Umjovo wamafutha ezinjinini zikaphethiloli. Izinzuzo, ukungalungi kanye nezinkinga ezingenzeka

Uhlobo lwesistimu yomjovo lunquma imingcele yenjini kanye nezindleko zokusebenza. Ithinta amandla, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ukukhishwa kwe-exhaust kanye nezindleko zokunakekelwa kwemoto.

Umlando wokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo komjovo kaphethiloli enjinini evuthayo yangaphakathi kwezokuthutha uhlehlela emuva enkathini yangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, izindiza zazifuna ngokuphuthumayo izixazululo ezintsha ezingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinjini futhi zinqobe izinkinga ngamandla ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zendiza. Umjovo kaphethiloli, owaqala ukuvela enjinini yendiza ye-French V8 ka-1903, waba usizo. Kwaze kwafika ngo-1930 lapho iMercedes 1951 SL efakwe uphethiloli yaqala khona, ethathwa kabanzi njengomanduleli kulo mkhakha. Nokho, enguqulweni yezemidlalo, bekuyimoto yokuqala enomjovo oqondile kaphethiloli.

Umjovo kaphethiloli we-elekthronikhi waqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-300 ngenjini ye-Chrysler ka-1958. Umjovo kaphethiloli we-Multipoint waqala ukubonakala ezimotweni ngawo-1981, kodwa wawusetshenziswa kakhulu kumamodeli aphambili. Amaphampu kagesi anengcindezi ephezulu ayevele esetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukucindezela okufanele, kodwa ukulawula kwakusewumthwalo wemishini, owaphela wakhohlwa ngo-600 ekupheleni kokukhiqizwa kweMercedes XNUMX. Amasistimu okujova ayesabiza futhi awashintshile ezimoto ezishibhile nezidumile. Kepha kwathi lapho sekuba nesidingo ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMXs ukuthi kufakwe ama-catalytic converters kuzo zonke izimoto, kungakhathalekile ukuthi zikusiphi isigaba, kwadingeka kuthuthukiswe uhlobo lomjovo oshibhile.

Ukuba khona kwe-catalyst kwakudinga ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana kokubunjwa kwengxube kunokuba i-carburetors inganikeza. Ngakho kwadalwa umjovo wephuzu elilodwa, inguqulo encane ye "multi-point", kodwa eyanele izidingo zezimoto ezishibhile. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, yaqala ukunyamalala emakethe, yathathelwa indawo ama-injection amaningi, okuyisimiso esithandwa kakhulu sikaphethiloli ezinjini zezimoto. Ngo-1996, i-Direct fuel injection yenza i-debut yayo evamile ku-Mitsubishi Carisma. Ubuchwepheshe obusha budinga ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu futhi ekuqaleni bathola abalandeli abambalwa.

Kodwa-ke, lapho kubhekene nezindinganiso ezicindezelayo zegesi yokukhipha igesi, okwathi kusukela ekuqaleni kwaba nethonya elinamandla ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezinhlelo zikaphethiloli wezimoto, ekugcineni abaklami kwadingeka bathuthele kumjovo oqondile kaphethiloli. Ezixazululweni zakamuva, kuze kube manje abambalwa ngenombolo, bahlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili zokujova uphethiloli - amaphuzu amaningi angaqondile futhi aqondile.    

Umjovo wephuzu elilodwa elingaqondile

Kumasistimu omjovo wephuzu elilodwa, injini inikwa amandla ngomjovo owodwa. Ifakwe endaweni yokungena kwe-multifold intake. Isibaseli sihlinzekwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi yebha engaba ngu-1. Uphethiloli we-athomu uxutshwa nomoya phambi kwezimbobo zokungena zamashaneli eziholela kumasilinda ngamanye.

Ingxube ye-fuel-air imuncwa eziteshini ngaphandle komthamo oqondile wengxube yesilinda ngasinye. Ngenxa yokuhluka kobude beziteshi kanye nekhwalithi yokuqedwa kwazo, ukunikezwa kwamandla kumasilinda akulingani. Kodwa kukhona futhi izinzuzo. Njengoba indlela yengxube kaphethiloli enomoya osuka kubhobhobhobhosi uya egumbini elivuthayo iyinde, uphethiloli ungahwamuka kahle lapho injini ifudumala kahle. Esikhathini esibandayo, uphethiloli awuguquki, ama-bristles ancipha ezindongeni zokuqoqa futhi angena kancane ekamelweni elivuthayo ngendlela yamaconsi. Kuleli fomu, alikwazi ukusha ngokuphelele emjikelezweni wokusebenza, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwenjini esigabeni sokufudumala.

