Hlola i-Internal Friction II

Izinhlobo Zokugcotshwa kanye Nendlela Yokugcotshwa Kwezingxenye Ezihlukahlukene Zenjini

Izinhlobo zokuthambisa

Ukusebenzisana kwezindawo ezihambayo, kufaka phakathi ukungqubuzana, ukuthambisa kanye nokugqoka, kungumphumela wesayensi ebizwa ngokuthi i-tribology, futhi uma kukhulunywa ngezinhlobo zokungqubuzana okuhambisana nezinjini zomlilo, abaklami bachaza izinhlobo eziningana zokuthambisa. I-hydrodynamic lubrication iyindlela efunwa kakhulu yale nqubo, futhi indawo ejwayelekile lapho yenzeka khona kusezintanjeni ezinkulu nezixhuma ze-crankshaft, ezithwalwa yimithwalo ephakeme kakhulu. Kubonakala esikhaleni esincane phakathi kokuthwala ne-V-shaft, futhi kudonselwa lapho ngepompo likawoyela. Indawo ehambayo yokuthwala bese isebenza njengepompo yayo, epompa isabalalise uwoyela ngokuqhubekayo futhi ekugcineni idale ifilimu elincane impela kuyo yonke indawo ethwalayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abaklami basebenzisa imikhono yemikhono yalezi zingxenye zenjini, ngoba indawo encane yokuxhumana nebhola edala umthwalo omkhulu ngokwedlulele kungqimba kawoyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingcindezi ekule filimu kawoyela ingaphakama cishe izikhathi ezingamashumi amahlanu kunengcindezi eyenziwe yipompo uqobo! Ngokwenzayo, amandla akulezi zingxenye adluliselwa ngongqimba kawoyela. Vele, ukuze kugcinwe isimo sokuthambisa se-hydrodynamic, kuyadingeka ukuthi uhlelo lokugcotshwa kwenjini luhlale lunikeza inani elanele lamafutha.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ngesikhathi esithile, ngaphansi kwethonya lomfutho ophakeme ezingxenyeni ezithile, ifilimu lokuthambisa liba nozinzo futhi libe lukhuni kunezingxenye zensimbi elizigcobayo, futhi liholele nasekuguqulweni kwezindawo zensimbi. Abathuthukisi babiza lolu hlobo lokuthambisa i-elastohydrodynamic, futhi lungazibonakalisa kumabheringi ebhola ashiwo ngenhla, ngamasondo egiya noma kuma-lifter valve. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ijubane lezingxenye ezihambayo ezihlobene nomunye liba liphansi kakhulu, umthwalo ukhuphuka kakhulu noma awukho uwoyela owanele, okubizwa ngokuthi ukuthambisa kwemingcele kuvame ukwenzeka. Kulokhu, ukuthanjiswa kuncike ekuhlanganisweni kwama-molecule kawoyela ezindaweni esekelayo, ukuze ahlukaniswe yifilimu kawoyela elincanyana kodwa elisafinyeleleka. Ngeshwa, kulezi zimo kuhlale kunengozi yokuthi ifilimu elincanyana "lizobhobozwa" ngezingxenye ezibukhali zokungahambi kahle, ngakho-ke, kunezelwa izithasiselo ezifanelekile zokuvikela uwoyela, ezimboza insimbi isikhathi eside futhi zivimbele ukubhujiswa kwayo ngokuxhumana ngqo. Ukuthambisa kwe-Hydrostatic kwenzeka ngesimo sefilimu elincanyana lapho umthwalo ushintsha isiqondiso ngokungazelelwe futhi ijubane lezingxenye ezihambayo liphansi kakhulu. Kuyaphawuleka lapha ukuthi izinkampani ezithwalayo njengezinduku ezinkulu zokuxhuma ezinjengeFederal-Mogul zenze ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuzigqokisa ukuze zikwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga ngezinhlelo zokuqalisa ezinjengokuthwala ukugqokwa okuqala njalo komile kancane ababhekene nazo ngokwethulwa okusha ngakunye. Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuqalwa okuvamile, nakho, kuholela ekushintsheni kusuka kuhlobo oluthile lokuthambisa kuya kolunye futhi kuchazwa ngokuthi "igrisi elihlanganisiwe lefilimu".

