Izinhlobo zamafutha e-liquid
Izibaseli eziwuketshezi ngokuvamile zitholakala ekucwengisweni kwamafutha angcolile noma (ngezinga elincane) emalahleni aqinile ne-lignite. Ikakhulukazi isetshenziselwa ukushayela izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi futhi, kancane kancane, ukuqala ama-boilers we-steam, ngokushisa kanye nezinjongo zobuchwepheshe.
Amandla oketshezi abaluleke kakhulu yilawa: uphethiloli, udizili, uwoyela uphethiloli, uphalafini, uphethiloli wokwenziwa.
Igesi
Ingxube ye-hydrocarbon ewuketshezi, enye yezinhlobo eziyinhloko zikaphethiloli ezisetshenziswa ezinjinini zezimoto, izindiza kanye namanye amadivaysi. Futhi isetshenziswa njenge-solvent. Ngokombono wamakhemikhali, izingxenye eziyinhloko zikaphethiloli ama-aliphatic hydrocarbon anenani lama-athomu ekhabhoni ukusuka ku-5 kuya ku-12.
Uphethiloli unikeza injini amandla ngokuvutha, okungukuthi, ngomoya-mpilo ovela emkhathini. Njengoba isha ngemijikelezo emifushane kakhulu, le nqubo kufanele isheshe futhi ifane ngangokunokwenzeka kuwo wonke umthamo wamasilinda enjini. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuxuba uphethiloli nomoya ngaphambi kokuthi ungene kumasilinda, udale ingxube ebizwa ngokuthi i-fuel-air, okungukuthi ukumiswa (inkungu) yamaconsi amancane kakhulu kaphethiloli emoyeni. Uphethiloli ukhiqizwa yi-distillation kawoyela ongahluziwe. Ukubunjwa kwayo kuncike ekubunjweni kokuqala kwamafutha kanye nezimo zokulungisa. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zikaphethiloli njengophethiloli, amanani amancane (ngaphansi kwe-1%) yamakhemikhali akhethiwe akhethiwe afakwa ezinjini, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-antiknock agents (ukuvimbela ukuqhunyiswa, okungukuthi, ukuvutha okungalawuleki nokungalingani).
Injini ye-diesel
Uphethiloli wakhelwe ukucindezela izinjini zikadizili. Kuyingxube kapharafini, i-naphthenic kanye nama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi akhishwa kuwoyela ongahluziwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokucwiliswa kwe-distillation. Izihluthulelo zedizili zinephuzu lokubilisa eliphakeme kakhulu (180-350°C) kunezihluthulelo zikaphethiloli. Njengoba aqukethe isibabule esiningi, kuyadingeka ukuyisusa ngokwelashwa kwe-hydrogen (hydrotreating).
Amafutha e-diesel nawo ayimikhiqizo etholakala kumafrakshini asele ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe-distillation, kodwa ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka ukwenza izinqubo zokubola kwe-catalytic (ukuqhekeka kwe-catalytic, i-hydrocracking). Ukwakheka kanye nezilinganiso ezifanayo zama-hydrocarbons aqukethwe kumafutha edizili ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwamafutha acutshungulwayo kanye nezinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kwawo.
Ngenxa yendlela yokushisa ingxube kawoyela-womoya ezinjinini - engenanhlansi, kodwa izinga lokushisa (ukuzishisa) - ayikho inkinga yokushiswa kwe-detonation. Ngakho-ke, akunangqondo ukukhombisa inombolo ye-octane yamafutha. Ipharamitha eyinhloko yalawa mafutha yikhono lokuzishisa ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, isilinganiso sayo inombolo ye-cetane.
I-fuel oil, i-fuel oil
Uketshezi olunamafutha olusele ngemva kokucwiliswa kwamafutha ezinga eliphansi ngaphansi kwezimo zomoya endaweni yokushisa engu-250-350°C. Iqukethe ama-hydrocarbons anesisindo samangqamuzana aphezulu. Ngenxa yentengo yawo ephansi, isetshenziswa njengophethiloli wezinjini ezibuyisela isivinini esiphansi zasolwandle, ama-boilers esitimu sasolwandle kanye nasekuqaliseni ama-boilers esitimu esinamandla, uphethiloli wama-boilers esitimu kwezinye izitimela zesitimu, uphethiloli weziko lezimboni (isibonelo, ekukhiqizeni i-gypsum). ), i-feedstock ye-vacuum distillation, ukukhiqizwa kwezithambisi eziwuketshezi (amafutha okugcoba) kanye nezithambisi eziqinile (isibonelo, uvaseline), kanye njengesiphakeli esiqhekezayo sokukhiqiza uwoyela uphethiloli nophethiloli.
Amafutha
Ingxenye yoketshezi kawoyela ongahluziwe, abilayo ebangeni lika-170-250°C, inobuningi obungu-0,78-0,81 g/cm³. Uketshezi oluphuzi oluvuthayo olunephunga eliyingqayizivele, okuyingxube yama-hydrocarbon, ama-molecule aqukethe ama-athomu e-carbon angu-12-15. Isetshenziswa kokubili (ngaphansi kwegama elithi "kerosene" noma "uphalafini wendiza") njengesixazululi kanye nezinjongo zezimonyo.
Amafutha okwenziwa
Uphethiloli owenziwe ngamakhemikhali ongaba enye esikhundleni sikaphethiloli noma udizili. Ngokuya ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswayo, lobu buchwepheshe bulandelayo buhlukaniswa:
- (GTL) - uphethiloli wegesi yemvelo;
- (CTL) - kusuka kukhabhoni;
- (BTL) - kusuka ku-biomass.
Kuze kube manje, ubuchwepheshe ababili bokuqala yibo obuthuthuke kakhulu. Uphethiloli wokwenziwa wamalahle wasetshenziswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II futhi manje ususetshenziswa kabanzi eNingizimu Afrika. Ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha okwenziwa asekelwe ku-biomass kusesesigabeni sokuhlola, kodwa kungathola ukuthandwa okwengeziwe ngenxa yokukhuthazwa kwezixazululo ezilungele imvelo (ama-biofuels aqhubekela phambili ekulweni nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke). Uhlobo oluyinhloko lwe-synthesis esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha okwenziwa yi-Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
