Isithwali se-Hydrogen ngobuningi, umkhumbi wesitsha esinamandla ebhethri

Ingcindezi yokunciphisa igesi ebamba ukushisa kanye nesisi esingcolisayo iye yanda embonini yemikhumbi. Izinsiza zokuqala ezinikezwa amandla kagesi, igesi yemvelo noma i-hydrogen sezivele zisakhiwa.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ezokuthutha zasolwandle zinembangela ye-3,5-4% yesisi esingcolisa umoya, ikakhulukazi isikhutha, kanye nokungcola okwengeziwe. Ngokumelene nesizinda sokukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolile emhlabeni wonke, ukuthutha "kukhiqiza" u-18-30% wama-nitrogen oxides kanye no-9% we-sulphur oxides.

Isibabule emoyeni amafomu imvula eneasidiezicekela phansi izitshalo nezakhiwo. Izimbangela zokuhogela isibabule izinkinga ngesistimu yokuphefumulafuthi imbala iyanda ingozi yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo. Amafutha olwandle ngokuvamile ayizingxenyana ezinzima zikawoyela ongahluziwe (1), nesibabule esiningi.

kusho u-Irene Blooming, okhulumela i-European Environmental coalition Seas in Risk.

kunanela uNerijus Poskus wenkampani yobuchwepheshe bokuthutha i-Flexport.

1. Injini yasolwandle yesibaseli esindayo esindayo

Ngo-2016, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kanye neNhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngasolwandle (i-IMO) banquma ukwethula umthetho wokunciphisa ukukhishwa okuvumelekile kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kanye nezinto ezingcolisa umoya. Imithetho ebeka imikhawulo ebalulekile enanini lokungcoliswa kwesibabule kusuka emikhunjini eseduze nomhlaba iqala ukusebenza kubanikazi bemikhumbi kusukela ngoJanuwari 2020. I-IMO iphinde yaveza ukuthi ngo-2050 imboni yezokuthutha zasolwandle kufanele yehlise ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya ngonyaka ngama-50%.

Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yiziphi izinhloso nemithethonqubo emisha yokukhipha umoya, izixazululo eziningi ziyathuthukiswa noma zihlongozwa emhlabeni wonke ezingashintsha kakhulu imvelo yezokuthutha zasolwandle.

isikebhe se-hydrogen

Umkhiqizi wamaseli kafuel iBloom Energy usebenzisana nabakwaSamsung Heavy Industries ukuthuthukisa imikhumbi esebenza nge-hydrogen, kubika iBloomberg muva nje.

UPreeti Pande, iphini likamengameli weBloom Energy kwezokuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe, uthe esitatimendeni esithunyelwe kule nhlangano.

Kuze kube manje, imikhiqizo ye-Bloom isetshenziselwe ukunika amandla izakhiwo nezikhungo zedatha. Amangqamuzana ayegcwele umhlaba, kodwa manje asengashintshwa ukuze agcine i-hydrogen. Uma kuqhathaniswa nophethiloli ojwayelekile wedizili, akhiqiza amagesi abamba ukushisa amancane kakhulu futhi awakhiqizi umule noma intuthu.

Abanikazi bemikhumbi ngokwabo bamemezela inguquko yokuhlanza ubuchwepheshe bokushayela. Inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yokuthumela amakhonteyna, iMaersk, yamemezela ngo-2018 ukuthi ihlose ukuqeda ukusebenza kwayo ngo-2050, nakuba ingashongo ukuthi ifuna ukukwenza kanjani. Kuyacaca ukuthi imikhumbi emisha, izinjini ezintsha futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, uphethiloli omusha uzodingeka ukuze uphumelele.

Ukuseshwa kwezinto zokubasa ezihlanzekile nezivumelana nesimo sezulu zokuthunyelwa okwamanje kuzungeza izinketho ezimbili ezisebenzayo: igesi yemvelo ewuketshezi ne-hydrogen. Ucwaningo olwenziwa uMnyango Wezamandla kaSandia National Laboratories kaSandia National Laboratories emuva ngo-2014 lwathola ukuthi i-hydrogen iyona ethembisa kakhulu kulezi zinketho ezimbili.

ULeonard Klebanoff, umcwaningi wakwaSandia, waqala ukuhlaziya nozakwabo wangaleso sikhathi uJoe Pratt ukuthi imikhumbi yesimanje ingasebenza ngamaseli e-hydrogen fuel esikhundleni sokuwasebenzisela amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Iphrojekthi yabo yethulwa lapho umqhubi wesikebhe saseSan Francisco Bay ebuza uMnyango Wezamandla ukuthi umkhumbi wawo ungaguqulwa ube yi-hydrogen. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe be-hydrogen fuel cell sebuneminyaka engamashumi eminyaka bukhona, akekho owayecabanga ngokubusebenzisa emikhunjini ngaleso sikhathi.

