Abakhi Abakhulu - Ingxenye 1

Abanye babengabasunguli abahlakaniphile, abanye beyizingcweti ezinekhono elimangalisayo. Baklame izimoto eziphelele noma izingxenye zabo ezibalulekile. Ngandlela-thile, abaklami nonjiniyela badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yezimoto. Sethula amaphrofayili abadume kakhulu kubo.

даже enhle kakhulu, imoto yokuqala kakhulu izohluleka uma ingaphumeleli ngokomshini. Lapho sithenga imoto, siqala ukunaka ukwakheka kwayo, kodwa senza isinqumo sokugcina ngemva kokuhlolwa, lapho sihlola ukuthi igibela kanjani, isebenza kanjani injini, Ukumiswa, elekthronikhi,. Futhi nakuba indima yama-stylists ekwakheni imoto ibaluleke kakhulu, ngaphandle komsebenzi wonjiniyela abanomthwalo wemfanelo kumakhenikha nakuwo wonke umsebenzi, imoto ingaba igobolondo lensimbi elincane kakhulu noma elincane.

, abaklami nonjiniyela. Amagama afana Benz, Maybach, Renault noma Porsche baziwa ngisho nayizimfundamakhwela zezimoto. Bangamavulandlela akuqale konke. Kodwa masikhumbule ukuthi abanye onjiniyela abavelele ngokulinganayo bavame ukucasha emthunzini walaba balingisi abadume kakhulu. Ukuthi Izimoto ze-Alfa Romeo kungaba yisakhiwo sodumo ngaphandle izinjini ezakhiwe uGiuseppe Bussokungenzeka yini ukucabanga ngeMercedes yezemidlalo ngaphandle Rudolf Uhlenhout, ushiye impumelelo yaseBrithani "abasebenzi basegaraji" abadumile noma ukusungulwa kwe-Bela Barenya? Vele akunjalo.

Injini yokuthungela uNicolas Otto 1876

Umjikelezo we-O kanye nodizili wokucindezela okuphezulu

Imoto yaba imoto lapho izinqola ezidonswa amahhashi zingahlanganiswa futhi zishintshwa. injini yomlilo (nakuba kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amaphayona embonini yezimoto nawo ahlola igesi kanye nokushayela kukagesi). Impumelelo ekusebenzeni kwezinjini ezinjalo kwaba ukusungulwa kohlaka oluhlakaniphile lokuzifundisa Nicholas Otto (1832-1891), okwathi ngo-1876 ngosizo lwe Evgenia Langena, kwakhiwe injini yokuqala evuthayo yangaphakathi enemivimbo emineUmgomo wokusebenza kwawo (okuthiwa umjikelezo we-Otto), ohlanganisa ukumunca uphethiloli nomoya, ukucindezelwa kwengxube, ukuqala komlilo kanye nomjikelezo wokusebenza, futhi, ekugcineni, ukususwa kwamagesi okukhipha umoya. , isasetshenziswa futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi.

I-patent yenjini ye-diesel

Ngo-1892, omunye umklami waseJalimane, Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913), wabonisa umhlaba esinye isisombululo - ukwakhiwa kwenjini ye-diesel ukuvutha okuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kwakusekelwe kakhulu ekusungulweni komklami wasePoland UJan Nadrovskyokwathi, nokho, akakwazanga ukubhalisa ilungelo lakhe lobunikazi ngenxa yokushoda kwemali. Udizili wakwenza lokho ngo-February 28, 1893, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emine. injini yokuqala kadizili esebenza ngokugcwele wayeselungile. Ekuqaleni, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, yayingafaneleki imoto, kodwa ngo-1936 ekugcineni wazithola engaphansi kwezimoto zakwaMercedes, kamuva nezinye izimoto. Udizili akazange ajabulele udumo lwakhe isikhathi eside, ngoba ngo-1913 washona ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaqondakali lapho ehamba olwandle enqamula i-English Channel.

