanayo elakha izinyanga zangaphakathi (noma izinyanga zezinye iziqhwaga zegesi).

7. Ukuthambekela kwe-orbital ye-Triton ezungeze i-Neptune.

Lapho kuminyene cishe amagremu angu-2,06 cubic centimitha ngayinye, ukuminyana kwe-Triton kuphezulu ngendlela engavamile. Nakhu embozwe nge-ayisikhilimu ehlukene: I-nitrogen eqandisiwe emboza izingqimba ze-carbon dioxide efriziwe (iqhwa elomile) kanye nengubo yeqhwa lamanzi, okuyenza ifane nokwakheka kwendawo engaphezulu ye-Pluto. Kodwa-ke, kufanele ibe nomgogodla ominyene we-rock-metal, okuwunikeza ukuminyana okukhulu kakhulu kune UPluto. Okuwukuphela kwento eyaziwa ngathi eqhathaniswa ne-Triton ngu-Eris, into enkulu kakhulu yebhande le-Kuiper, ngamaphesenti angama-27. mkhulu kunePluto.

Kukhona kuphela Izinyanga ezingu-14 ezaziwayo zaseNeptune. Lena inombolo encane kunazo zonke phakathi kwama-gas giants Uhlelo lwelanga. Mhlawumbe, njengasendabeni ka-Uranus, inani elikhulu lamasathelayithi amancane azungeza iNeptune. Nokho, awekho amasathelayithi amakhudlwana lapho. I-Triton iseduze kakhulu ne-Neptune, nebanga eliphakathi kwe-orbital elingamakhilomitha angu-355 kuphela, noma cishe amaphesenti ayishumi. iseduze neNeptune kuneNyanga isemhlabeni. Inyanga elandelayo, iNereid, iqhele ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-000 ukusuka emhlabeni, iGalimede iqhele ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-10. Lawa amabanga amade kakhulu. Ngobuningi, uma uhlanganisa wonke amasathelayithi e-Neptune, i-Triton ingama-5,5%. ubuningi bayo yonke into ezungeza iNeptune. Kukhona izinsolo eziqinile zokuthi ngemva kokuhlasela komjikelezo weNeptune, yena, ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla adonsela phansi, waphonsa ezinye izinto phakathi. I-Kuiper's Pass.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa kukodwa. Izithombe ze-Triton kuphela esinazo zithathwe Sondi Voyager 2, bonisa cishe amabhande amnyama angamashumi amahlanu okucatshangwa ukuthi ama-cryovolcano (8). Uma zingokoqobo, khona-ke lokhu kungaba ngomunye wemihlaba emine eplanethini sonozungezilanga (Earth, Venus, Io kanye ne-Triton) eyaziwa ngokuba nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo phezulu. Umbala we-Triton nawo awufani nezinye izinyanga zeNeptune, Uranus, Saturn noma Jupiter. Kunalokho, ihambisana kahle nezinto ezifana ne-Pluto ne-Eris, izinto ezinkulu zebhande le-Kuiper. Ngakho uNeptune wamnqamula lapho - ngakho basho namuhla.

Ngale kweKuiper Cliff naNgaphesheya

Za i-orbit ye-Neptune Amakhulu ezinto ezintsha, ezincane zalolu hlobo zatholwa ekuqaleni kuka-2020. amaplanethi amancane. Izazi zezinkanyezi ezivela ku-Dark Energy Survey (DES) zibike ukutholakala kwezidumbu ezinjalo ezingu-316 ngaphandle kwendlela ye-Neptune. Kulezi, eziyi-139 bezingaziwa ngokuphelele ngaphambi kwalolu cwaningo olusha, kanti ezingama-245 zibonwe ekubonweni kwangaphambili kwe-DES. Ukuhlaziywa kwalolu cwaningo kushicilelwe ochungechungeni lwezithako zejenali ye-astrophysical.

NI-eptun izungeza iLanga ebangeni elingama-30 AU. (I, Ibanga lomhlaba-Ilanga). Ngale kweNeptune kulele uPnjengoKuyper - iqoqo lezinto ezinamatshe eziqandisiwe (kuhlanganise ne-Pluto), izinkanyezi ezinomsila kanye nezigidi zemizimba emincane, enamadwala nensimbi, enenani elisuka emashumini ambalwa kuya kwamakhulu amaningana hhayi i-asteroid. Njengamanje sazi izinto eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) ohlelweni lwelanga, kodwa inani eliphelele lilinganiselwa ukuthi liseduze ne-100 9 (XNUMX).

