Amandla avuselelekayo - angekhulunyaka lesi-XNUMX

Kuwebhusayithi ye-BP Statistical Review of World Energy, ungathola ulwazi lokuthi ngo-2030, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni wonke kuzodlula izinga lamanje cishe ngengxenye yesithathu. Ngakho-ke, isifiso samazwe athuthukile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo ngosizo lobuchwepheshe "obuluhlaza" obuvela emithonjeni evuselelekayo (RES).

1. Ipulazi lomoya elingasogwini lolwandle

E-Poland, ngo-2020, i-19% yamandla kufanele ivele emithonjeni enjalo. Ezimweni zamanje, lokhu akuwona amandla ashibhile, ngakho-ke athuthuka ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokusekelwa ngokwezimali kwezifundazwe.

Ngokocwaningo lwango-2013 olwenziwa yi-Renewable Energy Institute, izindleko zokukhiqiza i-1 MWh. amandla avuselelekayo kuyahlukahluka, kuye ngomthombo, kusuka ku-200 kuya ku-1500 zł.

Uma kuqhathaniswa, inani lentengo ye-wholesale ye-1 MWh kagesi ngo-2012 lalilinganiselwa ku-PLN 200. Okushibhile kakhulu kulezi zifundo kwakuwukuthola amandla ezitshalweni ezivuthayo zamafutha amaningi, i.e. ukudubula ngokubambisana kanye negesi yokulahla imfucumfucu. Amandla abiza kakhulu atholakala emanzini nasemanzini ashisayo.

Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu nezibonakalayo ze-RES, okungukuthi izinjini zomoya (1) namaphaneli elanga (2), zibiza kakhulu. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amanani amalahle kanye, isibonelo, amandla enuzi azokhuphuka nakanjani. Ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene (isibonelo, ucwaningo lweqembu le-RWE ngo-2012) lubonisa ukuthi izigaba "zokulondoloza" kanye "nesizwe", i.e. imithombo yamandla izobiza kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (3).

Futhi lokhu kuzokwenza amandla avuselelekayo abe enye indlela hhayi nje yemvelo, kodwa futhi yezomnotho. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyakhohlakala ukuthi amafutha emvelo abuye axhaswe kakhulu nguhulumeni, futhi intengo yawo, njengomthetho, ayibheki umthelela omubi onawo emvelweni.

I-cocktail ye-Solar-water-wind

Ngo-2009, osolwazi uMark Jacobson (iNyuvesi yaseStanford) noMark Delucchi (iNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, uDavis) bashicilela indatshana ku-Scientific American bephikisana ngokuthi ngo-2030 umhlaba wonke ungase ushintshele ku-Scientific American. amandla avuselelekayo. Entwasahlobo ka-2013, baphinda izibalo zabo zesifunda saseNew York saseMelika.

Ngokombono wabo, ingase izilahle ngokuphelele izinto ezimbiwa phansi. yona imithombo evuselelekayo ungathola amandla adingekayo ezokuthutha, imboni kanye nenani labantu. Amandla azovela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ingxube ye-WWS (umoya, amanzi, ilanga - umoya, amanzi, ilanga).

Amaphesenti angaba ngu-40 wamandla azovela emapulazini omoya angasogwini, lapho kuzodingeka ukuthi kutshalwe izinkulungwane eziyishumi nantathu. Emhlabeni, kuzodingeka abantu abangaphezu kuka-4. ama-turbines azohlinzeka ngamanye amaphesenti ayi-10 amandla. Amaphesenti ayishumi alandelayo azovela cishe kumaphesenti ayishumi amapulazi elanga anobuchwepheshe bokugxilisa imisebe.

Ukufakwa kwe-photovoltaic okuvamile kuzongeza amaphesenti angu-10 komunye nomunye. Amanye amaphesenti angu-18 azovela ekufakweni kwe-solar - ezindlini, ezakhiweni zomphakathi nasendlunkulu yezinkampani. Amandla ashodayo azogcwaliswa yizimboni zokushiswa komhlaba oshisayo, izikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, amajeneretha olwandle kanye nayo yonke eminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.