Izinhlelo zokuthambisa

Izinjini zokuqala zomlilo zangaphakathi nezithuthuthu zangaphakathi, kanye nemiklamo yakamuva, yayine-drip "ukuthambisa" lapho uwoyela wangena khona enjini kusuka kuhlobo lwengono "yamafutha" engaphansi kwamandla adonsela phansi futhi, ngemuva kokudlula kuyo, yaphuma noma yasha phuma. Abaqambi namuhla bachaza lezi zinhlelo zokuthambisa, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthambisa zezinjini ezinama-stroke amabili, lapho uwoyela uxutshwe nophethiloli, ngokuthi "izinhlelo zokuthambisa ngokuphelele zokulahleka." Kamuva, lezi zinhlelo zenziwa ngcono ngokufakwa kwepompo kawoyela yokuhambisa uwoyela ngaphakathi kwenjini nasesitimeleni (esivame ukutholakala) se-valve. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlelo zokumpompa azihlangene nakancane nobuchwepheshe bokuthambisa bokuphoqelelwa obusasetshenziswa namanje. Amapompo afakwa ngaphandle, afaka uwoyela esikhwameni, bese efinyelela ezingxenyeni zomshikashika ngokufafaza. Amacembe akhethekile engxenyeni engezansi yezinduku zokuxhuma afafaze uwoyela esikhwameni se-crankcase naku-cylinder block, ngenxa yalokho uwoyela oweqile waqoqwa emabhavini amancane naseziteshini futhi, ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla adonsela phansi, wagelezela ezindlekweni ezinkulu nezixhuma izinduku namabhere e-camshaft. Uhlobo lokushintshela ezinhlelweni ezine-lubrication ephoqelelwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi yenjini yeFord Model T, lapho iflowwheel lalinokuthile okufana nesondo lokugaya lamanzi, elalihloselwe ukuphakamisa uwoyela bese lifakwa kupayipi crankcase (futhi uqaphele ukudluliswa), bese izingxenye ezingezansi ze-crankshaft nezinduku zokuxhuma ziklwebhe uwoyela futhi zakha indawo yokugeza kawoyela yokuxubha izingxenye. Lokhu bekungekho nzima kakhulu uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-camshaft nayo ibisekhakhini futhi ama-valve emile. Impi Yomhlaba Yokuqala nezinjini zezindiza ezazivele zingasebenzi nalolu hlobo lwamafutha zanikeza umfutho oqinile kulokhu. Yile ndlela okwazalwa ngayo amasistimu asebenzisa amaphampu angaphakathi nengcindezi exubekile kanye nokugcotshwa kwesifutho, okwabe sekusetshenziswa ezinjini zezimoto ezintsha nezisindayo.

Ingxenye eyinhloko yalolu hlelo kwakuyipompo likawoyela eliqhutshwa injini elalifutha uwoyela ngaphansi kwengcindezi kuphela kumabherethi amakhulu, kuyilapho ezinye izingxenye zincike ekuthambiseni kwesifutho. Ngakho-ke, bekungadingekile ukwakha ama-grooves ku-crankshaft, adingekayo ezinhlelweni ezinokugcotshwa okuphoqelelwe ngokuphelele. Lesi sakamuva savela njengesidingo ngokwakhiwa kwezinjini ezandisa isivinini nomthwalo. Lokhu futhi bekusho ukuthi amabheringi bekumele angagcotshiswa kuphela kepha futhi apholiswe.

