Umcabango kanye orientation oluhlaza

Izakhiwo, ukwakhiwa, izakhiwo emigwaqweni yamadolobha ethu namadolobhana bekulokhu kuwumbukiso obonakalayo wesimo samanje sobuchwepheshe nobuchwepheshe. Uyini umbukiso wekhulu lesi-XNUMX?

Namuhla kunzima ukukhuluma ngesitayela esisodwa esivelele noma isiqondiso. Mhlawumbe lesi isici esivame kakhulu. ukulwela ukwakheka kwe-eco-friendly, kodwa kuqondwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, futhi ngezinye izikhathi lokho abanye abakucabangela amaphrojekthi aluhlaza, kwabanye ngisho ne-anti-eco. Ngakho akukho ukucaca ngisho nakumkhuba wezakhiwo onamandla kakhulu.

Lokhu kuvame ukukhulunywa ngakho. Ngokwe-World Green Building Council, amandla adingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kusetshenziswe izakhiwo afinyelela cishe amaphesenti angu-40 engqikithi. ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide emhlabeni wonke kukhulu kunazo zonke izimoto, izindiza nezinye izimoto emhlabeni.

Ukube imboni kasimende ibiwumbuso, bekungaba umthombo wesithathu omkhulu wokukhishwa kwe-CO.₂ ezungeze i-China ne-US. Ukhonkolo, into esetshenziswa kakhulu eyenziwe umuntu, inokukhishwa okuphezulu ngokumangalisayo: ukukhiqizwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-cubic meter kukhiqiza isikhutha esanele sokugcwalisa ikhaya lomndeni owodwa.

Abaklami abaluhlaza basafuna izixazululo ezihambisana kakhulu nendawo yemvelo kunezindlela zendabuko, ezinokukhishwa okuncane okungenzeka kanye "nokulungiswa" kwe-CO.₂.

Izindlu zomklami ezenziwe ngokhokho noma amakhowe omisiwe. Kukhona izinto ezisunguliwe eziningi ezithatha i-carbon dioxide futhi ziyibophe nezinye izinto ngendlela yezitini, isibonelo, ezenziwe ngazo. izindlu ze-eco. Kodwa-ke, kubonakala sengathi inketho engokoqobo nephoqayo i-Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), uhlobo lwe-plywood yezimboni enezingqimba eziwugqinsi zamapulangwe ezinamathiselwe ema-engeli angakwesokudla ukuze zibe namandla.

Nakuba i-CLT igawula izihlahla, isebenzisa ingxenyana encane yekhabhoni ekhishwa usimende futhi ingathatha indawo yensimbi ezakhiweni ezisezingeni eliphansi naphakathi nendawo (futhi njengoba izihlahla zimunca i-CO.₂ kusukela emkhathini, izinkuni zingaba ne-carbon balance positive). Isakhiwo se-CLT eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni sanda kwakhiwa eNorway., iyikota yemisebenzi eminingi, yokuhlala kanye nehhotela. Kumamitha angu-85 ukuphakama kanye nezitezi ezingu-18, eziqedwe kahle nge-spruce yendawo, kubonakala sengathi enye indlela yangempela yezakhiwo zikakhonkolo nezensimbi. Sinikeze umbiko obanzi owashicilelwa kwa-MT ngonyaka odlule ezakhiweni zamapulangwe ezihlala zikhuphuka kanye ne-CLT.

Amaphrojekthi asogwini oluluhlaza

Amaphrojekthi nemiqondo egqamile "eluhlaza", eshicilelwe ngokuzithandela kwabezindaba, kwesinye isikhathi izwakala iqine kakhulu futhi imnandi. Eqinisweni, ngaphambi kokuba sibone ama-biocities esikhathi esizayo, kuzokwakhiwa izakhiwo ezengeziwe ezibukeka njengekhampasi entsha ye-Apple eCalifornia. Cishe amaphesenti angu-80 wendawo ezungeze indawo eyindilinga, efana nemoto ye-UFO, isiphendulwe ipaki lapha.

