Izinto ezingabonakali okwamanje

Izinto isayensi ezaziyo nezizibonayo ziyingxenye encane yalokho okungenzeka ukuthi kukhona. Yiqiniso, isayensi nobuchwepheshe akufanele kuthathe "umbono" ngokoqobo. Nakuba amehlo ethu engenakuzibona, sekuyisikhathi eside isayensi ikwazi “ukubona” izinto ezinjengomoya nomoya-mpilo owuqukethe, amaza omsakazo, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, imisebe ye-infrared nama-athomu.

Siphinde sibone ngomqondo othile antimatteruma isebenzisana ngobudlova nendaba evamile, futhi lokho ngokuvamile kuyinkinga enzima kakhulu, ngoba nakuba sibonile lokhu emiphumeleni yokusebenzisana, ngomqondo ophelele, njengokudlidliza, bekunzima kithi kwaze kwaba ngu-2015.

Nokho, ngomqondo othile namanje “asiboni” amandla adonsela phansi, ngoba asikatholi neyodwa inkampani ethwala lokhu kusebenzisana (okungukuthi, isibonelo, inhlayiya ecatshangelwayo ebizwa ngokuthi. i-graviton). Kuhle ukubalula lapha ukuthi kukhona ukufana okuthile phakathi komlando wamandla adonsela phansi kanye .

Siyasibona isenzo salokhu kwakamuva, kodwa asikubheki ngokuqondile, asazi ukuthi kuhlanganisani. Nokho, kunomehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwalezi zenzakalo “ezingabonakali”. Akekho owake wangabaza amandla adonsela phansi. Kodwa ngendaba emnyama (1) kuhlukile.

Kanjani g amandla amnyamaokuthiwa iqukethe ngisho nodaba olumnyama. Ukuba khona kwayo kwathathwa njengenkoleloze esekelwe ekuziphatheni kwendawo yonke. "Ukubona" ​​kungenzeka kube nzima nakakhulu kunodaba olumnyama, uma nje ngenxa yokuthi ulwazi lwethu olujwayelekile lusifundisa ukuthi amandla, ngokwemvelo yawo, ahlala eyinto efinyeleleka kancane ezinzwa (namathuluzi okubuka) kunodaba.

Ngokusho kokuqagela kwesimanje, zombili ezimnyama kufanele zenze ama-96% wokuqukethwe kwawo.

Ngakho-ke, empeleni, nomkhathi ngokwawo awubonakali kithi, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi uma sekufika emikhawulweni yawo, sazi kuphela lawo anqunywa ngokubonwa ngabantu, hhayi lawo okungaba ukweqisa kwawo kweqiniso - uma kukhona. kube bonke.

Kukhona okusidonsayo kanye nawo wonke umthala

Ukungabonakali kwezinye izinto emkhathini kungase kushaqise, njengokuthi imithala engumakhelwane eyi-100 ilokhu iqhubekela phambili ibheke endaweni eyimfihlakalo eyaziwa ngokuthi Umkhangi omkhulu. Lesi sifunda siqhele nge-light-year eyizigidi ezingu-220 futhi ososayensi bayibiza ngokuthi i- gravitational anomaly. Kukholakala ukuthi i-Great Attractor inenqwaba yama-quadrillions welanga.

Ake siqale ngokuthi iyanda. Lokhu bekwenzeka kusukela kuBig Bang, futhi isivinini samanje salolu hlelo silinganiselwa kumakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-2,2 ngehora. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthala wethu kanye nomthala ongumakhelwane i-Andromeda nawo kumelwe ukuba uhamba ngalelo jubane, akunjalo? Akunjalo Empeleni.

Ngawo-70s sakha amamephu anemininingwane omkhathi wangaphandle. Ingemuva le-Microwave (CMB) Umkhathi futhi saqaphela ukuthi uhlangothi olulodwa lwe-Milky Way lufudumele kunolunye. Umehluko wawungaphansi kwekhulu le-degree Celsius, kodwa kwanele ukuba siqonde ukuthi sasihamba ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-600 ngomzuzwana sibheke kumlaza iCentaurus.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, sathola ukuthi akuwona thina kuphela, kodwa wonke umuntu phakathi kwethu nezigidi eziyikhulu zeminyaka yokukhanya yethu ayehamba ngendlela efanayo. Yinye kuphela into engamelana nokwanda emabangeni amakhulu kangaka, amandla adonsela phansi.

U-Andromeda, isibonelo, kufanele asuke kithi, kodwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-4 kuzodingeka ... singqubuzane naye. Isisindo esanele singamelana nokwanda. Ekuqaleni, ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi leli jubane lalibangelwa indawo yethu emaphethelweni ale ndawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Local Supercluster.