Bobabili ososayensi babeqiniseka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamangqamuzana kwakungenzeka, nakuba, yebo, ubunzima obuhlukahlukene kwakuzodingeka bunqotshwe ngenxa yalokhu. ngeyunithi ngayinye yamandla akhiqizwayo cishe i-hydrogen engamanzi ephindwe kane kune-diesel fuel evamile. Onjiniyela abaningi besaba ukuthi kungenzeka bangabi nawo uphethiloli owanele wemikhumbi yabo. Inkinga efanayo ikhona ngenye indlela ye-hydrogen, igesi yemvelo ewuketshezi, leyo, ngaphezu kwalokho, engenalo izinga elinjalo lokukhishwa kwe-zero.

2. Ukwakhiwa kwesikebhe sokuqala se-hydrogen endaweni yemikhumbi yase-Auckland.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli we-hydrogen kuhlala kuphindwe kabili kunophethiloli ovamile, ngakho eqinisweni dinga okuphindwe kabilihhayi ezine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo ze-hydrogen propulsion zincane kakhulu kunezinjini ezivamile zasolwandle. Ngakho u-Klebanoff noPratt bagcina bephethe ngokuthi kwakungenzeka ukuguqula imikhumbi eminingi ekhona ibe yi-hydrogen nokuthi kungaba lula nakakhulu ukwakha umkhumbi omusha we-fuel cell.

Ngo-2018, uPratt washiya iSandia Labs ukuze athole i-Golden Gate Zero Emission Marine, eyakha izinhlelo ezinemininingwane yesikebhe se-hydrogen futhi yaqinisekisa isifunda saseCalifornia ukuthi sinikele ngezigidi ezintathu zamaRandi ukuze kuxhaswe iphrojekthi yokushayela. Egcekeni lemikhumbi e-Oakland, eCalifornia, kusaqhubeka umsebenzi wokwakha amayunithi okuqala alolu hlobo (2). Isikebhe esithwala abantu, okuhlelwe ukuthi siqedwe ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, sizoba umkhumbi wokuqala osebenza ngogesi e-United States. Izosetshenziselwa ukuthwala abagibeli nokufunda i-San Francisco Bay Area, futhi ithimba le-Sandia National Laboratory lizohlola idivayisi kubo bonke ubude bayo.

Ukuqamba okusha kwe-Norwegian

E-Europe, iNorway yaziwa ngokuqanjwa kwayo emkhakheni wezindawo ezisogwini olusebenzisa enye indlela.

Ngo-2016, umnikazi wemikhumbi i-The Fjords wethula isevisi ehleliwe phakathi kwe-Flåm ne-Gudvangen e-Norwegian Midwest esebenzisa Umbono wenjini eyingxube ye-fjords eyenziwe ngu-Brødrene Aa. Onjiniyela be-Brødrene Aa, besebenzisa ulwazi lokwakha i-Vision of the fjords, bakhe i-Future of the Fjords ngaphandle kwesisi esiyingozi. Le njini ecishe ibe ngamasilinda amabili ifakwe izinjini zikagesi ezingu-585 hp. wonke umuntu. I-fiberglass catamaran ingakwazi ukugibela abagibeli abangafika kwabayi-16 ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi isivinini sayo singamafindo angama-20. Okuphawuleka kakhulu isikhathi sokushaja kwamabhethri ashayela idivayisi, okuyimizuzu eyi-XNUMX kuphela.

Ngo-2020, umkhumbi weziqukathi zikagesi ezizimele uzongena emanzini aseNorway - Yara Birkeland. Ugesi wokunika amandla amabhethri omkhumbi uzovela cishe ngokuphelele ezikhungweni zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Ngonyaka odlule, i-AAB yamemezela izinhlelo zokusebenzisana neNorwegian Research Centre mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamakheji ezindaweni zokuthutha kanye nezabagibeli.

Ochwepheshe bagcizelela ukuthi inqubo yokushintsha imboni yasolwandle iye kwezinye izisombululo nezinobungani nemvelo (3) izohlala iminyaka eminingi. Umjikelezo wokuphila kwemikhumbi mude, futhi inertia yemboni ihlala ingekho ngaphansi kwaleyo yamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa elayishwe phezulu.