Amagagasi okungaqiniseki
NgoJanuwari walo nyaka, kwabikwa ukuthi i-LIGO observatory yaqoshwa, okungenzeka kube isenzakalo sesibili sokuhlanganiswa kwezinkanyezi ezimbili ze-neutron. Lolu lwazi lubukeka lukhulu emithonjeni yezindaba, kodwa ososayensi abaningi sebeqala ukuba nokungabaza okukhulu ngokwethembeka kokutholwe yisayensi yezinkanyezi ebizwa ngokuthi "gravitic-wave astronomy".
Ngo-Ephreli 2019, umtshina we-LIGO e-Livingston, eLouisiana wathola inhlanganisela yezinto ezitholakala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-520 ukusuka eMhlabeni. Lokhu kubuka, okwenziwe ngomtshina owodwa kuphela, e-Hanford, kwakhutshazwa isikhashana, futhi i-Virgo ayizange ibhalise lesi sigameko, kodwa nokho ikubheke njengesignali eyanele yalesi simo.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwesiginali GW190425 ikhombe ukushayisana kwesistimu kanambambili enesisindo esiphelele esingu-3,3 - 3,7 ngokuphindwe kaningi kuneLanga (1). Lokhu kukhulu ngokusobala kunoquqaba oluvame ukubonwa ezinhlelweni zezinkanyezi ze-neutron ku-Milky Way, eziphakathi kuka-2,5 no-2,9 wenqwaba yelanga. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukutholakala kungase kumelele inani lezinkanyezi ezine-neutron ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. Akuwona wonke umuntu othanda lokhu kuphindaphindeka kwezidalwa ezingaphezu kwesidingo.
1. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukushayisana kwenkanyezi ye-neutron GW190425.
Point wukuthi I-GW190425 kwaqoshwa umtshina owodwa kusho ukuthi ososayensi abakwazanga ukucacisa indawo okuyiyonayona, futhi akukho mkhondo obonakalayo ebangeni lamagnetic kazibuthe, njengasendabeni ye-GW170817, ukuhlangana kokuqala kwezinkanyezi ezimbili ze-neutron ezibonwe yi-LIGO (okungabazekayo futhi. , kodwa okuningi kulokho ngezansi). Kungenzeka ukuthi lezi kwakungezona izinkanyezi ezimbili ze-neutron. Mhlawumbe enye yezinto Umgodi omnyama. Mhlawumbe bobabili. Kodwa-ke zaziyoba izimbobo ezimnyama ezincane kunanoma iyiphi imbobo emnyama eyaziwayo, futhi amamodeli okwakhiwa kwemigodi emnyama kanambambili kuzodingeka akhiwe kabusha.
Maningi kakhulu alawa mamodeli namathiyori ongajwayela kuwo. Noma mhlawumbe "i-gravitational wave astronomy" izoqala ukuzivumelanisa nokuqina kwesayensi kwemikhakha yakudala yokubuka umkhathi?
Amaphozithivu amaningi kakhulu
U-Alexander Unzicker (2), isazi sesayensi yezesayensi yaseJalimane kanye nomlobi wesayensi ohlonishwayo, wabhala ngo-Medium ngoFebhuwari ukuthi, naphezu kokulindela okukhulu, i-LIGO ne-VIRGO (3) imitshina yamagagasi adonsela phansi ayizange ibonise lutho oluthakazelisayo ngonyaka, ngaphandle kwemibono engamanga engahleliwe. Ngokusho kukasosayensi, lokhu kuphakamisa ukungabaza okukhulu ngendlela esetshenziswayo.
Ngomklomelo kaNobel kuPhysics wangowezi-2017 owaklonyeliswa u-Rainer Weiss, u-Barry K. Barish, kanye no-Kip S. Thorne, umbuzo wokuthi ingabe amagagasi adonsela phansi angatholwa yini wabonakala sengathi uxazululwe unomphela. Isinqumo seKomidi likaNobel siyakhathaza ukutholwa kwesignali eqine kakhulu i-GW150914 yethulwa esithangamini sabezindaba ngoFebhuwari 2016, kanye nesiginali esesivele ishiwo i-GW170817, eyathintwa ukuhlangana kwezinkanyezi ezimbili ze-neutron, njengoba ezinye izibonakude ezimbili zaqopha isignali eguqukayo.