iphayona

I-Patent yemoto yokuqala emhlabeni

Ngo-July 3, 1886, e-Ringstrasse eMannheim, eJalimane (1844-1929), wethula umphakathi isenzakalo esingavamile. imoto enamasondo amathathu enenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi enamasondo amane ngevolumu engu-954 cm3 namandla angu-0,9 hp. I-Patent-Motorvagen No. 1 yayinomlilo kagesi, futhi ukulawula kwakwenziwa i-lever eyayizungeza isondo langaphambili. Ibhentshi lomshayeli nomgibeli laligxunyekwe ohlakeni lwamapayipi ensimbi agobile, futhi amaqhuqhuva asemgwaqweni ayemanziswe iziphethu nemithombo enamaqabunga abekwe ngaphansi kwawo. IBenz yakha imoto yokuqala emlandweni, ngemali yelobolo lomkakhe uBerta, owathi, efuna ukufakazela ukuthi ukwakhiwa komyeni wakhe kwakunamandla futhi kwaphumelela, ngo-1888 wawina ngesibindi ngenguqulo yesithathu. I-Patent-Motorvagen 106 km ukusuka eMannheim kuya ePforzheim.

UCarl noBertha Benz noBenz-Victoria, owazalwa ngo-1894

UBenz ubengakwazi ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-100, eduze kwaseStuttgart, abaklami ababili abahlakaniphile bakha enye imoto engabhekwa njengemoto yokuqala: UWilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) i UGottlieb Daimler (1834-1900).

Maybach wayenobunzima ebuntwaneni (washonelwa abazali bakhe eneminyaka engu-10), kodwa waba nenhlanhla nabantu ayehlangana nabo endleleni. Owokuqala kwakungumqondisi wesikole sendawo, owaqaphela amakhono kaMaybach obuchwepheshe angavamile futhi wamnikeza umfundaze. Eyesibili kwaba UGottlieb Daimler, indodana yombhaki waseSchorndorf, okwathi, ngenxa yamakhono akhe obuchwepheshe afana ne-Maybach, wenza umsebenzi osheshayo embonini yobunjiniyela. Laba baklami ababili baqala ukuhlangana ngo-1865 lapho uDaimler, owayephethe imboni yemishini eReutilingen, eqasha iMaybach esencane. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaDaimler ngokungazelelwe ngo-1900, babesebenza ndawonye njalo. Ngemva kokuqasha u-Nikolaus Otto enkampanini, baphothula Injini yegesibase bezakhela eyabo inkundla yokucobelelana ngolwazi ngenhloso yokuyidala injini encane enamandla kaphethiloliokwakumele ayithathe esikhundleni izinjini zegesi. Kwaba yimpumelelo ngemva konyaka futhi izinyathelo ezilandelayo kwakuwukwakha eyodwa yazo izithuthuthu zokuqala emhlabeni (1885) kanye nemoto (1886). Abanumzane bayalela inqola, base bengeza injini yasekhaya. Nansi indlela edalwe ngayo imoto yokuqala diesel enamasondo amane. Ngemva konyaka, kulokhu bebodwa futhi kusukela ekuqaleni, bakha enye, imoto esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.

Imoto yokuqala evela kwaDaimler naseMaybach

Maybach naye wasungula i-nozzle carburetor, uhlelo lokushayela ibhande kanye uhlelo lokupholisa injini olusha. ULwesibili 1890 I-Daimler uguqule inkampani yaba yi-Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG). Isikhathi eside, yancintisana nenkampani yeBenz, okwathi ngemva kwempumelelo yokuqala, yalandela igalelo futhi ngo-1894 yathuthukisa imoto yokuqala ekhiqizwa ngobuningi - Vélo kusukela ngo-1894 (1200 ithengiswe), injini yesibhakela (1896), futhi ngo-1909 imoto yezemidlalo eyingqayizivele - flash (Blyskawitz) enenjini engu-200 hp. umthamo 21,5 amalitha, ngesivinini cishe 227 km / h! Ngo-1926, inkampani yakhe iBenz & Cie yahlanganiswa ne-DMG. Izimboni zeDaimler-Benz AG, ezidume kakhulu ngezimoto zeMercedes, zadalwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, uBenz wayesethathe umhlalaphansi, uDaimler wayeseshonile, futhi uMaybach esesungule eyakhe inkampani yezimoto zikanokusho. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lo wakamuva akazange abe nemoto yakhe, futhi wayencamela ukuhamba ngezinyawo noma ngethilamu.