U-Apple waqasha ochwepheshe bezihlahla zasenyuvesi ukuthi batshale izinhlobo ezihlukile zale ndawo. Ikhempasi yakhiwe ngokuhambisana nemvelo, okuhlanganisa nobude bezakhiwo. Zonke izakhiwo akumele zibe ngaphezu kwezitezi ezine. Nakuba isakhiwo esikhulu kufanele sibe namandla ngosayizi, ngeke sikhuphuke ngaphezu kwe-skyscraper. Ikhampasi inomthombo wamandla oyisipele, okuthi, ngokusho kukaSteve Jobs uqobo, ekugcineni ibe umthombo oyinhloko, njengoba i-Apple ihlose ukwenza kanjalo. ukukhiqiza amandla elangaokuzoba okuhlanzekile futhi ishibhile kunokusuka kunethiwekhi futhi kusebenzise okwakamuva njengembuyiselo.

Entwasahlobo ka-2015, i-Google futhi yethula iphrojekthi ye-eco-shelf enomklamo omusha wekomkhulu e-Mountain View, e-California. Idizayini yekhempasi entsha ye-Google yathuthukiswa abadwebi bezakhiwo ababili - u-Bjarke Ingels no-Thomas Heatherwick. Ihlanganisa izakhiwo zamahhovisi okuhlala esibhakabhakeni, imizila yamabhayisikili, izindawo ezibanzi eziluhlaza, kanye nemigwaqo ehamba ngezinyawo. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, iphrojekthi ye-Google nayo iyimpendulo ku-Apple's Campus 2.

Izakhiwo ezizodwa azanele neze kubaklami abaningi besimanje. Bafuna ukwakha nokwakha kabusha zonke izindawo ezingomakhelwane namadolobha aluhlaza. UVincent Callebaut, umakhi wezakhiwo waseFrance kanye nomhleli wedolobha, ubonise iphrojekthi yokuguqula iParis ibe idolobha eliluhlaza nelihlakaniphile lesikhathi esizayo.

Umqondo, i-Callebaut ewubiza ngokuthi "i-Smart City", ihlanganisa umqondo oluhlaza osemfashinini nezisombululo zobuchwepheshe zesimanje. Uhlelo luwukuguqula idolobha elikhanyayo libe elinobungane, elihambisana nemvelo, kuyilapho ligcina izici zalo zomlando.

Izithombe zikaVincent Callebaut zigcwele "izakhiwo eziluhlaza" zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamandla angasebenzi, ukugaywa kabusha kwamanzi okuphelele, izindonga eziluhlaza nezingadi ngisho nasezitezi eziphakeme kakhulu. Izindonga zezakhiwo ezenziwe ngamangqamuzana oju lwezinyosi ngokuqinisekile zinesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla avela elangeni. La mandla abe esesetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhiqiza ama-biofuels. amabhilidi aluhlaza kufanele bahlanganise imisebenzi yezindawo zokuhlala kanye nezamabhizinisi, okufanele kunciphise isidingo sokuya emsebenzini futhi kukhulule imigwaqo esiminyaminyeni sezimoto.

Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi indlela eluhlaza yokucabanga ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nayo ikhuthazwa kakhulu yiziphathimandla zanamuhla kanye nemithetho emisiwe. isibonelo, eFrance, umthetho wokuphahla ubulokhu usebenza kusukela ngo-2015. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, uphahla lwezindawo zokuhweba ezisanda kwakhiwa kumele lumbozwe kancane ngohlaza, ngaphandle kwalokho. Lokhu kufanele kusize ukuvikela isakhiwo, kubangele izindleko eziphansi zokushisisa ebusika nezokupholisa ehlobo, ukwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukunciphisa izinkinga zokugeleza kwamanzi ngokugcina amanzi emvula athile, nokulawula umsindo. I-France ayilona izwe lokuqala ukwethula inqubomgomo yophahla oluluhlaza. Izinyathelo ezinjalo sezithathiwe kakade eCanada naseLebanese Beirut.