Ososayensi babale lokho ngokusebenzisa uhlelo olusekelwe ku amandla avuselelekayo isidingo samandla—ngenxa yokusebenza kahle okukhulu kwalolu hlelo—sizokwehla cishe ngamaphesenti angama-37 ezweni lonke, futhi amanani kagesi azozinza.

Kuzokwakhiwa imisebenzi eminingi kunaleyo ezolahleka njengoba wonke amandla azokhiqizwa embusweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangaba ngu-4 33 bazofa minyaka yonke ngenxa yokuncipha kokungcoliswa komoya. abantu abambalwa, futhi izindleko zokungcola zizokwehla ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-XNUMX ngonyaka.

3. Izintengo zamandla zifika ku-2050 - ucwaningo lwe-RWE

Lokhu kusho ukuthi lonke utshalomali luzokhokha cishe eminyakeni eyi-17. Kungenzeka ukuthi kuzoshesha, njengoba umbuso ungathengisa ingxenye yamandla. Ingabe izikhulu zeSifundazwe saseNew York zihlanganyela ethembeni lalezi zibalo? Ngicabanga ngoyebo omncane kanye no-cha omncane.

Phela, "abawehli" yonke into ukuze benze isiphakamiso sibe ngokoqobo, kodwa-ke, batshala imali kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza. Amandla avuselelekayo. OwayeyiMeya yeDolobha laseNew York, uMichael Bloomberg, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule umemezele ukuthi indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iFreshkills Park eseStaten Island, izoguqulwa ibe esinye sezikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngelanga ezinkulukazi emhlabeni.

Lapho udoti waseNew York ubola khona, kuzokhiqizwa ama-megawatt angu-10 wamandla. Enye indawo esele ye-Freshkills, noma cishe amahektha angu-600, izoguqulwa ibe izindawo eziluhlaza zomlingisi wepaki.

Iphi imithetho evuselelekayo

Amazwe amaningi asesendleleni eya ekusaseni eliluhlaza. Amazwe aseScandinavia kudala eqe umkhawulo wama-50% wokuthola amandla kuwo imithombo evuselelekayo. Ngokusho kwedatha eshicilelwe ekwindla ka-2014 yinhlangano yezemvelo yamazwe ngamazwe i-WWF, iScotland isivele ikhiqiza amandla amaningi avela kuma-windmill kunawo wonke amakhaya aseScotland adingayo.

Lezi zibalo zibonisa ukuthi ngo-October 2014, izinjini zomoya zaseScotland zakhiqiza ugesi olingana namaphesenti angu-126 ezidingo zamakhaya endawo. Sekukonke, amaphesenti angama-40 wamandla akhiqizwa kulesi sifunda avela emithonjeni evuselelekayo.

Ze imithombo evuselelekayo ngaphezu kwesigamu amandla Spanish livela. Ingxenye yaleyo ngxenye ivela emithonjeni yamanzi. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zawo wonke amandla aseSpain avela emapulazini omoya. Edolobheni laseMexico iLa Paz, kukhona isizinda samandla elanga i-Aura Solar I enamandla angu-39 MW.

Ukwengeza, ukufakwa kwepulazi lesibili elingu-30 MW Groupotec I sekuzoqedwa, ngenxa yalokho idolobha selizokwazi ukuhlinzekwa ngokugcwele ngamandla avela emithonjeni evuselelekayo. Isibonelo sezwe elisebenzise ngokungaguquki inqubomgomo yokwandisa isabelo samandla emithonjeni evuselelekayo phakathi neminyaka edlule iJalimane.

