Impi yokuzimela kwe-Ukraine 1914-1922.

Ehlobo lika-1914, iRussia yathumela amabutho amahlanu (3rd, 4, 5, 8, 9th) ngokumelene ne-Austria-Hungary, amabili (1st and 2nd) ngokumelene neJalimane, nayo eyasuka ekwindla yaya e-Austria, ishiya i-10th Army phezu kwempi. I-German Front. (6. A wavikela uLwandle iBaltic, futhi 7. A - the Black Sea).

I-Ukraine yalwa impi enkulu yenkululeko eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Impi elahlekile nengaziwa, ngoba igwetshiwe - phela umlando ubhalwa ngabanqobi. Kodwa-ke, kwakuyimpi enkulu kakhulu, eyalwiwa ngenkani nokubekezela okungaphezu kwemizamo yasePoland emzabalazweni wenkululeko nemingcele.

Ukuqala kombuso wase-Ukraine kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-988, futhi eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ngo-1569, iNkosana uVolodymyr Omkhulu yabhapathizwa. Lesi simo sasibizwa ngokuthi i-Kievan Rus. Ngo-XNUMX, iRussia yanqotshwa amaTatars, kodwa kancane kancane la mazwe akhululwa. Amazwe amabili alwela uRus ', amazwe anolimi olulodwa olusemthethweni, inkolo eyodwa, isiko elilodwa kanye namasiko afanayo nakwa-Kievan Rus yangaphambili: i-Grand Duchy yaseMoscow kanye ne-Grand Duchy yaseLithuania. Ngo-XNUMX, umqhele woMbuso wasePoland nawo wawubandakanyekile ezindabeni zaseRussia. Eminyakeni engamakhulu ambalwa ngemva kweKivan Rus, kwavela izifunda ezintathu ezalandela: lapho kwakukhona khona ithonya elinamandla le-Grand Duchy yaseLithuania, iBelarus yasungulwa, lapho kwakukhona khona ithonya elinamandla laseMoscow, kwavela iRussia, nalapho kwakukhona khona amathonya - akunjalo. eqinile - i-Ukraine yadalwa isuka ePoland. Leli gama lavela ngoba alikho kwamathathu amazwe ahilelekile eDnieper elalifuna ukunikeza izakhamuzi zalawo mazwe ilungelo lokubizwa ngokuthi amaRusyns.

Ukumenyezelwa kwe-Third Universal ye-Ukraine Central Rada, i.e. Isimemezelo se-Ukraine People's Republic ngoNovemba 20, 1917 e-Kyiv. Phakathi nendawo ungabona isibalo sezinzalamizi sikaMikhail Khrushevsky, eduze kwakhe uSimon Petliura.

I-solstice yenzeka ngo-1772. Ingxenye yokuqala ye-Polish Republic ikhiphe i-Poland ne-Grand Duchy yase-Lithuania emdlalweni wepolitiki. Isifunda samaTatar eCrimea salahlekelwa ukuvikeleka kweTurkey futhi ngokushesha sahlanganiswa neMoscow, futhi izindawo zaso zaba indawo yamakoloni aseRussia. Ekugcineni, iLviv nezindawo ezizungezile yaba ngaphansi kwethonya le-Austria. Lokhu kwenza isimo sase-Ukraine sazinza cishe iminyaka engu-150.

I-Ukraine ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ngokuyinhloko yayiyinkinga yezilimi, ngakho-ke iyindawo, futhi ngemva kwalokho yaba yipolitiki. Kwaxoxwa ngokuthi lukhona yini olunye ulimi lwesi-Ukraine noma uma kuwulimi lwesiRashiya. Ngakho-ke indawo yokusetshenziswa kolimi lwesi-Ukraine yayisho indawo yase-Ukraine: kusukela eCarpathians entshonalanga kuya eKursk empumalanga, ukusuka eCrimea eningizimu kuya eMinsk-Lithuanian enyakatho. Iziphathimandla zaseMoscow naseSt. Petersburg zazikholelwa ukuthi izakhamuzi zase-Ukraine zazikhuluma ulimi lwesigodi “lwesiRashiya Elincane” solimi lwesiRashiya futhi zaziyingxenye “yeRussia Enkulu Nengahlukanisiwe”. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iningi lezakhamuzi zase-Ukraine lalibheka ulimi lwazo njengoluhlukene, futhi ukuzwelana kwazo kwakuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwezombangazwe. Abanye abantu base-Ukrainian babefuna ukuhlala “eRussia Enkulu Nengahlukanisiwe”, abanye abantu base-Ukraine bafuna ukuzimela ngaphakathi koMbuso WaseRussia, kanti abanye babefuna izwe elizimele. Inani labasekeli benkululeko landa ngokushesha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, elalihlotshaniswa nezinguquko kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki eRussia nase-Austria-Hungary.

Ukudalwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yabantu base-Ukraine ngo-1917.