Abadwebi bezakhiwo bazama ukubuyisela imvelo emadolobheni. Ukuhlanganisa izici zezinto eziphilayo nobuhlakani bethu kungafiphalisa umugqa phakathi kwemvelo neyokwenziwa. Futhi izimpilo zethu zizoshintsha zibe ngcono. Amaphayona afuna izindlela zokubhidliza izindonga esizibiyile futhi esikhundleni sazo "izindonga eziphilayo" ezimbozwe umhlaba nezimila, kanye nezakhiwo zengilazi ezigcwele ulwelwe. Ngakho, ayengase asetshenziswe ekuguquleni amagesi futhi akhiqize amandla. Ngisho nezimiso ezilula zebhayoloji zingamunca amanzi emvula, zisekele ukuphila ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, zibambe ukungcola, futhi zilawule izinga lokushisa komoya.

Ifomu lilandela imvelo

Ama-radical eco-projects aseyizinto ezithokozisayo kakhulu. Iqiniso lokwakhiwa kwesimanje ukugcizelela ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwezakhiwo ezakhiwe, ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu kokubili ngokomnotho nokusebenza. Lokhu "i-eco" ephindwe kabili - i-ecology nomnotho. Izakhiwo ezonga amandla zibonakala ngezindlu ezihlangene, lapho ubungozi bamabhuloho ashisayo futhi ngenxa yalokho ukulahlekelwa ukushisa kuncishisiwe. Lokhu kubalulekile mayelana nokuthola amapharamitha amahle amancane maqondana nendawo yama-partitions angaphandle, acatshangelwa kanye nephansi eliphansi, kumthamo oshisiwe ophelele.

NgoMeyi 2019, iqembu lamafemu ezakhiwo zaseBrithani ezibizwa ngokuthi "Architects Declare" lishicilele i-manifesto, kanye nezidingo ezinesizotha (ukunciphisa imfucuza yokwakha, ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwamandla), okuqukethe ukucabangela okwengeziwe, njengokunciphisa "impilo". umjikelezo” - enanini le-CO₂ okudingekayo ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo noma itshe lemayini lamandla okubhidliza. Esinye isiphakamiso esiyimpikiswano ikakhulukazi embonini ejwayele ukuqeda izakhiwo ezindala futhi iqale phansi yileso izakhiwo ezikhona kufanele zilungiswe futhi zithuthukiswe kunokuba zidilizwe.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba abaningi beshilo, akukho ukuvumelana ngempela ngokuthi kusho ukuthini ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa "okusimeme" kanye nokwakha. Lapho singena ezingxoxweni ngalesi sihloko, nakanjani sizithola sigcwele imibono nezincazelo. Abanye bazophikelela ekubuyeleni ezintweni zokwakha ezakhiwa amakhulu eminyaka njengengxube yomhlaba notshani, abanye bazokhomba izakhiwo ezifana nehhotela likanokusho e-Amsterdam, elakhiwe ngokwengxenye ngokhonkolo obuyiselwe kanye ne-façade "ehlakaniphile" elawula indawo yangaphakathi. izinga lokushisa. njengesibonelo sendlela efanele.

Kwabanye, isakhiwo esisimeme yisona esiphila ngokuvumelana nendawo yaso, sisebenzisa izinto zendawo, ukhuni, udaka olunesihlabathi esimbiwe endaweni, itshe lendawo. Kwabanye, ayikho i-eco-architecture ngaphandle kwamaphaneli elanga nokushisisa kwe-geothermal. Ochwepheshe bayazibuza ukuthi ingabe izakhiwo ezizinzile kufanele zisimeme ukuze kwandiswe amandla adingekayo ukuze azakhe, noma ingabe kufanele ziwohloke kancane kancane lapho isidingo singasekho?