Kungani kunzima kangaka ngathi ukubona loMdwebi Omkhulu ongaqondakali? Ngeshwa, lona umthala wethu, ovimba ukubuka kwethu. Ngebhande le-Milky Way, asikwazi ukubona cishe u-20% wendawo yonke. Kwenzeka lokhu nje uya khona kanye lapho uMenzi Omkhulu ekhona. Kuyenzeka ngokwethiyori ukuthi kungene leli veli nge-X-ray kanye nokubhekwa kwe-infrared, kodwa lokhu akunikezi isithombe esicacile.

Naphezu kwalobu bunzima, kwatholakala ukuthi endaweni ethile ye-Great Attractor, ebangeni elingama-light years ayizigidi ezingu-150, kukhona umthala. Cluster Norma. Emuva kwayo kuneqoqo elikhulu nakakhulu, eliqhele nge-light-year eyizigidi ezingu-650, eliqukethe inqwaba engu-10. umthala, enye yezinto ezinkulu endaweni yonke eyaziwa yithi.

Ngakho, ososayensi basikisela ukuthi i-Great Attractor isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi amaqoqo amaningi emithala, kuhlanganise nowethu - cishe izinto eziyi-100 sezizonke, njengeMilky Way. Kukhona futhi imibono yokuthi iqoqo elikhulu lamandla amnyama noma indawo ephakeme kakhulu enamandla adonsela phansi.

Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kumane kuwukunambitha kokugcina ... kokuphela kwendawo yonke. Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Komnotho kuzosho ukuthi indawo yonke izoshuba eminyakeni eyizigidigidi ezimbalwa, lapho ukwanda kuncipha futhi kuqala ukuhlehla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuzoholela e-supermassive eyayizodla yonke into, kuhlanganise nayo ngokwayo.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba ososayensi bephawula, ukwanda kwe-Universe ekugcineni kuzonqoba amandla oMdwebi Omkhulu. Ijubane lethu elibheke kuyo liyingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu kuphela ijubane okunwebeka ngalo konke. Isakhiwo esikhulu sendawo saseLaniakea (2) esiyingxenye yayo ngolunye usuku kuyodingeka sihlakazeke, njengoba kuzokwenza nezinye izinhlangano eziningi ze-cosmic.

Amandla esihlanu emvelo

Okuthile esingakwazi ukukubona, kodwa okusoleka kakhulu kamuva, yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi umthelela wesihlanu.

Ukutholakala kwalokhu okubikwa emithonjeni yezindaba kuhilela ukuqagela mayelana nezinhlayiya ezintsha ezicatshangelwayo ezinegama elithakazelisayo. X17ingasiza ukuchaza imfihlakalo yento emnyama namandla amnyama.

Ukusebenzisana okune kwaziwa: amandla adonsela phansi, amandla kazibuthe, ukusebenzisana okuqinile nokubuthakathaka kwe-athomu. Umthelela wamandla amane aziwayo odabeni, kusukela endaweni encane yama-athomu kuya esikalini esikhulu semithala, kubhalwe kahle futhi ezimweni eziningi kuyaqondakala. Nokho, uma ucabangela ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-96 obunzima bomkhathi wethu akhiwe izinto ezingacacile, ezingachazeki ezibizwa ngokuthi i-dark matter namandla amnyama, akumangazi ukuthi ososayensi sekuyisikhathi eside besola ukuthi la mandla amane awameleli yonke into emkhathini. . iyaqhubeka.

Umzamo wokuchaza amandla amasha, umbhali wawo okuyiqembu eliholwa Attila Krasnagorskaya (3), i-physics e-Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI) ye-Hungarian Academy of Sciences esizwe mayelana nekwindla edlule kwakungeyona inkomba yokuqala yokuthi amandla angaqondakali akhona.

Ososayensi abafanayo baqale babhala "ngamandla esihlanu" ngo-2016, ngemuva kokwenza ucwaningo lokuguqula ama-proton abe ama-isotopes, okuyizinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zamakhemikhali. Abacwaningi babukele njengoba ama-proton eguqula i-isotope eyaziwa ngokuthi i-lithium-7 ibe uhlobo olungazinzile lwe-athomu ebizwa ngokuthi i-beryllium-8.

3. UProf. U-Attila Krasnahorkay (kwesokudla)

Lapho i-beryllium-8 ibola, kwakheka amapheya ama-electron nama-positron, axoshana, okwenza izinhlayiya zindize ziphume nge-engeli. Ithimba belilindele ukubona ukuhlobana phakathi kwamandla okukhanya akhishwa phakathi nenqubo yokubola kanye nama-engeli lapho izinhlayiya zihlukana khona. Kunalokho, ama-electron nama-positron achezukiswa ngama-degree angu-140 cishe izikhathi eziyisikhombisa ngaphezu kwalokho okubikezelwe amamodeli awo, umphumela obungalindelekile.