Kusukela lapho, baye bangena ohlelweni olusemthethweni lwesayensi ye-physics. Okutholwe kwavusa izimpendulo ezishisekayo, futhi kwakulindeleke inkathi entsha yesayensi yezinkanyezi. Amagagasi adonsela phansi kwakufanele abe "iwindi elisha" le-Universe, enezela kunqolobane yezibonakude ezaziwa ngaphambili futhi aholela ezinhlotsheni ezintsha ngokuphelele zokubuka. Abaningi baye baqhathanisa lokhu kutholwa nesibonakude sikaGalileo sika-1609. Okwakuthakazelisa nakakhulu kwaba ukwanda kokuzwela kwamagagasi adonsela phansi. Amathemba okutholwa nokutholwa okuningi okujabulisayo phakathi nomjikelezo wokubuka we-O3 owaqala ngo-Ephreli 2019 ayephezulu. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, amanothi e-Unziker, asinalutho.
Ukunemba, azikho izimpawu zamagagasi adonsela phansi ezirekhodwe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule eziye zaqinisekiswa ngokuzimele. Esikhundleni salokho, kube nenani eliphezulu ngendlela engachazeki yezimpawu namasiginali angamanga, abese ehliswa. Izehlakalo eziyishumi nanhlanu zehlulekile ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa nezinye izibonakude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasignali angu-19 asusiwe ekuhlolweni.
Ezinye zazo ekuqaleni zazibhekwa njengezibalulekile kakhulu - isibonelo, i-GW191117j ilinganiselwa ukuthi isenzakalo okungenzeka sibe neminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-28, i-GW190822c - eyodwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5, kanye ne-GW200108v - 1 ku-100. iminyaka. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi isikhathi sokubuka esicatshangelwayo sasingewona ngisho unyaka wonke, kunezinkolelo-mbumbulu eziningi ezinjalo. Kungase kube khona okungalungile ngendlela yokusayina ngokwayo, i-Unziker iphawula.
Inqubo yokuhlukanisa amasignali ngokuthi "amaphutha", ngokombono wakhe, ayibonakali. Akuwona nje umbono wakhe. Isazi sefiziksi esaziwayo uSabine Hossenfelder, oseke waveza amaphutha ezindleleni zokuhlaziya idatha yomtshina we-LIGO, waphawula kubhulogi yakhe: “Lokhu kungiphatha kabi kabi bakwethu. Uma ungazi ukuthi kungani umtshina wakho ucosha okuthile okubonakala sengathi akuyona into oyilindele, ungayethemba kanjani lapho ubona lokho okulindele?
Ukuhumusha iphutha kuphakamisa ukuthi ayikho inqubo ehlelekile yokuhlukanisa amasignali angempela kwabanye, ngaphandle kokugwema ukungqubuzana okusobala nokunye ukubonwa. Ngeshwa, izehlakalo ezingama-53 "zokuthola ukhetho" zinento eyodwa efanayo - akekho noyedwa ngaphandle kwentatheli okubonile lokhu.
Abezindaba bavamise ukugubha ngaphambi kwesikhathi okutholwe yi-LIGO/VIRGO. Lapho ukuhlaziya okulandelayo kanye nokusesha kokuqinisekisa kwehluleka, njengoba sekuphele izinyanga ezimbalwa, awusekho umdlandla noma ukulungiswa kwabezindaba. Kulesi sigaba esingasebenzi kahle, abezindaba ababonisi intshisekelo nhlobo.
Ukutholwa okukodwa kuphela okuqinisekile
Ngokusho kuka-Unziker, uma silandele ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo kusukela isimemezelo esiphezulu sokuvula ngo-2016, ukungabaza kwamanje akufanele kusimangaze. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala okuzimele kwedatha kwenziwa ithimba e-Niels Bohr Institute e-Copenhagen eholwa ngu-Andrew D. Jackson. Ukuhlaziya kwabo idatha kwembule ukuhlobana okungajwayelekile kumasignali asele, okungakacaci umsuka wawo namanje, naphezu kwezimangalo zeqembu ukuthi konke okudidayo kufakiwe. Amasignali akhiqizwa lapho idatha eluhlaza (ngemuva kokucubungula kwangaphambili okubanzi nokuhlunga) iqhathaniswa nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi izifanekiso, okungukuthi amasiginali alindelwe ngokombono avela ezilinganisweni zezinombolo zamagagasi adonsela phansi.