Izimoto ezintsha zaziyizinto ezintsha eziqanjiwe kangangokuthi zathola ukuthandwa ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke. Ku-Seine, intuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu nezinto ezintsha zavela ezingqungqutheleni zePanhard & Levassor, inkampani yokuqala emhlabeni eyadalelwa ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto kuphela. Igama livela egameni labasunguli - Rene Panharda i Emil Levassoraabaqala ibhizinisi labo lezimoto ngo-1887 ngemoto enelayisensi yakwa-Daimler (ngokuqondile, inqola).

Izinto eziningi ezisunguliwe ezilolonge ukuqhutshwa kwezimoto zesimanje zingathi zenziwe yiwo womabili amadoda. Kusezimotweni zabo lapho kusetshenziswa khona u-crankshaft oxhuma injini ku-gearbox; i-clutch pedal, i-shift lever etholakala phakathi kwezihlalo, irediyetha yangaphambili. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, basungula umklamo owabusa ngemva kwalokho amashumi amaningi eminyaka, okungukuthi, imoto enamasondo amane, enenjini yangaphambili eshayela amasondo angemuva ngesitimela esisebenza ngesandla esibizwa ngokuthi. Uhlelo lwePanara.

Izinjini zePanhard neLevassor, ezakhiwe ngaphansi kwelayisensi yakwaDaimler, zathengwa omunye unjiniyela ongumFulentshi onekhono. U-Arman Peugeot kwathi ngo-1891 waqala ukuzifaka ezimotweni zomklamo wakhe, esungula inkampani yakwaPeugeot. Ngo-1898 waklama imoto yakhe yokuqala. ULouis Reno. Kule ndoda enethalente ezifundise yona, ekuqaleni esebenza endaweni yokusebenzela encane ebisesibayeni esisengadini yomndeni wakubo eBillancourt, sikweleta, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuhambisa igiya elishelelayo elinamagiya amathathu futhi Shayela shaftedlulisa amandla enjinini yangaphambili iye emasondweni angemuva.

Ngemuva kwempumelelo ekwakheni imoto yokuqala ebizwa ngokuthi Inqola, uLouis wasungula inkampani iRenault Freres (Renault Brothers) ngoMashi 30, 1899, kanye nabafowabo uMarcel noFernand. Umsebenzi wabo ohlanganyelwe, ikakhulukazi, imoto yokuqala enomzimba ovaliwe amabhuleki esigubhu. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, uLouis naye wakha eyokuqala eyake yaba khona amathangi - odumile Imodeli ye-FT17.

Futhi e-United States, onjiniyela nabaklami abaningi abazifundisa bona bazama ukuzakhela izimoto zabo, kodwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokuphayona, iningi labo lasebenzisa izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezimotweni zabo, njengesiteringi esimise okwesondo esikhundleni sethila. . , "H" isistimu yegiya, i-accelerator noma injini yokuqala engamasilinda ayi-12 efakwe emotweni yomgibeli (i-Twin Six kusukela ngo-1916).