“Lonke ulwazi lwethu ngomhlaba obonakalayo lungachazwa kusetshenziswa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi iStandard Model of particle physics,” kubhala uKrasnagorkay. “Nokho, ayinikezi noma yiziphi izinhlayiya ezisinda kune-electron futhi zilula kune-muon, enesisindo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-207 kune-electron. Uma sithola inhlayiya entsha efasiteleni elikhulu elingenhla, lokhu kuzobonisa ukusebenzisana okusha okungafakiwe Kumodeli Ejwayelekile. "

Into engaqondakali ibizwa ngokuthi i-X17 ngenxa yesisindo sayo esilinganiselwe sama-megaelectronvolts (MeV), cishe izikhathi ezingu-17 kune-electron. Abacwaningi babheke ukubola kwe-tritium ku-helium-34 futhi baphinde babona ukukhishwa kwe-diagonal okungavamile, okubonisa inhlayiya enesisindo esingaba ngu-4 MeV.

"I-photon ixhumanisa amandla kagesi, i-gluon ilamula amandla aqinile, futhi i-W ne-Z bosons ilamula amandla abuthakathaka," kuchaza u-Krasnahorkai.

“Izinhlayiya zethu i-X17 kumele zilamule ukuxhumana okusha, okwesihlanu. Umphumela omusha unciphisa amathuba okuthi isilingo sokuqala simane nje saqondana, noma ukuthi imiphumela idale iphutha lesistimu."

Into emnyama ngaphansi kwezinyawo

Kusuka ku-Universe enkulu, kusukela endaweni engacacile yezimfumbe nezimfihlakalo ze-physics enkulu, masibuyele eMhlabeni. Sibhekene nenkinga esimangazayo lapha... ngokubona nokufanekisa kahle yonke into engaphakathi (4).

Eminyakeni embalwa edlule sabhala ku-MT mayelana imfihlakalo yengqikithi yomhlabaukuthi indida ixhumene nokudalwa kwayo futhi akwaziwa kahle ukuthi injani imvelo nesakhiwo sayo. Sinezindlela ezinjengokuhlola nge amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba, futhi ikwazile ukuthuthukisa imodeli yesakhiwo sangaphakathi soMhlaba, okukhona isivumelwano sesayensi.

Nokho uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkanyezi ezikude nemithala, isibonelo, ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi yini elele ngaphansi kwezinyawo zethu kubuthakathaka. Izinto zasemkhathini, ngisho nezikude kakhulu, simane sizibone. Okufanayo akunakushiwo ngomnyombo, izingqimba zengubo, noma ngisho nezingqimba ezijulile zoqweqwe lomhlaba..

Ucwaningo oluqondile kuphela olutholakalayo. Izigodi zezintaba zibeka obala amadwala afinyelela amakhilomitha ambalwa ukushona. Imithombo yokuhlola ejulile ifinyelela ekujuleni okungaphezudlwana kuka-12 km.

Ulwazi mayelana namadwala namaminerali akha okujulile lunikezwa ama-xenoliths, i.e. izingcezwana zamatshe ezikhishwe futhi zasuswa emathunjini oMhlaba ngenxa yezinqubo zentaba-mlilo. Ngokwesisekelo sabo, izazi ze-petrologists zingakwazi ukunquma ukwakheka kwamaminerali ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana.

Ububanzi bomhlaba buyi-6371 km, okungeyona indlela elula yabo bonke "abangena ngaphakathi". Ngenxa yokucindezela okukhulu nezinga lokushisa elifinyelela cishe ku-5 degrees Celsius, kunzima ukulindela ukuthi ingaphakathi elijulile lizofinyeleleka ukuze libukwe ngokuqondile esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo.

Ngakho sazi kanjani esikwaziyo mayelana nokwakheka kwengaphakathi lomhlaba? Ulwazi olunjalo luhlinzekwa ngamaza okuzamazama komhlaba akhiqizwa ukuzamazama komhlaba, i.e. amaza okunwebeka asakazeka endaweni enwebekayo.

Bathola igama labo eqinisweni lokuthi bakhiqizwa amagalelo. Izinhlobo ezimbili zamagagasi anwebekayo (seismic) zingasabalala endaweni enwebekayo (esezintabeni): esheshayo - emide futhi ehamba kancane - enqamulayo. Okwakuqala ama-oscillations e-medium okwenzeka ngakundlela yokusakazeka kwamagagasi, kuyilapho kuma-oscillations anqamulayo we medium kwenzeka ngokuqondana nendawo yokusakazeka kwamagagasi.