Nokho, lapho kuhlaziywa idatha, inqubo enjalo ifaneleka kuphela lapho khona kanye ubukhona besignali busungulwa futhi nokuma kwayo kwaziwa ngokunembile. Uma kungenjalo, ukuhlaziywa kwephethini kuyithuluzi elidukisayo. UJackson wenze lokhu kwaba yimpumelelo kakhulu ngesikhathi sesethulo, eqhathanisa inqubo nokuqashelwa kwesithombe okuzenzakalelayo kwamapuleti ezimoto. Yebo, azikho izinkinga ngokufunda okunembile esithombeni esilufifi, kodwa kuphela uma zonke izimoto ezidlula eduze zinamapuleti elayisensi anosayizi nesitayela esifanele. Kodwa-ke, uma i-algorithm ibisetshenziswa ezithombeni "emvelweni", ibizobona inombolo yelayisense kunoma iyiphi into ekhanyayo enamabala amnyama. Yilokhu i-Unziker ecabanga ukuthi kungenzeka kumagagasi adonsela phansi.
3. Inethiwekhi yezitholi zamagagasi adonsela phansi emhlabeni
Kube nokunye ukungabaza mayelana nendlela yokuthola isignali. Ekuphenduleni ukugxekwa, iqembu lase-Copenhagen lenze indlela esebenzisa izici zezibalo ukuze lithole amasignali ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amaphethini. Uma sisetshenziswa, isigameko sokuqala sikaSepthemba 2015 sisabonakala ngokucacile emiphumeleni, kodwa ... kuze kube manje kuphela lesi. Igagasi elinjalo elinamandla adonsela phansi lingabizwa ngokuthi "inhlanhla" ngemva nje kokwethulwa komtshina wokuqala, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, ukuntuleka kokunye okutholakele okuqinisekisiwe kuqala ukubangela ukukhathazeka. Uma kungekho uphawu olubalulekile lwezibalo eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, luyoba khona ukubonwa kokuqala kwe-GW150915 kusabhekwa njengeqiniso?
Abanye bazothi kwakukamuva ukutholwa kwe-GW170817, okungukuthi, isignali ye-thermonuclear yenkanyezi ye-neutron kanambambili, ehambisana nokubhekwa kwezinsimbi endaweni ye-gamma-ray kanye namabonakude okubona. Ngeshwa, kuningi okungahambisani: ukutholwa kwe-LIGO akutholakalanga kwaze kwaba amahora ambalwa ngemva kokuba ezinye izibonakude ziphawule isignali.
Ilebhu ye-VIRGO, eyethulwe ezinsukwini ezintathu kuphela ngaphambili, ayizange inikeze isignali ebonakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona ukuphela kwenethiwekhi e-LIGO/VIRGO nase-ESA ngosuku olufanayo. Kwakukhona ukungabaza mayelana nokuhambisana kwesignali nokuhlangana kwenkanyezi ye-neutron, isignali ebonakalayo ebuthakathaka kakhulu, njll. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ososayensi abaningi abacwaninga amagagasi adonsela phansi bathi ulwazi lwesiqondiso olutholwe yi-LIGO lwalunembe kakhulu kunolwazi lwe ezinye izibonakude ezimbili, futhi bathi okutholakele kwakungeke kwenzeke ngengozi.
Ku-Unziker, kuyingozi ephazamisayo kakhulu ukuthi idatha yakho kokubili i-GW150914 kanye ne-GW170817, izehlakalo zokuqala zohlobo lwayo eziphawulwe ezingqungqutheleni ezinkulu zabezindaba, zitholwe ngaphansi kwezimo “ezingavamile” futhi azikwazanga ukukhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingcono kakhulu zobuchwepheshe ngaleso sikhathi. izilinganiso zochungechunge olude.
Lokhu kuholela ezindabeni ezinjengokuqhuma kwe-supernova (okuvele kube inkohliso), ukungqubuzana okuyingqayizivele kwezinkanyezi ze-neutronkuphoqa ososayensi ukuthi "bacabange kabusha iminyaka yokuhlakanipha okuvamile" noma ngisho nomgodi omnyama we-solar 70, ithimba le-LIGO eliwubize ngokuthi ukuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kwemibono yabo.
U-Unziker uxwayisa ngesimo lapho i-astronomy yamagagasi adonsela phansi izothola khona idumela elibi ngokuhlinzeka ngezinto "ezingabonakali" (ngaphandle kwalokho) zezinkanyezi. Ukuvimbela lokhu ukuthi kungenzeki, kunikeza ukucaca okukhulu kwezindlela, ukushicilelwa kwezifanekiso ezisetshenzisiwe, amazinga okuhlaziya, nokubeka usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezehlakalo ezingaqinisekisiwe ngokuzimela.