Umphumela walokhu ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nobuthi obuphezulu begesi yokukhipha umoya. Umjovo wephuzu elilodwa ulula futhi ushibhile, awudingi izingxenye eziningi, imibhobho eyinkimbinkimbi nezinhlelo zokulawula ezithuthukile. Izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi ziholela entengo ephansi yemoto, futhi ukulungisa ngomjovo wephuzu elilodwa kulula. Lolu hlobo lomjovo alusetshenziswa ezinjinini zezimoto zabagibeli zesimanje. Ingatholakala kuphela kumamodeli anomklamo obuyela emuva, nakuba akhiqizwa ngaphandle kweYurophu. Isibonelo esisodwa yi-Iranian Samand.

amalungelo

– Design elula

- Izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza nezokugcina

- Ubuthi obuphansi begesi yokukhipha umoya lapho injini ishisa

ukukhubazeka

- Ukunemba kwemithamo kaphethiloli ephansi

- Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa

- Ubuthi obuphezulu begesi ephumayo esigabeni sokufudumala senjini

- Ukusebenza okungekuhle ngokuya ngamandla enjini

Umjovo wamaphuzu amaningi ongaqondile

Isandiso somjovo ongaqondile wephoyinti elilodwa umjovo ongaqondile onamaphuzu amaningi ngomjovo endaweni ngayinye yokungena. Isibaseli silethwa ngemva kwe-throttle, ngaphambi nje kwe-valve yokudonsa.Ama-injection aseduze namasilinda, kodwa indlela yengxubevange yomoya/yephethiloli iseyinde ngokwanele ukuthi uphethiloli uhwamuke enjinini eshisayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isigaba sokushisa sinokuthambekela okuncane kokugoqa ezindongeni zechweba lokungena, njengoba ibanga phakathi kwe-nozzle nesilinda lifushane. Ezinhlelweni zamaphuzu amaningi, uphethiloli unikezwa ngengcindezi ye-2 kuya ku-4 bar.

Umjovo ohlukile we-cylinder ngayinye unikeza abaklami amathuba amasha ngokuphelele mayelana nokwanda kwamandla enjini, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokunciphisa intuthu ephumayo. Ekuqaleni, azikho izinhlelo zokulawula ezithuthukisiwe ezazisetshenziswa, futhi wonke ama-nozzles ayekhipha uphethiloli ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lesi sixazululo besingekho kahle, ngoba umzuzu womjovo awuzange ube khona kuwo wonke amasilinda ngesikhathi esizuzisa kakhulu (lapho ushaya i-valve yokungena evaliwe). Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-electronics kuphela okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha izinhlelo zokulawula ezithuthuke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi umjovo waqala ukusebenza ngokunembe kakhudlwana.

Ekuqaleni, ama-nozzles avuleka ngamabili, bese kwakhiwa uhlelo lokujova uphethiloli olulandelanayo, lapho i-nozzle ngayinye ivuleka ngokuhlukana, ngesikhathi esifanele se-cylinder esinikeziwe. Lesi sixazululo sikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe ngokunembile umthamo wamafutha ku-stroke ngayinye. Isistimu ye-serial yamaphuzu amaningi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunesistimu yephoyinti elilodwa, kubiza kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza futhi kubiza kakhulu ukuyigcina. Kodwa-ke, ikuvumela ukuthi ukwandise ukusebenza kahle kwenjini ngokusetshenziswa okuncane kukaphethiloli kanye nobuthi obuncane begesi yokukhipha.

amalungelo

– High fuel dosing ukunemba

– Uphethiloli ongawusebenzisi kakhulu

- Amathuba amaningi ngokuya ngamandla enjini

- Ubuthi obuphansi begesi ephumayo

ukukhubazeka

- Idizayini eyinkimbinkimbi

- Izindleko eziphezulu zokukhiqiza nezokulungisa

Umjovo oqondile

Kulesi sixazululo, i-injector ifakwe ku-cylinder futhi ijova uphethiloli ngqo ekamelweni elivuthayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuzuzisa kakhulu, njengoba kukuvumela ukuthi ushintshe ngokushesha ishaja ye-fuel-air ngaphezu kwepiston. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphethiloli obandayo upholisa kahle umqhele wepiston nezindonga zesilinda, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukwandisa isilinganiso sokucindezela futhi uthole injini esebenza kahle ngaphandle kokwesaba ukushaqeka komlilo ongathandeki.