Racing Masterpieces

Yize impumelelo yonjiniyela abafana neBenz, Levassor, Renault nePeugeot emkhakheni wezimoto zezemidlalo ibibaluleke kakhulu, bekuyikhona kuphela. Ettore Bugatti (1881-1947), umNtaliyane owazalelwa eMilan kodwa esebenza ngesiJalimane kwase kuba yi-Alsace yesiFulentshi, wabanyusela ezingeni lemisebenzi yobuciko bemishini nesitayela. Njenge izimoto zikanokushongoba izimoto zokugijima kanye nama-limousine kwakuyizinto ezikhethekile ze-Bugatti de la maison. Kakade eneminyaka engu-16 wasungula izinjini ezimbili ngebhayisikili elinesithathu wabamba iqhaza emijahweni yezimoto engu-10, wanqoba eyisishiyagalombili. Izimpumelelo Ezinkulu Kakhulu zika-Bugatti Thayipha amamodeli angama-35, Thayipha upiyano wama-41 i Thayipha i-57SC Atlantic. Eyokuqala ingenye yezimoto zomjaho ezidume kakhulu emlandweni, engxenyeni yesibili yeminyaka yama-20s le moto enhle yakudala yawina imijaho engaphezu kuka-1000. Ikhishwe ngamakhophi ayisikhombisa, i-41 Royale ibiza ngokuphindwe kathathu kunemoto ebiza kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Rolls-Royce... Ngakolunye uhlangothi I-Atlantic ingenye yezimoto ezinhle kakhulu neziyinkimbinkimbi emlandweni wezimoto.

I-Bugatti, kanye no-Alfa Romeo, baphethe imibuthano nemijaho isikhathi eside. Ngeminyaka yama-30s bajoyinwa amabutho akhulayo e-Auto Union kanye neMercedes. Eyokugcina, sibonga eyokuqala "I-Silver Arrow", okungukuthi, imodeli ye-W25. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, lo mgibeli waqala ukulahlekelwa onqenqemeni phezu izimbangi. Kwabe sekungena inhloko entsha yomnyango wezomjaho wakwaMercedes endaweni yesigameko. Rudolf Uhlenhout (1906-1989), omunye wabaklami abavelele kakhulu bezimoto zomjaho nezemidlalo emlandweni wezimoto. Kungakapheli unyaka, wasungula umcibisholo omusha weSilver (W125), kwathi ngolunye ushintsho emithethweni enciphisa amandla enjini, i-W154. Imodeli yokuqala yayinenjini engu-5663-litre ngaphansi kwe-hood, eyathuthukiswa ngu-592 km / h, yasheshisa ku-320 km / h futhi yahlala inamandla kakhulu. ngemoto yeGrand Prix kwe80!

Ngemva kweminyaka yezinxushunxushu zempi, uMercedes wabuyela e-motorsport ngenxa ye-Uhlenhaut, ubuciko obubuciko abudala ngezikhonkwane ezine, i.e. imoto W196. Ihlome ngezinto ezintsha eziningi zobuchwepheshe (okubandakanya umzimba we-magnesium alloy, ukumiswa okuzimele, 8 isilinda, injini esemgqeni ngomjovo oqondile, isikhathi se-desmodromic, i.e. eyodwa lapho ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kwama-valve kulawulwa ngamakhamera we-camshaft) kwakungenakuqhathaniswa ngo-1954-55.

Kodwa leli kwakungelona izwi lokugcina lomklami ohlakaniphile. Uma sibuza ukuthi iyiphi imoto evela eStuttgart edume kakhulu, abaningi bazothi: i-300 SL Gullwing ka-1954, noma mhlawumbe i-300 SLR, ISterling Moss wabiza "imoto yomjaho enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zakhiwa". Zombili izimoto zakhiwe Ulenhauta.

"Uphiko lwe-gull" kwakufanele lube lula kakhulu, ngakho uhlaka lwama-hull lwakhiwe ngamapayipi ensimbi. Njengoba beyibhincile yonke imoto, isixazululo kwaba ukusebenzisa ezangempela kakhulu. umnyango owehlelayoI. Uhlenhaut wayenethalente elikhulu lokugijima, kodwa iziphathimandla azizange zimvumele ukuba ahlanganyele emiqhudelwaneni, ngoba kwakuyingozi kakhulu ukukhathazeka - wayengenakushintshwa. Ngokusobala, nokho, phakathi nokuhlolwa kokushayela, ngezinye izikhathi "wayekhipha" izikhathi ezingcono kunezinganekwane Manuel Fangiofuthi kanye, sekwephuzile emhlanganweni obalulekile, washayela i-300-horsepower edumile "Uhlenhaut Coupé" (inguqulo yomgwaqo ye-SLR) esuka eMunich eya eStuttgart ngehora elilodwa nje, okuyinto nanamuhla evame ukuthatha isikhathi eside kabili. .