9. Ukuqhathaniswa kosayizi wezinto ezaziwayo ze-trans-Neptunian

Siyabonga ngo-2015 ozayo I-New Horizons iphenya amabombo ePlutokahle, sazi kakhulu ngale nto eyonakele kune-Uranus neNeptune. Yebo, bhekisisa futhi ufunde lokhu iplanethi encane kubangele izimfihlakalo nemibuzo eminingi emisha, mayelana nesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba ephila ngokumangalisayo, ngesimo sezulu esiyinqaba, mayelana nezinguzunga zeqhwa ze-methane nezinye izigigaba eziningi ezisimangazile kuleli zwe elikude. Kodwa-ke, izimfihlakalo zePluto ziphakathi "kwezaziwa kangcono" ngomqondo wokuthi sesishilo kabili. Kunezimfihlo eziningi ezingadumile endaweni lapho i-Pluto idlala khona.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinkanyezi ezinomsila kukholakala ukuthi zavela futhi zavela ezindaweni ezikude emkhathini. ebhandeni leKuiper (ngale komjikelezo wePluto) noma ngale kwalokho, endaweni engaqondakali ebizwa ngokuthi Ifu le-Oort, lezi zindikimba ngezikhathi ezithile ukushisa kwelanga kubangela ukuba iqhwa lihwamuke. Izinkanyezi ezinomsila eziningi zishaya iLanga ngokuqondile, kodwa ezinye zinenhlanhla eyengeziwe yokwenza umjikelezo omfushane wokuzungeza (uma zisuka ebhandeni leKuiper) noma omude (uma zisuka efwini le-Ortho) emzileni weLanga.

Ngo-2004, kwatholakala into eyinqaba othulini olwaqoqwa ngesikhathi se-NASA sika-Stardust mission to Earth. inkanyezi enomsila Wild-2. Izinhlamvu zothuli ezivela kulo mzimba oqandisiwe zazibonisa ukuthi kwakheka ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. I-Wild-2 kucatshangwa ukuthi yavela futhi yavela e-Kuiper Belt, ngakho-ke lawa machashaza amancane angakheka kanjani endaweni engaphezu kuka-1000 Kelvin? Amasampula aqoqwe ku-Wild-2 angasuka kuphela endaweni emaphakathi yediski yokukhula, eduze neLanga elincane, futhi okuthile kwawayisa ezindaweni ezikude. Uhlelo lwelanga ebhandeni leKuiper. Khona manje?

Futhi njengoba sazulazula lapho, mhlawumbe kufanele sibuze ukuthi kungani Hhayi Kuiper kwagcina kungazelelwe? I-Kuiper belt iyindawo enkulu yesimiso sonozungezilanga esakha indandatho ezungeza ilanga ngalé nje komjikelezo weNeptune. Inani labantu base-Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) liyehla ngokuzumayo phakathi kuka-50 AU. kusukela elangeni. Lokhu kuyamangaza, ngoba amamodeli angokwetiyetha abikezela ukwanda kwenani lezinto kule ndawo. Ikwindla iyamangalisa kangangokuthi ibizwe ngokuthi "Kuiper Cliff".

Kunemibono eminingana mayelana nalokhu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi alikho "idwala" langempela nokuthi kunezinto eziningi zebhande le-Kuiper ezizungeza ku-50 AU, kodwa ngesizathu esithile zincane futhi azibonakali. Omunye umqondo, ophikisana kakhulu ukuthi ama-CMO ngemuva "kwedwala" akhukhulwa umzimba weplanethi. Izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi ziyawuphikisa lo mbono, zisho ukungabi khona kobufakazi bokuthi kukhona okukhulu okuzungeza ibhande leKuiper.

Lokhu kufanela zonke "Planet X" noma i-Nibiru hypotheses. Kodwa lokhu kungase kube enye into, kusukela izifundo resonant eminyakeni yamuva Konstantin Batygina i UMike Brown babona ithonya “leplanethi yesishiyagalolunye” ezimweni ezihluke ngokuphelele, v ama-orbits e-eccentric izinto ezibizwa nge-Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects (eTNOs). Iplanethi ecatshangelwayo ebhekele "i-Kuiper cliff" ngeke ibe nkulu kunoMhlaba, futhi "iplanethi yesishiyagalolunye", ngokusho kwezazi zezinkanyezi ezishiwo, izoba seduze neNeptune, ibe mkhulu kakhulu. Mhlawumbe bobabili bakhona futhi bacashe ebumnyameni?

Kungani singaboni iPlanethi X ecatshangelwayo naphezu kokuba nenqwaba ebaluleke kangaka? Muva nje, kuvele isiphakamiso esisha esingase sichaze lokhu. Okungukuthi, asiyiboni, ngoba akuyona iplanethi nhlobo, kodwa, mhlawumbe, umgodi omnyama wokuqala owashiya ngemuva Big Bang, kodwa wabanjwa amandla adonsela phansi ilanga. Nakuba inkulu kunoMhlaba, ingaba ngamasentimitha angu-5 ububanzi. Le hypothesis, okungukuthi Ed Witten, isazi se-physics e-Princeton University, siye savela ezinyangeni zamuva. Usosayensi uhlongoza ukuhlola i-hypothesis yakhe ngokuthumela endaweni lapho sisola khona ukuthi kukhona umgodi omnyama, uxhaxha lwama-nanosatellites anamandla e-laser, afana nalawo athuthukiswe kuphrojekthi ye-Breakthrough Starshot, omgomo wayo indiza ye-interstellar eya e-Alpha Centauri.

Ingxenye yokugcina yesimiso sonozungezilanga kufanele kube i-Oort Cloud. Akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuthi ikhona. Kuyifu eliwumcabango eliyindilinga lothuli, imfucumfucu encane, nama-asteroids azungeza iLanga ebangeni elingamayunithi angama-300 kuya kwangu-100 ezinkanyezi, ikakhulukazi elakhiwe iqhwa namagesi aqinile njenge-ammonia ne-methane. Idlulela cishe ingxenye yesine yebanga ukuya I-Proxima Centavra. Imikhawulo yangaphandle ye-Oort Cloud ichaza umkhawulo wethonya lamandla adonsela phansi esistimu sonozungezilanga. Ifu le-Oort liyinsalela kusukela ekwakhiweni kwesimiso sonozungezilanga. Iqukethe izinto ezikhishwe Ohlelweni ngamandla adonsela phansi ama-giants wegesi ngesikhathi sokuqala sokwakheka kwawo. Nakuba kungakabikho ukubonwa okuqondile okuqinisekisiwe kwe-Oort Cloud, ukuba khona kwayo kufanele kufakazelwe yizinkanyezi ezinomsila zesikhathi eside nezinto eziningi ezivela eqenjini le-centaur. I-Oort Cloud yangaphandle, eboshwe kancane amandla adonsela phansi esimisweni sonozungezilanga, ingaphazanyiswa kalula amandla adonsela phansi ngaphansi kwethonya lezinkanyezi eziseduze kanye.

Imimoya yesimiso sonozungezilanga

Ukungena ezimpicanweni Zohlelo lwethu, siye saqaphela izinto eziningi okwakucatshangwa ukuthi zikhona, zizungeza iLanga futhi ngezinye izikhathi zaba nomthelela omkhulu ezenzakalweni ezisanda kwakhiwa ekubunjweni kwendawo yethu ye-cosmic. Lezi "izipoki" ezingavamile zesimiso sonozungezilanga. Kuyafaneleka ukubheka izinto okuthiwa ake zaba khona, kodwa manje kungenzeka ukuthi azisekho noma asikwazi ukuzibona (10).

10. Izinto ezicatshangelwayo ezingekho noma ezingabonakali zesimiso sonozungezilanga

Izazi zezinkanyezi bake bahumusha ubunye I-Orbit ye-Mercury njengophawu lweplanethi ecashe emisebeni yelanga, okuthiwa. Volcano. Ithiyori ka-Einstein yamandla adonsela phansi yachaza i-anomalies ye-orbital yeplanethi encane ngaphandle kokusebenzisa enye iplanethi, kodwa kungase kube khona ama-asteroids ("ama-volcano") kule ndawo esingakayiboni.

Kumele kwengezwe ohlwini lwezinto ezingekho iplanethi Theya (noma i-Orpheus), iplanethi yasendulo ecatshangelwayo esimisweni sonozungezilanga sokuqala, okwathi ngokwemibono ekhulayo, yangqubuzana nayo. umhlaba wokuqala Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,5 edlule, enye imfucumfucu eyadalwa ngale ndlela yayigxiliswe ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla adonsela phansi emzileni weplanethi yethu, kwakheka iNyanga. Ukube lokho kwenzekile, cishe besingeke simbone uThea, kodwa ngomqondo othile, uhlelo lwe-Earth-Moon bekuyoba izingane zakhe.