Kulezi zinhlelo, uwoyela ocindezelwe uhlinzekwa kumabhering wenduku yokuxhuma eyinhloko naphansi (eyakamuva ithola uwoyela ngemisele ku-crankshaft) namabheringi e-camshaft. Inzuzo enkulu yalezi zinhlelo ukuthi uwoyela ujikeleza ngokujwayelekile ngala ma-bearings, i.e. idlule phakathi kwabo ingene ku-crankcase. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo luhlinzeka ngowoyela omningi kunalokho okudingekile ukuze kugcotshwe, ngakho-ke apholile kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, emuva ngeminyaka yama-60s, uHarry Ricardo waqala ukwethula umthetho owawuhlinzeka ngokusakazwa kwamalitha amathathu kawoyela ngehora, okungukuthi, ngenjini engu-3 hp. - amalitha ayi-XNUMX kawoyela ojikelezayo ngomzuzu. Amabhayisikili anamuhla aphindwaphindwa kaningi.

Ukusakazwa kukawoyela ohlelweni lokuthambisa kufaka phakathi inethiwekhi yeziteshi ezakhiwe ezindlini nasezinjinini, ubunzima bazo obuxhomeke kunani nasendaweni yamasilinda nendlela yokusebenza kwesikhathi. Ukuze injini ithembeke futhi ihlale iqinile, sekuyisikhathi eside abaklami bethanda iziteshi ezimiswe njengesiteshi esikhundleni samapayipi.

Iphampu eqhutshwa yinjini idonsa uwoyela kukhredithikhethi iwuqondise kusihlungi esiku-inthanethi esifakwe ngaphandle kwendlu. Ngemuva kwalokho kuthatha eyodwa (ye-in-line) noma iziteshi ezimbili (zebhokisi lesibhakela noma izinjini ezimise okwe-V), ezinweba cishe bonke ubude benjini. Ngemuva kwalokho, kusetshenziswa imijikelezo emincane enqamulelayo, kuqondiswa kumabheringi amakhulu, kungenwa kuwo ngokungena egobolondweni eliphezulu lokuthwala. Ngokusebenzisa isheripheral slot ekuthwaleni, ingxenye kawoyela isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ekufakweni kokupholisa nokuthambisa, kanti enye ingxenye iqondiswe entongeni engezansi yokuxhuma ethwala nge-oblique bore ku-crankshaft exhunywe kusikhala esifanayo. Ukuthambisa ukuthwala induku yokuxhuma ephezulu kunzima kakhulu ekusebenzeni, ngakho-ke ingxenye ephezulu yenduku yokuxhuma ivame ukuba yichibi elenzelwe ukuqukatha uwoyela ngaphansi kwepiston. Kwezinye izinhlelo, uwoyela ufinyelela ekufinyeleleni ngokubhora endukwini yokuxhuma uqobo. Amabheringi e-piston bolt nawo, afafaza i-lubricated.

Ifana nohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi

Lapho i-camshaft noma i-chain drive ifakiwe ku-crankcase, le drayivu igcotshwa ngamafutha aqondile, futhi lapho i-shaft ifakiwe ekhanda, iketango lokushayela ligcotshwa ngokuvuza kwamafutha okulawulwayo kusuka ohlelweni lokunwetshwa kwe-hydraulic. Enjinini ye-Ford 1.0 Ecoboost, ibhande le-camshaft drive nalo ligcotshiwe - kulokhu ngokucwiliswa epanini likawoyela. Indlela uwoyela wokugcoba ohlinzekwa ngayo kuma-bearings e-camshaft incike ekutheni injini inomgodi ongezansi noma ongaphezulu - owokuqala ngokuvamile iwathola e-groove esuka kumabheringi amakhulu e-crankshaft kanye ne-grooved yokugcina exhunywe kwi-groove eyinhloko engezansi. noma ngokungaqondile, ngeshaneli evamile ehlukile ekhanda noma ku-camshaft ngokwayo, futhi uma kukhona ama-shafts amabili, lokhu kuphindaphindwa kabili.

Abaqambi balwela ukudala amasistimu lapho kuthanjiswa khona ama-valve ngamazinga okugeleza alawulwa ngokunembile ukugwema ukugcwala kwezikhukhula nokuvuza kukawoyela ngemikhombandlela yama-valve kumasilinda. Ubunzima obengeziwe bungezwa ngokuba khona kwamakheshi we-hydraulic. Amatshe, okungahambi kahle kufakwa kubhavu kawoyela noma ngokufafaza kubhavu omncane, noma ngeziteshi lapho uwoyela ushiya khona umzila omkhulu.