UManuel Fangio uwina i-Argentine Grand Prix ka-1955 kuMercedes W196R.

Okuhle kakhulu

Ngo-1999, ijaji lezintatheli zezimoto ezingama-33 lanikeza isihloko esithi "i-XNUMXth Century Automotive Engineer". UFerdinand Porsche (1875-1951). Yiqiniso, umuntu angakwazi ukuphikisana ngokuthi lo mklami waseJalimane ufanelwe indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke esiteji, kodwa umnikelo wakhe ekuthuthukiseni imboni yezimoto ngokungangabazeki mkhulu, njengoba kufakazelwa idatha eyomile - waklama izimoto ezingaphezu kuka-300 futhi wathola cishe 1000. amalungelo obunikazi bezimoto. Sihlobanisa igama le-Porsche ngokuyinhloko nalo uphawu lwezimoto zezemidlalo ezidumile kanye ne-911, kodwa umklami odumile wakwazi kuphela ukubeka izisekelo zempumelelo yemakethe yale nkampani, ngoba kwakuwumsebenzi wendodana yakhe uFerry.

IPorsche iphinde ibe ngubaba wempumelelo IVolkswagen Beetleaklama emuva ngeminyaka yama-30s ngesicelo somuntu siqu sikaHitler. Ngemva kweminyaka, kwavela ukuthi wasebenzisa kakhulu umklamo womunye umklami omkhulu, UHansa Ledwinkiilungiselelwe ama-Czech Tatras. Isimo sakhe sengqondo phakathi nempi naso sasingabaza ngokuziphatha, njengoba ayevolontiya ukuze asebenzisane namaNazi futhi esebenzisa izigqila njengezisebenzi eziphoqelelwe ezimbonini ayeziphethe.

Kodwa-ke, i-Porsche nayo yayinemiklamo eminingi "ehlanzekile" kanye nezinto ezisunguliwe. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomklami wezimoto esebenzela iLohner & Co. eVienna. Izimpumelelo zakhe zokuqala kwaba prototypes imoto kagesi - eyokuqala yalezi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Semper Vivus, eyethulwa ngo-1900, kwakuyihybrid entsha - efakwe kuma-hubs, enenjini kaphethiloli esebenza njengejeneretha yamandla. Eyesibili bekuyimoto yezinjini ezine iLohner-Porsche - imoto yokuqala emhlabeni wonke edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo.

Ngo-1906, i-Porsche yajoyina i-Austro-Daimler njengenhloko yomnyango wokuklama, lapho ayesebenza khona ngezimoto zomjaho. Kodwa-ke, wabonisa amandla akhe aphelele eDaimler-Benz kuphela, lapho adala khona enye yezimoto ezihamba phambili zezemidlalo zangaphambi kwempi - I-Mercedes SSK, futhi ngokubambisana ne-Auto Union - ngo-1932 bakhela indlela entsha Imoto yomjaho ye-P-Wagen, nenjini ngemuva komshayeli. Ngo-1931, umklami wavula inkampani esayinwe negama lakhe. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ekugcwalisekeni kwesifiso sikaHitler, waqala umsebenzi "wemoto yabantu" (Volkswagen ngesiJalimane).

UFerdinand Porsche, omunye umklami owazalelwa e-Austro-Hungarian, uzohola ekwakheni imoto enjalo. Ezinqolobaneni zeMercedes, imidwebo nemidwebo yemoto eyakhelwe kuhlaka lwe-tubular kanye ngenjini yesibhakelaifana kakhulu neyakamuva Ithanga. Umbhali wabo wayengumHungary, White Bareny (1907-1997), futhi wabadweba ngeminyaka yama-20s phakathi nezifundo zakhe, eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambi kokuba i-Porsche iqale ukusebenza kuphrojekthi efanayo.