Ngokuya kwe-Agora Energiewende, ngo-2014 amandla avuselelekayo abe nama-25,8% okuphakelwa kuleli zwe. Ngo-2020, iJalimane kufanele ithole ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-40 kule mithombo. Ukuguqulwa kwamandla eJalimane akukona nje kuphela ukulahlwa kwamandla enuzi namalahle ngokuvuna amandla avuselelekayo emkhakheni wezamandla.

Akufanele kukhohlwe ukuthi iJalimane nayo ingumholi ekudaleni izixazululo "zezindlu ezingenalutho", ikakhulukazi ezenza ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokushisa. "Inhloso yethu yokuthi amaphesenti angama-2050 kagesi waseJalimane aqhamuke emithonjeni evuselelekayo ngo-80 isamile," kusho uShansela waseJalimane u-Angela Merkel muva nje.

Amaphaneli elanga amasha

Ema-laboratories, kunomshikashika oqhubekayo wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle. imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo - isibonelo, amaseli e-photovoltaic. Amaseli elanga, aguqula amandla okukhanya enkanyezi yethu abe ugesi, asondela erekhodini elisebenza kahle elingamaphesenti angu-50.

4. I-graphene-on-foam yokuguqulwa kwe-solar-to-steam nge-MIT

Kodwa-ke, amasistimu emakethe namuhla akhombisa ukusebenza kahle okungeqile kumaphesenti angama-20. Amaphaneli e-photovoltaic asezingeni eliphezulu aguqula kahle kakhulu amandla e-solar spectrum - kusuka ku-infrared, ngokusebenzisa uhla olubonakalayo, kuya ku-ultraviolet - empeleni aqukethe eyodwa, kodwa amaseli amane.

Izendlalelo ze-semiconductor zibekwe phezulu komunye nomunye. Ngamunye wabo unesibopho sokuthola uhla oluhlukile lwamagagasi avela ku-spectrum. Lobu buchwepheshe bufushanisiwe i-CPV (concentrator photovoltaics) futhi sebuke bahlolwa emkhathini.

Ngonyaka odlule, isibonelo, onjiniyela e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) benza izinto ezihlanganisa ama-graphite flakes abekwe ku-carbon foam (4). Njengoba ifakwe emanzini futhi iqondiswe kuwo imisebe yelanga, yenza umhwamuko wamanzi, uguqule amaphesenti angaba ngu-85 awo wonke amandla emisebe yelanga abe kuwo.

Izinto ezintsha zisebenza kalula - i-graphite ene-porous engxenyeni yayo engenhla iyakwazi ukumunca ngokuphelele futhi gcina amandla elangafuthi ngezansi kukhona ungqimba lwekhabhoni, ingxenye egcwele amabhamuza omoya (ukuze izinto zikwazi ukuntanta emanzini), ukuvimbela amandla okushisa ukuba abaleke emanzini.

5. Ama-antenna e-photovoltaic ensimini kabhekilanga

Izithako zesolar zangaphambilini kwadingeka zigxilise imisebe yelanga izikhathi eziyinkulungwane ukuze zisebenze.

Isixazululo esisha se-MIT sidinga izikhathi eziyishumi kuphela ukugxila, okwenza konke ukusetha kushibhile.

Noma mhlawumbe zama ukuhlanganisa isidlo sesathelayithi nesunflower kubuchwepheshe obubodwa? Onjiniyela bakwa-Airlight Energy, inkampani yaseSwitzerland ezinze e-Biasca, bafuna ukufakazela ukuthi kungenzeka.

Bakhe amapuleti angamamitha angu-5 afakwe izakhi ze-solar array ezifana nezimpondo ze-TV zesathelayithi noma izibonakude zomsakazo futhi alandelela imisebe yelanga njengobhekilanga (XNUMX).

Kufanele babe abaqoqi bamandla akhethekile, abanikezeli ugesi kuphela kumaseli e-photovoltaic, kodwa futhi nokushisa, amanzi ahlanzekile ngisho, ngemva kokusebenzisa iphampu yokushisa, ukunika amandla esiqandisini.