Amagagasi e-Longitudinal abhalwa kuqala (lat. primae), futhi amagagasi aguquguqukayo aqoshwa okwesibili (lat. secundae), yingakho ukumaka kwawo okwendabuko ku-seismology - amagagasi e-longitudinal p kanye ne-transverse s. Amagagasi e-P acishe abe ngu-1,73 ngokushesha kuno-s.

Ulwazi olunikezwa amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba lwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha imodeli yengaphakathi lomhlaba ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezinwebekayo. Singachaza ezinye izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ngokusekelwe insimu yamandla adonsela phansi (ukuminyana, ingcindezi), ukuqaphela imisinga ye-magnetotelluric ekhiqizwa ku-mantle yomhlaba (ukusabalalisa conductivity kagesi) noma ukubola kokugeleza kokushisa koMhlaba.

Ukwakheka kwe-petrological kunganqunywa ngesisekelo sokuqhathanisa nezifundo zaselabhorethri zezakhiwo zamaminerali namadwala ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela okuphezulu namazinga okushisa.

Umhlaba ukhipha ukushisa, akwaziwa ukuthi kuvelaphi. Muva nje, kuye kwavela ithiyori entsha ehlobene nezinhlayiya ezitholakala kalula. Kukholakala ukuthi izinkomba ezibalulekile zemfihlakalo yokushisa okuvela ngaphakathi kweplanethi yethu zinganikezwa ngokwemvelo. i-neutrino - izinhlayiya zesisindo esincane kakhulu - ezikhishwa yizinqubo zemisebe ezenzeka emathunjini oMhlaba.

Imithombo eyinhloko eyaziwayo ye-radioactivity i-thorium ne-potassium engazinzile, njengoba sazi kusukela kumasampula edwala afika ku-200 km ngaphansi komhlaba. Okujule kakukaziwa.

Siyazi i-geoneutrino lawo akhishwa ngesikhathi sokubola kwe-uranium anamandla amaningi kunalawo akhishwa ngesikhathi sokubola kwe-potassium. Ngakho-ke, ngokulinganisa amandla e-geoneutrinos, singathola ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezikhipha imisebe eziphuma kuyo.

Ngeshwa, ama-geoneutrinos anzima kakhulu ukuwathola. Ngakho-ke, ukuqaphela kwabo kokuqala ngo-2003 kwakudinga umtshina omkhulu ongaphansi komhlaba ogcwele cishe. amathani oketshezi. Lezi zitholi zikala ama-neutrino ngokuthola ukungqubuzana nama-athomu oketshezini.

Kusukela lapho, i-geoneutrinos ibonwe kuphela ekuhlolweni okukodwa kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe (5). Zombili izilinganiso zibonisa lokho Cishe ingxenye yokushisa koMhlaba okuvela ku-radioactivity (ama-terawatts angu-20) ingachazwa ngokubola kwe-uranium ne-thorium. Umsuka we-50% esele... akwaziwa ukuthi yini.

5. Imephu eyisibonelo yokuqina kokukhishwa kwe-geoneutrino Emhlabeni - izibikezelo

NgoJulayi 2017, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, esaziwa nangokuthi I-DUNEihlelelwe ukuqedwa cishe ngo-2024. Lesi sikhungo sizotholakala endaweni ecishe ibe ngu-1,5 km ngaphansi komhlaba endaweni eyayiyi-Homestack, eSouth Dakota.

Ososayensi bahlela ukusebenzisa i-DUNE ukuze baphendule imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ku-physics yesimanje ngokufunda ngokucophelela i-neutrinos, enye yezinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo eziqondwa kancane.

Ngo-August 2017, ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe lososayensi lashicilela indatshana kujenali i-Physical Review D iphakamisa ukusetshenziswa okusha kwe-DUNE njengesithwebuli ukuze kufundwe ingaphakathi loMhlaba. Kumagagasi e-seismic kanye nama-boreholes, indlela entsha yokufunda ingaphakathi leplanethi izongezwa, okungenzeka, mhlawumbe, isibonise isithombe esisha ngokuphelele sayo. Nokho, lokhu kuwumbono nje okwamanje.

Kusuka ezintweni ezimnyama ze-cosmic, safika ngaphakathi kweplanethi yethu, kumnyama kancane kithi. futhi ukungangeneki kwalezi zinto kuyaphazamisa, kodwa hhayi kakhulu njengokukhathazeka ukuthi asiboni zonke izinto eziseduze noMhlaba, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisendleleni yokungqubuzana nawo.

Kodwa-ke, lesi yisihloko esihluke kancane, esisanda kuxoxa ngaso ngokuningiliziwe ku-MT. Isifiso sethu sokuthuthukisa izindlela zokubuka sinesizathu ngokugcwele kuzo zonke izimo.