Ingqalabutho ye-ecodesign ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nasekwakhiweni ngumdwebi wamapulani odumile uFrank Lloyd Wright, okwathi ngeminyaka yawo-60s wakhuthaza izakhiwo eziphakamayo futhi ezisebenza ngokuvumelana nemvelo, kanye ne-villa edumile ye-Cascading eyakhiwe ePennsylvania yaba ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwalezi zifiso. Nokho, kwaze kwaba ngawo-XNUMX lapho abaklami bezakhiwo baqala khona ukucabanga kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokuklama ngokuvumelana nemvelo kunokuba bazame ukuyiqonda. Esikhundleni somgomo wesimanje othi "ifomu lilandela umsebenzi", umakhi wezakhiwo waseNorway u-Kjetil Tredal Thorsen uphakamise isiqubulo esisha esithi: "ifomu lilandela imvelo".

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-90s, uWolfgang Feist, uprofesa eNyuvesi yase-Innsbruck, wadala umqondo we "ndlu ye-passive", indlu ye-passive eyasakazwa kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu iminyaka eminingi, nakuba kungenakushiwo ukuthi yayiyinqwaba. -kukhiqizwa. Kumayelana nokwenza izakhiwo "zithule" ngokunciphisa ukuncika kwazo ezinhlelweni zokushisisa nokupholisa "ezisebenzayo" futhi esikhundleni salokho zisebenzise ilanga kangcono, ukushisa komzimba okukhona kanye nokushisa okuvela ezintweni zikagesi zasendlini. Isakhiwo esiyisibonelo sakhiwa eDarmstadt, eJalimane ngo-1991. UFeist nomndeni wakhe babephakathi kwabaqashi bokuqala.

Emabhilidini angenzi lutho, kugcizelelwa ekuhlukaniseni kahle izinto. Lokhu ukupakisha okushisayo okuklanywe ngokucophelela, okungangenisi umoya ngangokunokwenzeka, ngezinga lokushisa langaphakathi elilawulwa amasistimu okungenisa umoya okwakhelwe ngaphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zokubuyisela ukushisa. Imiklamo engcono kakhulu yokungenzi lutho ihlinzeka ngokuncishiswa kwezindleko zokushisisa ngo-95%, ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokukhishwa kwegesi. Izindleko zokwakha eziphakeme zikhokhiswa izindleko eziphansi zokusebenza.

Kodwa-ke, abaklami abaningi abacabangela imvelo banokungabaza okukhulu mayelana nokuthi indlu engenzi lutho iyiphrojekthi yokucabanga eluhlaza. Uma umgomo uwukugcina usesimweni esivumelana nemvelo, kungani kwakhiwe indawo evalekile engangeni moya enamafasitela acwebezeliswe kathathu lapho ukuvuleka kwamafasitela okuzwa ukuhuba kwezinyoni kuphazamisa ukuhamba kwamandla esakhiwo? Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindinganiso zokwenziwa kwezakhiwo zinengqondo ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezulu lapho ubusika bubanda kakhulu futhi ihlobo lishisa ngezinye izikhathi, njengaseCentral Europe, eScandinavia. Ngokuphambene, eBrithani esezingeni eliphansi olwandle kwenza umqondo omncane kakhulu.

Futhi uma kungenjalo kuphela ekhaya ukonga amandla, kodwa futhi, isibonelo, ukuhlanza umoya? Abacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eRiverside bahlole uhlobo olusha lwe-roof tile abathi lungabhidliza ngamakhemikhali inani elifanayo lama-nitrogen oxides ayingozi emkhathini njengoba imoto evamile iphuma ngonyaka. Okunye ukulinganisa kuthi uphahla oluyisigidi olumbozwe ngama-tile anjalo lususa amathani ayizigidi ezingu-21 alezi zinhlanganisela emoyeni ngosuku.

Isihluthulelo sokufulela okusha yingxube ye-titanium dioxide. Bampompa izinhlanganisela eziyingozi ze-nitrogen "egunjini lomkhathi" futhi bakhanyisa amathayili ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet, eyenza i-titanium dioxide isebenze. Kumasampula ahlukahlukene, ukunamathela okusebenzayo kususiwe kusuka kumaphesenti angama-87 kuye kwangama-97. izinto eziyingozi. titanium dioxide. Abaqambi njengamanje bacubungula ukuthi kungenzeka yini "ukungcolisa" yonke indawo yezakhiwo ngale nto, kufaka phakathi izindonga nezinye izakhi zezakhiwo.

