Imibono yamakhulu eminyaka, hhayi amashumi eminyaka

Ingabe kufanele sihambe emkhathini? Impendulo elula ithi cha. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa konke okusisongela njengesintu nempucuko, bekungeke kube ukuhlakanipha ukuyeka ukuhlola indawo, izindiza eziqhutshwa abantu futhi, ekugcineni, sibheke ezinye izindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle koMhlaba.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, i-NASA yamemezela okuningiliziwe Uhlelo Lukazwelonke Lokuhlola Umkhathiukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo ezishisekayo ezibekwe ku-Space Policy kaMongameli uTrump ka-December 2017. Lezi zinhlelo ezinesibindi zihlanganisa: ukuhlela ukufika kweNyanga, ukuthunyelwa kwabantu isikhathi eside eNyangeni nasezindaweni ezizungezile, ukuqinisa ubuholi base-U.S. emkhathini, kanye nokuqinisa izinkampani zasemkhathini ezizimele. kanye nokuthuthukisa indlela yokubeka ngokuphepha osomkhathi baseMelika phezu kweMars.

Noma yiziphi izimemezelo mayelana nokuqaliswa kokuhamba kwe-Mars ngo-2030 - njengoba kushicilelwe embikweni omusha we-NASA - nokho, zivumelana nezimo futhi zingashintsha uma kukhona okwenzekayo ososayensi abangakuqapheli okwamanje. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokucacisa isabelomali somsebenzi ophethwe umuntu, kuhlelwa, isibonelo, ukucabangela imiphumela I-Mars Mission 2020, lapho enye i-rover izoqoqa futhi ihlaziye amasampula ebusweni be-Red Planet,

I-Lunar spaceport

Uhlelo lwe-NASA kuzodingeka luphumelele ezinseleleni zoxhaso ezivamile zanoma yikuphi ukuphathwa kukamongameli omusha wase-US. Onjiniyela beNASA eKennedy Space Center eFlorida njengamanje bahlanganisa umkhumbi-mkhathi ozobuyisela abantu eNyangeni bese ubayisa kuMars eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. Ibizwa nge-Orion futhi ibukeka kancane njengekhepsuli osomkhathi be-Apollo abaliyisa enyangeni cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule.

Igubha iminyaka yayo engama-60, i-NASA inethemba lokuzungeza iNyanga futhi ngo-2020, kanye nosomkhathi baphinde bagibele ngo-2023.

Inyanga ivame ukuthandwa futhi. Ngenkathi abaphathi bakaTrump kudala bebeka indlela ye-NASA eya kuMars, uhlelo wukwakha kuqala isiteshi sasemkhathini esizungeza inyanga, eyaziwa nangokuthi isango noma ichweba, isakhiwo esifana ne-International Space Station kodwa esinikeza amamishini ebusweni beNyanga futhi ekugcineni siye ku-Mars. nalokhu kusezinhlelweni isisekelo esihlala njalo kwisathelayithi yethu yemvelo. I-NASA kanye ne-Presidential Administration bazibekele umgomo wokweseka ukwakhiwa kwendawo yezentengiselwano yamarobhothi eNyanga ngaphambi kuka-2020.

Umkhumbi-mkhathi we-Orion usondela esiteshini esiku-orbit of the Moon - ukubona ngeso lengqondo

 IPhini likaMongameli uMike Pence umemezele lokhu ngo-Agasti eJohnson Space Center eHouston. UPence ungusihlalo wale nhlangano esanda kulungiswa INational Space Council. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yesabelomali esihlongozwayo se-NASA sika-$19,9 billion sonyaka wezimali ozayo sabelwe ukuhlola inyanga, kanti iCongress ibonakala ikulungele ukugunyaza lo mzamo.

I-ejensi icele imibono namadizayini esiteshi sesango emzileni ozungeze iNyanga. Ukucatshangelwa kukhuluma ngesihloko sebhuloho se-space probe, iziphindaphinda zokuxhumana, kanye nesisekelo sokusebenza okuzenzakalelayo kwamadivayisi endaweni yenyanga. I-Lockheed Martin, i-Boeing, i-Airbus, i-Bigelow Aerospace, i-Sierra Nevada Corporation, i-Orbital ATK, i-Northrop Grumman ne-Nanoracks isivele ithumele amaphrojekthi abo ku-NASA ne-ESA.

I-NASA ne-ESA babikezela ukuthi bazoba semkhunjini I-Lunar spaceport osomkhathi bazokwazi ukuhlala lapho cishe izinsuku ezingamashumi ayisithupha. Isikhungo kufanele sifakwe izikhiya zezindiza ezisebenza emhlabeni wonke ezizovumela kokubili izinyawo zabasebenzi kanye nokuma kwemikhumbi-mkhathi yangasese ebamba iqhaza emisebenzini yezimayini, okuhlanganisa, njengoba kufanele kuqondwe, ezentengiso.