Izibuko ezihlakazekile phezu kwendawo yazo zidlulisa isigameko ngemisebe yelanga futhi zigxile kumaphaneli, ngisho izikhathi ezifika kwezi-2. Iphaneli ngayinye kwayisithupha asebenzayo ifakwe ama-chips e-photovoltaic angama-25 apholiswe ngamanzi ageleza kuma-microchannel.

Ngenxa yokugxila kwamandla, amamojula we-photovoltaic asebenza ngokuphindwe kane ngokuphumelelayo. Lapho ifakwe imboni yokukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle, le yunithi isebenzisa amanzi ashisayo ukuze ikhiqize amalitha angu-2500 amanzi ahlanzekile ngosuku.

Ezindaweni ezikude, imishini yokuhlunga amanzi ingase ifakwe esikhundleni sezitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Lonke uhlaka lwe-antenna yezimbali ezingama-10m lungagoqwa futhi luhanjiswe kalula ngeloli elincane. Umbono omusha we ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga ezindaweni ezingathuthukisiwe yiSolarkiosk (6).

Lolu hlobo lweyunithi lufakwe irutha ye-Wi-Fi futhi lungashaja omakhalekhukhwini abangaphezu kuka-200 ngosuku noma lunike amandla isiqandisi esincane lapho, ngokwesibonelo, kungagcinwa khona imithi ebalulekile. Inqwaba yama-kiosks anjalo aseyethuliwe. Basebenza kakhulu e-Ethiopia, Botswana naseKenya.

7. Iphrojekthi ye-Pertamina skyscraper

Isakhiwo esinamandla

Isakhiwo esinezitezi ezingu-99 i-Pertamina (7), okuhlelelwe ukwakhiwa eJakarta, inhloko-dolobha yase-Indonesia, kufanele sikhiqize amandla alingana nalawo asetshenziswayo. Lesi yisakhiwo sokuqala sobukhulu baso emhlabeni. Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kwakuhlobene eduze nendawo - kuvumela kuphela ukungena kwemisebe yelanga edingekayo, okukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze wonke amandla elanga.

8. Udonga Oluluhlaza e-Barcelona

Umbhoshongo onqanyuliwe usebenza njengomhubhe ongawusebenzisa amandla omoya. Amaphaneli e-Photovoltaic afakwe ohlangothini ngalunye lwesikhungo, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla usuku lonke, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.

Lesi sakhiwo sizoba nendawo yokuphehla ugesi ovela kumhlaba oshisayo ukuze ihambisane namandla elanga nawomoya.

Ngaleso sikhathi, abacwaningi baseJalimane abavela eNyuvesi yaseJena balungiselele iphrojekthi "yamafacade ahlakaniphile" ezakhiwo. Ukudlulisa ukukhanya kungalungiswa ngokucindezela inkinobho. Abagcini nje ngokuhlonyiswa ngamaseli e-photovoltaic, kodwa futhi nokukhula kwe-algae yokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel.

Iphrojekthi ye-Large Area Hydraulic Windows (LaWin) isekelwa yizimali zaseYurophu ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-Horizon 2020. Isimangaliso sobuchwepheshe besimanje obuluhlaza obuhluma ku-façade ye-Raval Theatre e-Barcelona ayihlobene kancane nomqondo ongenhla (8).

Ingadi emile eklanywe i-Urbanarbolismo izimele ngokwayo. Izitshalo ziniselwa ngohlelo lokunisela amaphampu awo anikezwa amandla akhiqizwayo amaphaneli we-photovoltaic ihlanganisa nesistimu.

Amanzi wona aqhamuka emvuleni. Amanzi emvula ageleza ezansi kuma-gutters aye ethangini lokugcina, lapho abese empontshwa khona ngamaphampu asebenza ngelanga. Akukho ukunikezwa kwamandla kwangaphandle.