Ngaphandle kokungqubuzana kwemibono mayelana nezakhiwo zokuhlala, igagasi eliluhlaza lokuthuthukiswa kabusha komhlaba wonke lifuna ukungena ngokuqhubekayo kuzo zonke izindawo ezingomakhelwane, indawo kanye nemvelo. Namuhla isebenzisa ukwakheka kwemvelo kwekhompyutha, i.e. I-CAED(). Usebenzisa umkhuba we-PermaGIS (), ungaklama futhi udale amapulazi okuziphilisa, amapulazi, amadolobhana, amadolobhana namadolobha.

Phrinta namaphedi

Akukona nje kuphela ububanzi bomklamo oguqukayo, kodwa nokusebenza. NgoMashi 2017, kwaziwa ukuthi e-United Arab Emirates bahlela ukwakha ibhilidi lokuqala emhlabeni elakhiwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D. Lezi zinhlelo zimenyezelwe ngabakwaCazza Construction, abaqalwa eDubai.

"Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D kuzonciphisa izindleko zokwakha ngamaphesenti angu-80, konga kuze kufike kumaphesenti angu-70 futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi ngamaphesenti angu-50," kusho unjiniyela u-Munira Abdul Karim, umqondisi wendawo woMnyango WokuPhunyeliswa Kwemiklamo Yokuthuthukiswa Kwengqalasizinda. Ngaphambilini, iziphathimandla zase-Dubai zamemezela izinhlelo zesu lesimanje lokuphrinta i-3D, ngokusho ukuthi ngo-2030 zonke izakhiwo zase-Dubai zizokwakhiwa kusetshenziswa ukuphrinta kwe-25D.

Kakade ngo-March 2016, isakhiwo sokuqala samahhovisi esakhiwe kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe sakhiwa e-Dubai. Indawo yayo ewusizo yayingamamitha angama-250.². Into yadalwa ngokubambisana nenkampani yaseShayina iWinsun, eyaziwa ngokuba yindlu yokuqala yokunyathelisa ye-3D. Ekwindla ka-2019, kwakhiwa isakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esiphrintiwe se-3D e-Dubai (1).

1. Isakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esiphrintiwe se-3D e-Dubai.

Izakhiwo zokuhlala zokuqala ezaziwayo emhlabeni ukuze zisetshenziswe ngendlela evamile kusetshenziswa le nqubo zakhiwa cishe eminyakeni emi-5 ngaphambili eChina. Lokhu kwenziwe yinkampani eshiwo ngenhla iWinsun. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakhiwa i-villa enezitezi ezimbili kanye nesakhiwo sokuhlala esinezitezi eziningi. Yonke inqubo yokwakha yathatha izinsuku ezingu-17 futhi yaba yimpumelelo. Kwasetshenziswa ingxube kakhonkolo, ipulasitiki kanye ne-fiberglass eqinisiwe ukuze kunyatheliswe isakhiwo. Izindleko zokuqalisa ukusebenza zibonakale ziphansi ngokuphindwe kabili kunentengo ebingasetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo esifanayo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bendabuko.