Ngokuqondene nezindonga zesilinda kanye neziketi zepiston, zigcotshwe ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye ngamafutha aphuma futhi asakazeka kukhrankcase kusuka kumabheringi enduku okuxhuma aphansi. Izinjini ezimfushane zenzelwe ukuthi amasilinda azo athole uwoyela omningi kulo mthombo ngoba anobubanzi obukhulu futhi aseduze ne-crankshaft. Kwezinye izinjini, udonga lwesilinda ludonsa uwoyela owengeziwe emgodini ohlangothini lwendlu yokuxhuma, evame ukuqondiswa ohlangothini lapho i-piston inengcindezi eyengeziwe ye-lateral ku-cylinder (lokho i-piston efaka ingcindezi ngesikhathi somlilo ngesikhathi sokusebenza). ... Kuzinjini ze-V, kujwayelekile ukujova uwoyela ovela endukwini yokuxhuma ehambisa isilinda esiphambene nodonga lwe-cylinder ukuze uhlangothi olungaphezulu lufuthwe, bese ludonselwa ohlangothini olungezansi. Kumele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi esimweni sezinjini ezine-turbocharged, uwoyela ungena ekuphatheni kokugcina ngesiteshi esikhulu samafutha nepayipi. Kodwa-ke, bavame ukusebenzisa umzila wesibili oqondisa ukugeleza kukawoyela emibhobho ekhethekile ebhekiswe kuma-piston, enzelwe ukuwapholisa. Kulezi zimo, futha kawoyela inamandla amakhulu kakhulu.

Kuzinhlelo ze-sump ezomile, iphampu kawoyela ithola uwoyela ethangini elihlukile lamafutha bese liwasabalalisa ngendlela efanayo. Ipompo elisizayo limunca ingxube kawoyela / yomoya kusuka ku-crankcase (ngakho-ke kufanele ibe nomthamo omkhulu), odlula kudivayisi ukuhlukanisa okwakamuva bese uyibuyisela echibini.

Uhlelo lokuthambisa lungafaka futhi irediyetha yokupholisa uwoyela ezinjinini ezisindayo (lokhu bekungumkhuba ojwayelekile wezinjini ezindala zisebenzisa uwoyela olula wamaminerali) noma umshini wokushisa oxhunywe ohlelweni lokupholisa. Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Amafutha ka-oyela namaphayiphu okusiza

Amaphampu kawoyela, okuhlanganisa ipheya yegiya, afaneleka ngokwedlulele ekusebenzeni kwesistimu kawoyela ngakho-ke asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokugcoba futhi ezimweni eziningi ashayelwa ngokuqondile ku-crankshaft. Enye inketho amaphampu e-rotary. Muva nje, amaphampu ane-vane ashelelayo nawo asetshenzisiwe, okuhlanganisa izinguqulo eziguquguqukayo zokuthutha, ezithuthukisa ukusebenza futhi ngaleyo ndlela nokusebenza kwazo maqondana nesivinini kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Izinhlelo zika-oyela zidinga ama-valve okusiza ngoba ngejubane eliphakeme ukwanda kwenani elinikezwe yimpompo kawoyela akuhambelani nenani elingadlula kumabheringi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kulezi zimo, kwakhiwa amandla aqinile we-centrifugal emafutheni athwele, evimbela ukunikezwa kwenani elisha likawoyela ekuphatheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqala injini emazingeni okushisa aphansi angaphandle kukhulisa ukumelana nowoyela ngokwanda kwe-viscosity nokuncipha kokubuyela emuva kuzindlela, okuvame ukuholela kumanani abucayi okucindezela uwoyela. Izimoto eziningi zemidlalo zisebenzisa igeji yokucindezela uwoyela kanye negeji yokushisa kawoyela.

(ukulandela)

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev