Ukushayela kokuhlola ukuphishekela iphupho: ukusuka e-Wankel kuya enjini ye-HCCI

Injini ejikelezayo iwusize kanjani umkhiqizo waseJapan iMazda ukuthi ube yilokho oyikho namuhla

Eminyakeni engama-60 ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwe-prototype yokuqala yokusebenza yenjini ye-Wankel, eminyakeni engama-50 ngemuva kokwethulwa kwayo yi-Mazda kanye nesimemezelo esisemthethweni senkampani ukuthi isidale injini esebenzayo ye-HCCI, lesi yisikhathi sokubuyela emlandweni wale ngqayizivele. injini yokushisa.

I-Mazda ayisakufihli ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwenjini esebenza ebangeni elibanzi lokusebenzisa izindlela ze-HCCI - noma ukuxutshwa okulinganayo nokushisa kokucindezela, kuphumelele, futhi ihlose ukuqala uchungechunge lokukhiqiza injini enjalo kusukela ngo-2019. Akumangalisi ukuthi i-Mazda ingahlala imangalisa umphakathi wezimoto. Ngisho nokubuka kancane emibhalweni yomlando yomkhiqizo kwanele ukuthola imithombo yalesi sitatimende. Kuze kube muva nje, inkampani yaseJapane iyona yedwa futhi eshisekayo ye-Wankel umqondo kanye nomkhiqizi wokuqala wezimoto ezinezinjini ezisebenza kumjikelezo weMiller (Mazda Xedos 9 kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-2003, bese kuba yi-Demio, eyaziwa eYurophu ngokuthi i-Mazda 2).

Okufanele ukubalulwa lapha injini ye-Comprex wave-compression diesel, i-cascade, i-twin-jet kanye nejiyometri eguquguqukayo ephoqelelwe yenjini kaphethiloli (izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-Mazda RX-7), amasistimu okuqondisa ama-axle angemuva asebenzayo angu-626 kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s. iminyaka, uhlelo oluyingqayizivele lwe-i-Stop start-stop, lapho ukuqala kusekelwa inqubo yokuvutha, kanye nesistimu yokubuyisela amandla usebenzisa i-i-Eloop capacitors. Okokugcina, qaphela iqiniso lokuthi ukuphela komkhiqizi wase-Japan owine i-24 Hours of Le Mans - ngemoto esebenza nge-Wankel, kunjalo! Mayelana nesitayela, amamodeli afana ne-Luce, i-Wankel Cosmo Sport, i-RX-7 ne-RX-8, i-MX-5 Roadster kanye ne-Mazda 6 zikhuluma kakhulu ngokuhluka komkhiqizo kule ndawo. Kodwa akugcini lapho - eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinjini ze-Skyactiv azizange zibonise kuphela ukuthi injini evuthayo isenendlela ende okufanele ihambe ngayo, kodwa ukuthi i-Mazda ingakwazi ukuyikhombisa indlela yayo.

Kuningi esizokutshela ngokuthuthuka konjiniyela benkampani ngemuva kohambo lwethu oluzayo ngokumenywa kweMazda eJapan ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba. Kodwa-ke, izizathu zalesi sihloko akuzona kuphela ezitholakala esihlokwaneni esingenhla. Ngoba ukuqonda izizathu zokuthi kungani abadali beMazda bekwazile ukudala injini yabo ye-HCCI, kungadingeka ukuthi sibuyele emlandweni wenkampani.

Injini ye-Rotary njengesisekelo se-Skyactiv-X

Buza i-ultramarathoner eqede umzila wamakhilomitha angu-160 uma kuzoba nezinkinga zokuqeda umjaho ojwayelekile wamakhilomitha angama-42. Nokho, angase angawagijimisi amahora amabili, kodwa angaqhubeka okungenani amanye amahora angama-42 ngejubane elihloniphekile. Ngalo mcabango, uma inkampani yakho inekomkhulu e-Hiroshima, uma sekungamashumi eminyaka uzabalaza nezinkinga ezinkulu zokujikeleza kwe-piston injini futhi uxazulule amakhulu ezinkinga ngokugcotshwa noma ukukhishwa kwegesi, imiphumela yamagagasi kanye ne-turbocharging, noma ikakhulukazi izinqubo zokushiswa kwegumbi lesikela eline-block eguquguqukayo. ivolumu esekelwe ku-Wankel, ungaba nesisekelo esizinzile sokwakha injini ye-HCCI. Ukuqala okusemthethweni kwephrojekthi ye-Skyactiv yanikezwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ngo-2007 (ngawo lowo nyaka lapho uMercedes wethula khona i-prototype ye-HCCI Diesotto eyinkimbinkimbi), futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakusenziwa i-Wankel-powered Mazda RX-8. Njengoba wazi, onjiniyela benkampani yaseJapane bazama izindlela zokusebenza ze-HCCI ngokunembile lapho benza ama-prototypes wezinjini ezijikelezayo ze-Skyactiv-R. Mhlawumbe, iphrojekthi ye-HCCI, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Mazda SPCCI (Spark Plug Conrolled Compression Ignition) noma i-Skyactiv-X, ihileleke onjiniyela bomnyango ojikelezayo kanye nomnyango wenjini kaphethiloli ne-diesel, ngoba ngisho nasekuthuthukisweni kwenqubo yomlilo e-Skyactiv-D angabona umbhalo wesandla wabantu ababandakanyekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubo ye-HCCI. UNkulunkulu uyazi lapho ukuvela kwezinjini ze-Skyactiav ziphenduka injini enyakazayo nezizithungelayo - onjiniyela be-Mazda kade baziwa ngokuba yingxenye yalesi sihloko - kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzekile ngenkathi injini ye-Wankel isaphila.