Ukulandela umkhondo wezinto ezingaqondakali, siyakhubeka Iplanethi V, iplanethi yesihlanu ecatshangelwayo yesimiso sonozungezilanga, okwakufanele ngabe izungeza iLanga phakathi kweMars nebhande le-asteroid. Ukuba khona kwayo kwaphakanyiswa ososayensi abasebenza kwaNASA. John Chambers i UJack Lissauer njengencazelo engenzeka yokuqhuma kwamabhomu okwenzeka enkathini yaseHadean ekuqaleni kweplanethi yethu. Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis, ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwamaplanethi c Uhlelo lwelanga kwakhiwa amaplanethi amatshe amahlanu angaphakathi. Iplanethi yesihlanu yayisendaweni ezungezile encane ene-eccentric eksisi engu-1,8-1,9 AU. Le planethi yaphazanyiswa iziphazamiso ezivela kwamanye amaplanethi, iplanethi yangena ku-eccentric orbit ukuwela ibhande le-asteroid yangaphakathi. Ama-asteroid ahlakazekile agcina esemizileni enqamula i-orbit ye-Mars, i-resonant orbits, kanye nokuphambana. ukuzungeza komhlaba, okwenyusa okwesikhashana imvamisa yemithelela Emhlabeni naseNyangeni. Ekugcineni, iplanethi yangena emzileni ozwakalayo owuhhafu wobukhulu obungu-2,1 A futhi yawela eLangeni.

Ukuchaza izenzakalo kanye nezimo zenkathi yokuqala yokuba khona kwesimiso sonozungezilanga, kwahlongozwa isisombululo, ikakhulukazi, esibizwa ngokuthi "i-jump theory of Jupiter" (). Kucatshangwa ukuthi I-Jupiter orbit yabe isishintsha ngokushesha kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzelana ne-Uranus neNeptune. Ukuze ukufaniswa kwezenzakalo kuholele esimweni samanje, kuyadingeka ukucabanga ukuthi ohlelweni lwelanga phakathi kukaSaturn no-Uranus esikhathini esidlule kwakukhona iplanethi enesisindo esifana neNeptune. Njengomphumela "wokugxumela" kweJupiter emzileni owaziwayo namuhla, umdondoshiya wesihlanu wegesi waphonswa ngaphandle kwesimiso seplanethi eyaziwa namuhla. Kwenzekani kule planethi ngokulandelayo? Lokhu cishe kubangele ukuphazamiseka ebhandeni le-Kuiper esafufusa, lajikijela izinto eziningi ezincane esimisweni sonozungezilanga. Abanye babo babanjwa njengezinyanga, abanye bashaya phezulu amaplanethi anamatshe. Mhlawumbe, kungaleso sikhathi lapho iningi lemigodi enyangeni yakhiwa khona. Kuthiwani ngeplanethi edingisiwe? Hmm, lokhu kufanela incazelo yePlanethi X ngendlela eyinqaba, kodwa kuze kube yilapho sibheka, lokhu kuwukuqagela nje.

Ohlwini kusathulekile, iplanethi ecatshangelwayo ezungeza i-Oort Cloud, ukuba khona kwayo okwahlongozwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwemizila yezinkanyezi ezinomsila zesikhathi eside. Iqanjwe ngoTyche, unkulunkulukazi wamaGreki wenhlanhla nengcebo, udadewabo onomusa kaNemesis. Into yalolu hlobo bekufanele ibonakale ezithombeni ze-infrared ezithathwe isibonakude sasemkhathini se-WISE. Ukuhlaziywa kokubona kwakhe, okushicilelwe ngo-2014, kusikisela ukuthi umzimba onjalo awukho, kodwa uTyche akakasuswa ngokuphelele.

Ikhathalogi enjalo ayiphelele ngaphandle Nemesis, inkanyezi encane, ngokunokwenzeka ensundu, eyayihambisana nelanga ezikhathini ezikude, yakha isimiso kanambambili esivela elangeni. Kunemibono eminingi ngalokhu. UStephen Staller evela eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley wethule izibalo ngo-2017 okukhombisa ukuthi izinkanyezi eziningi zakha ngazimbili. Iningi licabanga ukuthi isathelayithi yeLanga sekuyisikhathi eside ivalelisa kuyo. Kuneminye imibono, okungukuthi isondela eLangeni isikhathi eside kakhulu, njengeminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-27, futhi ayikwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngenxa yokuthi insundu ekhanyayo ekhanyayo futhi incane ngosayizi. Inketho yokugcina ayizwakali kahle kakhulu, kusukela ekusondeleni kwento enkulu kangaka kungase kusongela ukuzinza kohlelo lwethu.

Kubonakala sengathi okungenani ezinye zalezi zindaba eziyizipoki zingase zibe yiqiniso ngoba zichaza esikubonayo njengamanje. Izimfihlo eziningi esibhala ngazo ngenhla zisuka entweni eyenzeka kudala. Ngicabanga ukuthi kuningi okwenzekile ngoba kunezimfihlo ezingenakubalwa.