NgoMashi 2017, inkampani yaseMelika i-Apis Cor yethula isakhiwo sokuqala sokuhlala, esakhiwe ngamahora angama-24 kuphela. Isakhiwo sakhiwe eStupino (esifundeni saseMoscow). Izakhi zesakhiwo ayenziwanga esitolo sokukhiqiza. Iphrinta ye-3D iziphrinte endaweni yokwakha. Okokuqala, udonga oluphelele lwakhiwe. Umnyathelisi wabe esephuma ebhilidini wanyathelisa uphahla, olwafakwa izisebenzi. Amakamelo ayengadingi ukuplastelwa. Okuwukuphela kwezakhi ezakhiwe ngaphandle kwendawo yokwakha kwakuyizicabha namafasitela. Indawo yendlu eyanyatheliswa yi-Apis Cor yayincane - 38 mXNUMX kuphela.². I-Apis Cor ibika ukuthi isamba sezindleko zokwakha sasingu-$10. Izindleko ezinkulu kwaba ezokuthenga iminyango namafasitela. Ngemuva kwalokho, imininingwane ngamaphrojekthi enziwe kusetshenziswa indlela yokuphrinta ye-3D yaqala ukwanda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphrinta akukhona kuphela ekhaya. Eyokuqala emhlabeni yafakwa eNetherlands ekwindla Ibhuloho lebhayisikili likakhonkolo eliphrintiwe le-3D. Umklamo uwumphumela wokubambisana phakathi kwe-Eindhoven University of Technology kanye nenkampani yokwakha i-BAM. Ibhuloho, noma kunalokho ibhuloho lezinyawo phezu komfula iPelshe Loup eGemerte, lingamamitha angu-8 ubude no-3,5 m ububanzi. Ibhuloho lezinyawo nalo lanyatheliswa eSpain.

Ubuchwepheshe bezindlu eziphrintiwe ze-3D, ngaphezu kwejubane elisheshayo lokubulawa kanye nezindleko eziphansi, kunikeza amathuba amaningi angaziwa ngaphambilini. Izakhiwo eziphrintiwe zingathatha noma yiluphi uhlobo oluhluke kakhulu kulezo ezakhiwe ngezindlela zendabuko. Okubalulekile kuphela ukusebenza nokunethezeka kwezakhiwo kubahlali. Izindlu zokunyathelisa zavela eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Akekho osake wenza izivivinyo ezigcwele zesimo sobuchwepheshe sezindlu zokuphrinta zesikhathi eside.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthambekela kokwakhiwa kwe-modular kuyathuthuka. Iphupho lezakhiwo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yindawo yokuhlala noma yezohwebo, ezakhiwe kalula ngezitini, njenge-LEGO, ayilahlekelwa ukuthandwa kwayo. Akusezona izinto ezakhelwe ngaphambili futhi "i-slab enkulu" okungenzeka isisunduzile kancane kulolu hlobo lwesu. Indlela yokucabanga enobuhlakani eyengeziwe iyavela egcizelela ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ukumiswa kwamabhulokhi wokwakha okuhlukile.

Ukwakhiwa kwamamojula enziwe ngomumo-amabhlogo emabhizinisini ezimboni, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D, ukuze busetshenziswe ekwakheni kunezinzuzo ezisobala. Asikho isidingo, isibonelo, ukuqoqa izinto endaweni yokwakha noma ukuhlinzeka ngemigwaqo yokuhamba kwabo isikhathi eside. Amafekthri ngokuvamile atholakala eduze kwezindawo zokuthutha, amatheminali, amachweba, okusiza kakhulu ukuthuthwa kwezinto futhi kunciphisa izindleko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimboni, ngokungafani nezindawo zokwakha, zingaqhubeka nokusebenza ubusuku nemini.

isakhiwo Modular yonga isikhathi. Esayithini, akumele ulinde isigaba esisodwa ukuthi siqede ngaphambi kokuqala esilandelayo. Izinto ezihlukene zingenziwa ezindaweni ezahlukene, bese zilethwa futhi zihlanganiswe ngokuvumelana nohlelo nohlelo. Ngokusho kwe-American Modular Institute, amaphesenti angama-30-50 amaphrojekthi we-modular ayadalwa. ngokushesha kunalezo zendabuko. Inani lemfucuza ekwakhiweni nalo liyancishiswa kakhulu, njengoba imfucuza evela ezimbonini zezimboni ingagaywa kabusha. Ukukhiqizwa "kwezitini" emafektri nakho kuyikhwalithi ephezulu yomsebenzi, ngoba izimo zokukhiqiza zivuma kakhulu lokhu kunokuthi "ukukhululwa" nokuphepha okukhulu kwabasebenzi, ngoba. ishabhu kulula ukuyilawula nokulawula kunesiza sokwakhiwa kwe-plein air.