U-Bela Barenyi uxoxa nozakwabo ngokuhlolwa okuyimpumelelo kwengozi yeMercedes

UBarenyi waxhumanisa umsebenzi wakhe wobungcweti noMercedes, kodwa wazuza ulwazi ezinkampanini zase-Austria i-Austro-Daimler, Steyr kanye ne-Adler. Isicelo sakhe sokuqala somsebenzi senqatshwa uDaimler. Ngo-1939, wavela kwinhlolokhono yesibili, lapho ilungu lebhodi leqembu uWilhelm Haspel wambuza ukuthi yini angathanda ukubona ngcono kulayini wezimoto wakwaMercedes-Benz ngaleso sikhathi. "Empeleni ... konke," u-Barenyi waphendula ngaphandle kokungabaza, futhi inyanga ngaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe II, wathatha umnyango wezokuphepha weqembu owawusanda kwakhiwa.

Barenyi akazange awacabangele ngokweqile amakhono akhe, njengoba wabonakala engomunye wabasunguli abakhiqiza kakhulu nabahlakaniphe kakhulu emlandweni. Wabhalisa ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezi-2,5. amalungelo obunikazi (eqinisweni, bekumbalwa kubo, njengoba kwezinye izimo bekuyiphrojekthi efanayo ebhaliswe emazweni ahlukene), inani eliphindwe kabili Thomas Edison. Iningi lazo zenzelwe iMercedes nokuphepha okukhathazekile. Enye yezinto eziqanjwe uBarenyi ezibaluleke kakhulu Igumbi labagibeli elingaguquguquki i izindawo zokuguquguquka ezilawulwayo (ilungelo lobunikazi 1952, laqala ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele ku-W111 ngo-1959) kanye ikholomu yokuqondisa ephephile echithekayo (i-patent 1963, eyethulwa ngo-1976 yochungechunge lwe-W123). Kuphinde kwaba ngumanduleli wokuhlolwa kokuphahlazeka. Usize ukwazisa amabhuleki ediski kanye nezinhlelo zamabhuleki ezijikeleza kabili. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, izinto azisungulile zisindise (futhi zisindisa) izimpilo zezigidi zabantu.

Ihlola indawo yokuqala yokuchotshozwa

Igumbi labagibeli elimelana nokuguqulwa

Okulingana French Ferdinand Porsche kwaba U-Andre Lefebvre (1894-1964), ngokungangabazeki omunye wabaklami abanamakhono kakhulu emlandweni wemboni yezimoto. I-Citroen traction Avant, I-2CV, DS, HY Lezi izimoto ezazakhela udumo lomkhiqizi waseFrance kanye nezinye zezimoto ezibalulekile nezithokozisayo ezake zenziwa. Wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakhiwa kwazo. Lefebvre, ngokusekelwa unjiniyela ovelele ngokulinganayo Paula Magesa kanye ne-stylist evelele UFlaminio Bertonego.

Ngayinye yalezi zimoto yayisiyingqalabutho futhi inentsha. I-Thrust Avant (1934) - uchungechunge lokuqala imoto ehamba ngamasondo angaphambili, enomzimba ozimele onevolumu eyodwa, ukumiswa kwamasondo okuzimele (okuklanywe nguFerdinand Porsche) kanye amabhuleki we-hydraulic. I-2CV (1949), elula kakhulu ekwakhiweni, kodwa eguquguqukayo kakhulu, ehamba ngezimoto eFrance, eyagcina yaba imoto yehlelo nemfashini. DS yayihlukile ngayo yonke indlela ngesikhathi ingena emakethe ngo-1955. Bekusele iminyaka emincane ngaphambi komncintiswano ngenxa yentuthuko yawo yezobuchwepheshe, efana nokumiswa kwe-hydro-pneumatic enikeza ukunethezeka okungenakuqhathaniswa. Ngokwesinye isandla HY ibhokisi lokuthumela (1947) ayihlabanga nje kuphela ngokubukeka kwayo (ishidi likathayela), kodwa futhi nokusebenza kwayo.

"unkulunkulukazi" wezimoto, noma i-Citroën DS