Uma kungenjalo ngemisebe, khona-ke ukungabi nesisindo esibulalayo

Noma singakha le ngqalasizinda, zona izinkinga ezihambisana nokuhamba amabanga amade kwabantu abasemkhathini ngeke ziphele. Izinhlobo zethu ziyaqhubeka nokubhekana kabi nezimo ze-microgravity. Izindlela zokuma kwezindawo zingaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zezempilo, njll. ukugula kwendawo.

Ukude ne-cocoon ephephile yomkhathi kanye nensimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba, inkulu kakhulu inkinga yemisebe - ingozi yomdlavuza ikhula lapho nazo zonke izinsuku ezengeziwe. Ngaphandle komdlavuza, kungase kubangele nolwelwesi lwamakhanda futhi mhlawumbe Isifo i-Alzheimer's. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho izinhlayiya ezikhipha imisebe eyingozi zishaya ama-athomu e-aluminium ezingxenyeni zemikhumbi yemikhumbi, lezi zinhlayiya zidedelwa emisebeni yesibili.

Isixazululo kungaba amapulasitiki. Alula futhi anamandla, agcwele ama-athomu e-hydrogen ama-nuclei awo amancane angakhiqizi imisebe yesibili. I-NASA ihlola izinhlobo zepulasitiki ezinganciphisa imisebe kumkhumbi-mkhathi noma amasudi omkhathi. Omunye umqondo anti-radiation izikrini, isibonelo, kazibuthe, eyenza indawo yensimu esivikela eMhlabeni. Ososayensi abavela ku-European Space Radiation Superconducting Shield basebenza nge-superconductor esekelwe ku-magnesium diboride, leyo, ngokwakha insimu kazibuthe, izobonisa izinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe ezivela emkhunjini. Isihlangu sisebenza ku -263°C, okungabonakali kukhethekile kangako uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi indawo isivele ibanda kakhulu.

Ucwaningo olusha lubonisa ukuthi amazinga emisebe yelanga akhuphuka ngokushesha ngo-10% kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili, nokuthi imvelo yemisebe emkhathini izoba yimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva kwedatha evela kuthuluzi le-CRaTER ku-LRO lunar orbiter kubonise ukuthi indawo ezungezile yemisebe phakathi komhlaba neLanga iye yaba yimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuthi usomkhathi ongavikelekile angathola imithamo yemisebe engu-20% ngaphezu kwalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini. Ososayensi basola ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yale ngozi eyengeziwe ivela ezinhlayiyeni zemisebe ye-cosmic engenamandla amancane. Nokho, basola ukuthi le 10% eyengeziwe ingase ibeke imingcele engathi sína ekuhloleni indawo esikhathini esizayo.

Ukungabi nesisindo kuyawubhubhisa umzimba. Phakathi kokunye, lokhu kubangela ukuthi amanye amangqamuzana omzimba angakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wawo futhi amangqamuzana egazi abomvu afe. Iphinde ibangele amatshe ezinso futhi yenze inhliziyo ibe buthakathaka. Osomkhathi ku-ISS bazabalaza nobuthakathaka bemisipha, ukwehla kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi kanye nokulahlekelwa kwamathambo okuhlala amahora amabili kuya kwamathathu ngosuku. Nokho, basalahlekelwa isisindo samathambo ngenkathi begibele.

I-Astronaut Sunita Williams ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca ku-ISS

Isixazululo kungaba amandla adonsela phansi okwenziwa. E-MIT, owayengusonkanyezi u-Lawrence Young uhlola i-centrifuge ethi ayifane nombono wefilimu. Abantu balala ngezinhlangothi endaweni yesikhulumi, besunduza isakhiwo esine-inertial esijikelezayo. Esinye isixazululo esithembisayo iphrojekthi ye-Canadian Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP). Idivayisi ngokwayo idala i-ballast okhalweni lomuntu, idale umuzwa wobunzima emzimbeni ophansi.

Ingozi evamile yezempilo ku-ISS yizinto ezincane ezintanta emakhabetheni. Zithinta amehlo osomkhathi futhi zidale imihuzuko. Nokho, lena akuyona inkinga embi kakhulu emehlweni angaphandle. Ukungabi nesisindo kushintsha ukuma kwenhlamvu yeso futhi kuyayithinta ukuncipha kokubona. Lena inkinga enkulu engakaxazululeki.

Impilo ngokuvamile iba udaba oluyinkimbinkimbi kumkhumbi-mkhathi. Uma singenwa amakhaza eMhlabeni, sizohlala ekhaya futhi kunjalo. Endaweni epakishwe ngokuqinile, evalekile egcwele umoya ozungezwe kabusha kanye nezindawo eziningi ezithintanayo ezabiwe, lapho okunzima khona ukuhlanza kahle, izinto zibukeka zihluke kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, amasosha omzimba womuntu awasebenzi kahle, ngakho abahlanganyeli bemishini bazihlukanisa amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba bahambe ukuze bazivikele ekuguleni. Asazi ngempela ukuthi kungani, kodwa amagciwane aba yingozi kakhulu. Futhi, uma uthimula emkhathini, wonke amathonsi ayaphuma aqhubeke nokundiza. Uma umuntu enomkhuhlane, wonke umuntu ogibele uzoba nawo. Futhi indlela eya emtholampilo noma esibhedlela yinde.