Uhlelo oluhlakaniphile lunisela izitshalo ngokwezidingo zazo. Izakhiwo eziningi zalolu hlobo zivela ngezinga elikhulu. Isibonelo iSolar Powered National Stadium eKaohsiung, eTaiwan (9).

Idizayinwe umakhi waseJapan u-Toyo Ito futhi yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2009, imbozwe amaseli e-photovoltaic angu-8844 futhi ingakhiqiza amandla afinyelela kwangu-1,14 gigawatt-amahora ngonyaka, ihlinzeka ngamaphesenti angama-80 ezidingo zendawo.

9. Inkundla yeSolar e-Taiwan

Ingabe usawoti oncibilikisiwe uzothola amandla?

Isitoreji samandla ngesimo sikasawoti oncibilikisiwe akwaziwa. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezinkulu zamandla elanga, njenge-Ivapah esanda kuvulwa ogwadule lwaseMojave. Ngokusho kwenkampani engaziwa i-Halotechnics yaseCalifornia, le nqubo ithembisa kangangokuthi isicelo sayo singanwetshwa kuwo wonke umkhakha wamandla, ikakhulukazi ukuvuselelwa, yiqiniso, lapho indaba yokugcina i-surplus lapho ubhekene nokuntuleka kwamandla kuyinkinga ebalulekile.

Abamele izinkampani bathi ukugcina amandla ngale ndlela kuyingxenye yentengo yamabhethri, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamabhethri amakhulu. Ngokuya ngezindleko, ingakwazi ukuncintisana nezinhlelo zokugcina ezifuywayo, njengoba wazi, zingasetshenziswa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo zensimu ezivumayo. Nokho, lobu buchwepheshe bunezinkinga zabo.

Ngokwesibonelo, amaphesenti angu-70 kuphela amandla agcinwe kusawoti oncibilikisiwe angasetshenziswa kabusha njengogesi (amaphesenti angu-90 kumabhethri). Njengamanje i-halotechnics isebenza ekusebenzeni kahle kwalezi zinhlelo, okuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa amaphampu okushisa nezingxube ezihlukahlukene zikasawoti.

10. Amathangi kasawoti ancibilikisiwe okugcina amandla

Imboni yokubonisa yasebenza eSandia National Laboratories e-Arbuquerque, eNew Mexico, e-USA. ukugcinwa kwamandla ngosawoti oncibilikisiwe. Iklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukusebenza nobuchwepheshe be-CLFR, esebenzisa izibuko ezigcina amandla elanga ukuze kushise uketshezi lwesifutho.

Kungusawoti oncibilikisiwe ethangini. Uhlelo luthatha usawoti ethangini elibandayo (290 ° C), lisebenzisa ukushisa kwezibuko futhi lushise uketshezi kumazinga okushisa angama-550 ° C, emva kwalokho luludlulisele ethangini elilandelayo (10). Uma kudingeka, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu likasawoti oncibilikisiwe lidluliswa emshinini wokushisisa ukuze kukhiqizwe isitimu sokuphehla amandla.

Ekugcineni, usawoti oncibilikisiwe ubuyiselwa endaweni ebandayo futhi le nqubo iphindaphindiwe ngeluphu evaliwe. Ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe njengoba uketshezi olusebenzayo luvumela ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kunciphisa inani likasawoti elidingekayo ukuze ligcinwe, futhi kuqeda isidingo samasethi amabili okushintshanisa ukushisa ohlelweni, ukunciphisa izindleko zesistimu nokuba yinkimbinkimbi.

Isixazululo esinikezayo ukugcinwa kwamandla ngesilinganiso esincane, kungenzeka ukufaka ibhethri likapharafini nabaqoqi belanga ophahleni. Lobu ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswe e-Spanish University of the Basque Country (Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Uniberstitatea).

Ihloselwe ukusetshenziswa yindlu evamile. Umzimba oyinhloko wedivayisi wenziwe ngamapuleti e-aluminium acwiliswe kupharafini. Amanzi asetshenziswa njengendawo yokudlulisa amandla, hhayi njengendawo yokugcina. Lo msebenzi ungokapharafini, othatha ukushisa kumaphaneli e-aluminium bese uncibilika ezingeni lokushisa elingu-60°C.

Kulokhu okusunguliwe, amandla kagesi akhululwa ngokupholisa i-wax, okukhipha ukushisa kumapaneli amancane. Ososayensi basebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo ngokushintsha upharafini bafake enye into, njenge-fatty acid.

Amandla akhiqizwa phakathi nenqubo yenguquko yesigaba. Ukufakwa kungaba nesimo esihlukile ngokuhambisana nezidingo zokwakha izakhiwo. Ungakwazi ngisho nokwakha okuthiwa osilingi bamanga.

Imibono emisha, izindlela ezintsha

Izibani zomgwaqo, ezakhiwe yinkampani yaseDutch iKaal Masten, zingafakwa noma kuphi, ngisho nasezindaweni ezingenawo ugesi. Abadingi inethiwekhi kagesi ukuze basebenze. Zikhanya kuphela ngenxa yamaphaneli elanga.

Izinsika zalezi zibani zimbozwe ngama-solar panel. Umklami uthi emini bangakwazi ukuqongelela amandla amaningi kangangokuthi bese bekhanya ubusuku bonke. Ngisho nesimo sezulu esiguqubele ngeke kuvalwe. Kubandakanya isethi ebabazekayo yamabhethri izibani ezonga amandla I-DIODE EYENZIWA OKUKHANYA.

I-Spirit (11), njengoba kwaqanjwa leli toshi, idinga ukushintshwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngokombono wemvelo, lawa mabhethri kulula ukuwaphatha.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kutshalwa izihlahla zelanga kwa-Israyeli. Bekungeke kube khona okungavamile kulokhu ukube bekungengenxa yokuthi esikhundleni samaqabunga, ama-solar panel afakwe kulezi zitshalo, ezithola amandla, asetshenziselwa ukushaja amadivaysi eselula, amanzi apholile nokusakaza isignali ye-Wi-Fi.

Umklamo, obizwa nge-eTree (12), uqukethe "isiqu" sensimbi esiphuma, nasemagatsheni. amaphaneli elanga. Amandla atholwe ngosizo lwabo agcinwa endaweni futhi "angadluliselwa" kumabhethri ama-smartphone noma amathebulethi ngembobo ye-USB.

12. Isihlahla se-elekthronikhi

Izophinde isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza umthombo wamanzi wezilwane ngisho nabantu. Izihlahla kufanele futhi zisetshenziswe njengezibani ebusuku.

Angakwazi ukuhlonyiswa ngemininingwane ye-liquid crystal display. Izakhiwo zokuqala zalolu hlobo zivele eKhanadiv Park, eduze nedolobha laseZikhron Yaakov.

Inguqulo enamaphaneli ayisikhombisa ikhiqiza amandla angu-1,4 kilowatts, enganika amandla ama-laptops amaphakathi angu-35. Khonamanjalo, amandla avuselelekayo asatholakala ezindaweni ezintsha, njengalapho imifula ithela olwandle futhi ihlangana namanzi anosawoti.

Iqembu lososayensi abavela e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) lanquma ukutadisha izenzakalo ze-osmosis ehlehlayo ezindaweni lapho amanzi anamazinga ahlukene kasawoti axutshwa khona. Kunomehluko wengcindezi emngceleni walezi zikhungo. Lapho amanzi edlula kulo mngcele, ayashesha, okuwumthombo wamandla abalulekile.

Ososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseBoston abazange baye kude ukuyohlola lesi simo ngokwenza. Babala ukuthi amanzi aleli dolobha, ageleza olwandle, angakhiqiza amandla anele ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zabantu bendawo. izikhungo zokwelapha.