Izinjini zomjovo oqondile ziklanyelwe ukushisa inhlanganisela yomoya/uphethiloli onciphile kakhulu ekulayisheni okuphansi kwenjini ukuze kuzuzwe ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kwavela ukuthi lokhu kubangela izinkinga ngokweqile kwe-nitrogen oxides emagesini okukhipha, ukuqeda okudingekayo ukufaka izinhlelo ezifanele zokuhlanza. Abaklami babhekana nama-nitrogen oxides ngezindlela ezimbili: ngokungeza i-boost nokunciphisa usayizi, noma ngokufaka isistimu eyinkimbinkimbi yamabhomu ezigaba ezimbili. Ukuzijwayeza futhi kukhombisa ukuthi ngomjovo kaphethiloli oqondile, into engathandeki yediphozithi yekhabhoni emathanjeni okungenisa amasilinda kanye neziqu ze-valve yokungenisa (ukwehla kwamandla enjini, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli).

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zombili izimbobo zokungenisa kanye nama-valve okungenisa awashintshiwe ngengxube yomoya/yamafutha njengomjovo ongaqondile. Ngakho-ke, azikhukhulwa yizinhlayiya zikawoyela ezicolekileyo ezingena ohlelweni lokumunca lusuka ohlelweni lokungenisa umoya lwe-crankcase. Ukungcola kukawoyela kuba lukhuni ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa, kudala ungqimba olushubile olukhulayo lodaka olungafunwa.

amalungelo

- Ukunemba kwemithamo kaphethiloli ephezulu kakhulu

- Amathuba okushisa izingxube ezithambile

- Amandla enjini amahle kakhulu esebenzisa uphethiloli ophansi

ukukhubazeka

- Idizayini eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele

- Izindleko eziphezulu kakhulu zokukhiqiza nezokugcina

- Izinkinga nge-nitrogen oxide eyeqile kumagesi wokuqeda

- Idiphozithi yekhabhoni ohlelweni lokuthatha

Umjovo okabili - oqondile nongaqondile

Idizayini yesistimu yomjovo exubile isebenzisa umjovo ongaqondile kanye noqondile. Umjovo oqondile usebenza uma injini ibanda. Ingxube kaphethiloli/yomoya igeleza ngqo phezu kwepiston futhi ukujiya akufakiwe. Uma injini ifudumele futhi isebenza ngaphansi komthwalo omncane (ukushayela ngesivinini njalo, ukusheshisa okushelelayo), umjovo oqondile uyayeka ukusebenza bese umjovo onamaphuzu amaningi ungaqondile uthatha indima yawo. Uphethiloli uhwamuka kangcono, ama-injection esistimu yomjovo oqondile abiza kakhulu awasebenzi futhi awagugi, ama-valve okungenisa ageza ingxube kaphethiloli nomoya, ngakho-ke amadiphozithi awakhi kuwo. Emithwalo yenjini ephezulu (ukusheshisa okuqinile, ukushayela okusheshayo), umjovo oqondile uyavulwa futhi, oqinisekisa ukugcwaliswa kwamasilinda ngokushesha okukhulu.

amalungelo

– Isilinganiso sikaphethiloli esinembe kakhulu

- Ukulethwa kwenjini okufanelekile kuzo zonke izimo

- Amandla enjini amahle kakhulu esebenzisa uphethiloli ophansi

- Awekho amadiphozithi ekhabhoni ohlelweni lokuthatha

ukukhubazeka

- Idizayini enkulu eyinkimbinkimbi

– Izindleko zokukhiqiza nezokulungisa ziphezulu kakhulu