Kodwa-ke, ukwakha kusuka kumabhulokhi kubeka izidingo ezintsha, isibonelo, ngokunemba kokuhlanganisa. Kulolu hlobo lwephrojekthi, konke ukufakwa kukagesi kanye ne-hydraulic kuyingxenye yamamojula asongekayo. Lapho uhlanganisa, izintambo noma iziteshi kufanele zifane ngokuphelele, zixhume ngokushesha, njengokungathi "ngokuchofoza okukodwa". Ukusabalala kwezindlela ezinjalo kuzodinga futhi amazinga amasha okumiswa.

Ngakho-ke, kule nqubo, ukubaluleka kwezinhlelo ezifana ne-BIM (isiNgisi) - imodeli yolwazi mayelana nezakhiwo nezakhiwo, iqala ukwanda. Imodeli iwumfanekiso orekhodiwe ngokwedijithali wezakhiwo ezingokoqobo nezisebenzayo zento yokwakha. Isofthiwe yokuklama esizwa ikhompuyutha isetshenziselwa ukulingisa. Imodeli idalwe kusetshenziswa izinto ze-XNUMXD ezifana nodonga, uphahla, uphahla, uphahla, iwindi, umnyango, onikezwe imingcele efanele. Izinguquko ezakhiweni ezakha imodeli zibonakala ekumeleleni okunezinhlangothi ezintathu zemodeli, ezinhlwini zedatha yejometri neyezinto ezibonakalayo.

Nokho, ezinye izibonelo zazo zidambisa isasasa lezakhiwo esezizakhiwe. Izitezi ezimbili nengxenye, ngaphezu kwamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye ngosuku - ngesivinini esinjalo, ngokusho kwezimemezelo eziphezulu, i-Sky City skyscraper edolobheni laseShayina i-Changsha bekufanele iphakame. Ukuphakama kwesakhiwo kwakungamamitha angu-838, okungamamitha angu-10 ngaphezu kwamanje ophethe irekhodi laseDubai uBurj Khalifa.

Lesi sivinini simenyezelwe yinkampani I-Broad Sustainable Building, eyakha into evela ezintweni ezenziwe ngaphambili, ezizodinga kuphela ukuxhunywa komunye nomunye lapho zilethwa endaweni yokwakha. Kwathatha izinyanga ezine kuphela ukulungisa ama-prefabs yedwa. Nokho, ngenxa yokukhathazeka kokusimama kwesakhiwo, umsebenzi wamiswa ngemva nje kokuqedwa kwesitezi sokuqala ngoJulayi 2013.

Ukuhlanganisa izitayela nemibono

Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu, esibhale ngazo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ku-MT, futhi sishiya eceleni amaphrojekthi amaningi aluhlaza esiwachazile, kwakhiwa amaphrojekthi amaningi ezakhiwo athakazelisa kakhulu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ngezansi kukhona imiklamo ethakazelisayo ekhethiwe.

Isibonelo, edolobheni laseFrance i-Oigny, kwakhiwe ihholo lekhonsathi elingajwayelekile i-Metaphone (2), abaklami abavela ku-Herault Arnod Architectes abakhulelwa njengensimbi yomculo ezimele. Zonke izakhi zesakhiwo kumele "zivumelanise" ekudaleni nasekukhuliseni imiphumela ye-acoustic.

Isakhiwo sinohlaka lukakhonkolo olumnyama. Ubuso bumbozwe ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto zokwakha, kusukela kunsimbi noma insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu yeCorten kuya engilazini nokhuni. Umsindo okhiqizwe ngaphakathi ehholo udluliswa ngezakhi zesakhiwo ukuya endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi nangaphandle. Akuwona ama-acoustics kuphela adlala lapha. Amaphaneli odonga adlidlizayo axhunywe ngezintambo futhi aholele kuphaneli yokulawula. Umculo odalwe yi-Metaphone nawo unomlingisi we-electro-acoustic. Ungakwazi "ukudlala" leli thuluzi elikhulu. Abadwebi bezakhiwo balethe umculi uLouis Dandrel ukuze enze lesi sakhiwo. Uphahla lwesakhiwo lumbozwe kakhulu ngama-solar panel. Futhi zisebenza njengama-resonators.