Izisebenzi zohambo oluyi-48 phakathi kwe-ISS - amaqiniso empilo egibele umkhumbi-mkhathi

Inkinga enkulu elandelayo yokuhamba emkhathini ixazululiwe akukho ukunethezeka ukuphila. Empeleni, uhambo lwangaphandle komhlaba luhlanganisa ukunqamula indawo engenalutho engapheli esitsheni esivaliwe esigcinwa siphila ithimba lemishini yokucubungula umoya namanzi. Kukhona indawo encane lapho futhi uhlala ngokwesaba imisebe nama-micrometeorite. Uma sikude nanoma iyiphi iplanethi, akukho ukubukwa ngaphandle, kuphela ubumnyama obujulile besikhala.

Ososayensi bafuna imibono yokuthi bangayivuselela kanjani le monotony esabekayo. Omunye wabo Iqiniso elibonakalayolapho osomkhathi bengahlala khona. Into Engaziwa Ngokunye, nakuba ingaphansi kwegama elihlukile, kunoveli kaStanislaw Lem.

Kushibhe ngekheshi?

Ukuhamba emkhathini kuwuchungechunge olungapheli lwezimo ezimbi lapho abantu nemishini bechayeka khona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulwa namandla adonsela phansi, ukugcwala ngokweqile, imisebe, amagesi, ubuthi kanye nezinto ezinolaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic, uthuli, amazinga okushisa ashintsha ngokushesha asezinhlangothini zombili zesikali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke le njabulo ibiza kakhulu.

Namuhla sidinga cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-20. amadola ukuthumela ikhilogremu yesisindo emzileni ophansi woMhlaba. Eziningi zalezi zindleko zihlobene nokuklama nokusebenza. uhlelo lwe-boot. Imishini evamile neyesikhathi eside idinga amanani abalulekile ezinto ezisetshenziswayo, uphethiloli, izingxenye eziyisipele, nezinto ezisebenzisekayo. Esikhaleni, ukulungiswa nokugcinwa kwesistimu kuyabiza futhi kunzima.

I-Space elevator - ukubona ngeso

Umqondo wokusiza ngokwezimali, okungenani ingxenye, umqondo ikheshi yesikhalaukuxhuma indawo ethile embulungeni yethu nesiteshi okuyiwa kuso esisendaweni ethile emkhathini emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kososayensi eNyuvesi yaseShizuoka eJapane kungokokuqala ngqa ku-microscale. Emingceleni yephrojekthi Isethelayithi yerobhothi efakwe emoyeni esebenza emkhathini (IZINKANYEZI) amasathelayithi amabili amancane e-STARS-ME azoxhunywa ngekhebula lamamitha angu-10 lapho kuzohamba khona idivayisi encane yerobhothi. Lena imodeli yokuqala encane ye-crane yasemkhathini. Uma ephumelele, angadlulela esigabeni esilandelayo sephrojekthi ye-elevator yasemkhathini. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kuzonciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuthutha abantu nezinto eziya noma zibuya emkhathini.

Kufanele futhi ukhumbule ukuthi ayikho i-GPS emkhathini futhi isikhala sikhulu futhi kunzima ukuzulazula. I-Deep Space Network - iqoqo lama-antenna array e-California, Australia naseSpain - kuze kube manje leli ukuphela kwethuluzi lokuzulazula langaphandle komhlaba esinalo. Cishe yonke into, kusukela kumasathelayithi abafundi kuya kumkhumbi-mkhathi we-New Horizons manje obhoboza i-Kuiper Belt, incike kulolu hlelo. Lona ugcwele kakhulu, futhi i-NASA icabanga ukunciphisa ukutholakala kwayo emisebenzini engabalulekile kangako.

Yebo, kukhona imibono ye-GPS ehlukile yendawo. UJoseph Guinn, uchwepheshe wokuzulazula, waqala ukuthuthukisa isimiso esizimele esasizoqoqa izithombe zezinto ezihlosiwe nezinto eziseduze, sisebenzisa izindawo eziseduze ukuze sihlanganise izixhumanisi zomkhumbi-mkhathi ongunxantathu—ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulawula umhlabathi. Ngamafuphi, uyibiza ngokuthi i-deep space positioning system (DPS).

Naphezu kwethemba labaholi nababoni - kusukela kuDonald Trump kuya ku-Elon Musk - ochwepheshe abaningi basakholelwa ukuthi ithemba langempela lokuqoqa i-Mars akuwona amashumi eminyaka, kodwa amakhulu eminyaka. Zikhona izinsuku nezinhlelo ezisemthethweni, kodwa abaningi abasebenzisa amaqiniso bayavuma ukuthi kuzoba kuhle ukuthi abantu babeke unyawo ku-Red Planet ngaphambi kuka-2050. Futhi olunye uhambo oluphethwe umuntu luyiphupho elimsulwa. Ngempela, ngaphezu kwezinkinga ezingenhla, kuyadingeka ukuxazulula enye inkinga eyisisekelo - akukho ukushayela ukuhamba emkhathini okusheshayo ngempela.