IMpi Yezwe I yaqala ehlobo lika-1914. Isizathu kwaba ukufa kwendlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi yase-Austrian naseHungary, u-Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Wahlela uguquko lwe-Austria-Hungary olwaluzonikeza abantu abambalwa ababecindezelwe ngaphambili amalungelo ezombusazwe engeziwe. Wafela ezandleni zamaSerbia, abesaba ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhundla sedlanzana laseSerbia e-Austria kuzophazamisa ukwakhiwa kweSerbia enkulu. Angase futhi abe yisisulu samaRussia, abesaba ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo sabantu abambalwa base-Ukraine e-Austria, ikakhulukazi eGalicia, kuzovimbela ukudalwa kweRussia enkulu.

Umgomo oyinhloko wezempi waseRussia ngo-1914 kwaba ukuhlanganiswa kwawo wonke "amaRussia", kuhlanganise nalabo abavela ePrzemysl nase-Uzhgorod, bekhuluma ulimi lwesi-Ukraine, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe elilodwa: IRussia Enkulu Nengahlukanisiwe. Ibutho laseRussia lagxilisa iningi lamabutho alo emngceleni ne-Austria futhi lazama ukuphumelela lapho. Impumelelo yakhe yayiyingxenye: waphoqa ibutho lase-Austro-Hungarian ukuba liyeke indawo, kuhlanganise neLvov, kodwa lehluleka ukuyibhubhisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphathwa kwebutho laseJalimane njengesitha esingabalulekile kangako kwaholela amaRussia ochungechungeni lokuhlulwa. Ngo-May 1915, ama-Austrian, amaHungary namaJalimane akwazi ukufohla i-Gorlice front futhi aphoqa amaRussia ukuba ahlehle. Eminyakeni embalwa eyalandela, ingxenye esempumalanga yeMpi Enkulu yayisuka eRiga oLwandle iBaltic, idlule ePinsk emaphakathi, iye eChernivtsi eduze nomngcele waseRomania. Ngisho nokungena kombuso wokugcina empini - ngo-1916 ohlangothini lwaseRussia kanye nezifunda zase-Entente - akuzange kushintshe isimo sezempi.

Isimo sezempi sashintsha ngokushintsha kwesimo sezombangazwe. Ngo-March 1917, kwaqala February Revolution, futhi ngo-November 1917, October Revolution (ukungezwani amagama kubangelwa ukusetshenziswa ikhalenda kaJulius eRussia, hhayi - njengaseYurophu - ikhalenda Gregorian). I-Revolution kaFebruwari yasusa i-tsar emandleni futhi yaguqula iRussia ibe yiriphabhulikhi. I-Revolution ka-Okthoba yabhubhisa i-republic futhi yafaka ubuBolshevism eRussia.

IRiphabhulikhi YaseRussia, eyadalwa ngenxa yeNguquko kaFebruwari, yazama ukuba umbuso ophucuzekile, wentando yeningi, egcina izimiso ezingokomthetho zempucuko yaseNtshonalanga. Amandla kwakufanele adlulisele kubantu - abayeka ukuba yisihloko se-tsarist futhi baba yisakhamuzi se-republic. Kuze kube manje, zonke izinqumo zenziwa yinkosi, noma kunalokho, izikhulu zayo, manje izakhamuzi zinganquma isiphetho sazo ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo. Ngakho, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yoMbuso WaseRussia, kwadalwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemikhandlu yendawo, okwanikezwa amandla athile kuwo. Kwakukhona intando yeningi kanye nobuntu bebutho laseRussia: ukwakheka kwezwe kwadalwa, kuhlanganise nabase-Ukraine.

Ngo-March 17, 1917, ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye ngemva kokuqala kweNguquko kaFebruwari, kwasungulwa i-Ukraine Central Rada e-Kyiv ukuze imele abantu base-Ukraine. Usihlalo walo kwaba Mikhail Grushevsky, ogama biography libonisa ngokuphelele isiphetho Ukraine umcabango kazwelonke. Wazalelwa eChelm, emndenini wothisha waseseminari yama-Orthodox, owalethwa ekujuleni kombuso waya eRussian Poland. Wafunda eTbilisi naseKyiv, wabe eseya eLvov, lapho e-Austrian University, lapho imfundiso yayiyiPolish, wafundisa ngesi-Ukrainian ngesihloko esibizwa ngokuthi "Umlando we-Ukraine-Little Russia" (wakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi " Ukraine" emlandweni Kievan Rus). Ngemva kokuvukela eRussia ngo-1905, wahileleka ekuphileni kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe Kyiv. Impi yamthola eLvov, kodwa "ngemingcele emithathu" wakwazi ukufika eKyiv, kodwa wathunyelwa eSiberia ngokubambisana nama-Austrian. Ngo-1917 waba usihlalo we-UCR, kamuva wasuswa emandleni, ngemva kuka-1919 wahlala isikhathi esithile eCzechoslovakia, lapho asuka khona waya eSoviet Union eyochitha iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe ejele.