Ziningi ezinye izakhiwo zesimanje ezithakazelisayo nezingaziwa njalo. Isibonelo, i-Linked Hybrid (3) iyisakhiwo esinezakhiwo zokuhlala ezixhumene eziyisishiyagalombili ezakhiwe phakathi kuka-2003 no-2009 e-Beijing. Lezi zakhiwo zinezakhiwo eziyisishiyagalombili ezixhumene ezinamafulethi angama-664. Ezindaweni eziphakathi kwezakhiwo, ezitholakala phakathi kwesitezi seshumi nambili neshumi nesishiyagalombili, kukhona, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ichibi lokubhukuda, iklabhu yokuzivocavoca, i-cafe kanye negalari. Inxanxathela inemithombo ejulile enikeza ukufinyelela eziphethwini ezishisayo.

Esinye isakhiwo esisha esingajwayelekile i-Absolute World (4), ehlanganisa amabhilidi amabili angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu anezitezi eMississauga, indawo engaphansi kweToronto. I-angle yokujikeleza kwesakhiwo ifinyelela kuma-degree angu-206. Nakuba ekuqaleni lo msebenzi wawuhlelelwe ukuba ube umbhoshongo owodwa, amakamelo alowo msebenzi wokuqala aphela ngokushesha kangangokuthi kwahlelwa ukuba kube nesakhiwo sesibili. Isakhiwo sibizwa nangokuthi imibhoshongo yaseMarilyn Monroe.

4. Ukuthula okuphelele eToronto

Maningi impela amaphrojekthi athokozisayo angemuva kwesimanje emhlabeni aphuma emabhokisini. isibonelo, ikomkhulu le-BMW Welt eJalimane, iDolobha Lezobuciko Nesayensi eValencia, elaklanywa iSantiago Calatrava edumile, iCasa da Música ePorto noma i-Elbe Philharmonic yaseHamburg. Futhi i-Disney Concert Hall (5), nakuba yaklanywa uFrank Gehry ngekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, yadalwa eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanye, okusikhumbuza uMnyuziyamu odumile waseGuggenheim eBilbao.

5. Disney Concert Hall - Los Angeles

Ngokwesici, amadayimane ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu ezakhiwo zesikhathi sethu adalwa kakhulu e-Asia, hhayi eYurophu noma eMelika. I-Zaha Hadid Opera House e-Guangzhou (6) kanye ne-Paula Andreu National Centre for the Performing Arts e-Beijing (7) ngezinye zezibonelo eziningi ezinhle.

6. I-Guangzhou Opera House

7. Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sobuciko Bemidlalo - Beijing.

, amahholo ekhonsathi neminyuziyamu. Abadali kule ndawo bakha zonke izakhiwo nezakhiwo ezingahambisani nencazelo. Lezi zihlanganisa izingadi ezinhle ezisethekwini laseSingapore (8) noma ngezambulela zikaMetropol (9), ezakhiwe ngokhuni lwe-birch cishe amamitha angu-30 ngaphezu kwenkaba yeSeville.

8. Izingadi ngase-Bay - Singapore

9. Metropol Umbrella - Seville

Abadwebi bezakhiwo bahlanganisa izitayela, futhi ubuchwepheshe obusha bokwakha bubavumela ukuthi benze okuningi kakhulu uma kuziwa ekudaleni okuqinile nokuxhumana. Bheka nje amaphrojekthi ambalwa wezindlu ezivamile zesimanje (10, 11, 12, 13) ukuze ubone ukuthi yini ongakwazi ukuyikhokhela nokuyibona ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo namuhla.

10. Isakhiwo sokuhlala ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX I

11. Isakhiwo sokuhlala sekhulu lesi-XNUMX II

12. Isakhiwo sokuhlala sekhulu lesi-XNUMX III

13. Isakhiwo sokuhlala sekhulu lesi-XNUMX IV