Amashumi eminyaka okukhiqiza izimoto ezijikelezayo, iningi lazo zodwa, angeke alethe iMazda imbuyiselo yezimali engathi sína, kodwa futhi izoletha ukuqashelwa umoya ongantengantengi, ukuthola izixazululo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga, ukubekezela okumangalisayo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukunqwabelana kwezimoto. isipiliyoni esikhulu nesibaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kukaKiyoshi Fujiwara, ophethe ukuhlelwa komkhiqizo e-Mazda, ngamunye wabaklami abahilelekile kuphrojekthi ye-Skyactiv uphethe umoya wenjini ye-Wankel, kodwa uphenduka ithuba lokuthuthukisa injini evamile. Noma ku-HCCI okungeyona yendabuko. “Kodwa uthando luyafana. Nguye owenza i-Skyactiv ibe ngokoqobo. Lesi sigameko sangempela sesiyinjabulo enkulu kunazo zonke empilweni yami. Kuliqiniso ukuthi zonke izinkampani zenza izimoto ukuze zidayise futhi zenze imali,” kuchaza uSeita Kanai, iNhloko yoMnyango wezokuThuthukiswa kwaMazda, “kodwa ngithembe, kithina kwaMazda, ukuthi izimoto esizakhayo zibaluleke ngendlela efanayo. zisuka ezinhliziyweni zethu, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwakhiwa kwazo kuba i-adventure yothando kithi. Amandla amakhulu aqhuba le nqubo uthando lwethu. Ukubangcono kakhulu wuthando lwami lobunjiniyela.”

Iphupho lensizwa

Mhlawumbe ngawo-60, onjiniyela bemoto yokuqala ye-Mazda esanda kukhishwa bathola "inoveli yobunjiniyela eyabo" enjini ye-Wankel. Ngoba injini ye-rotary yazalwa ephusheni lomfana waseJalimane oneminyaka engu-17 ubudala ngo-1919 futhi igama lakhe nguFelix Wankel. Ngaleso sikhathi, owazalwa ngo-1902 esifundeni saseLahr eJalimane (lapho u-Otto, uDaimler noBenz bazalelwa khona), watshela abangani bakhe ukuthi imoto yakhe yamaphupho yayinenjini eyayiyi-half turbine, half piston. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayengakabi nalo ulwazi oluyisisekelo lokubuyisela izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, kodwa ngokunembile wayekholelwa ukuthi injini yakhe ingakwazi ukwenza imijikelezo emine yomsebenzi - ukuthatha, ukucindezelwa, isenzo kanye nokukhipha lapho i-piston ijikeleza. Yilo mqondo ozomholela isikhathi eside ukudala injini ejikelezayo esebenzayo, abanye abaklami abaye bazama izikhathi ezingenakubalwa kusukela ngekhulu le-16.

Uyise kaWankel washona phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, okwathi ngemva kwalokho le nsizwa yathengisa izincwadi ezinyathelisiwe futhi yafunda izincwadi eziningi zobuchwepheshe. Ngo-1924, eneminyaka engu-22, wasungula ilabhorethri encane ukuthuthukiswa injini rotary, futhi ngo-1927 wenza imidwebo yokuqala "Die Drehkolbenmaschine" (Rotary piston umshini). Ngo-1939, i-Ministry of Aviation ehlakaniphile yathola okusanhlamvu okunengqondo enjinini ejikelezayo futhi yaphendukela kuHitler, owayala mathupha ukuthi kukhululwe uWankel, owayesejele ngaleso sikhathi ngomyalo weGauleiter yendawo, futhi ahlomise ilabhorethri yokuhlola eLake. Constance. Lapho, waklama ama-prototypes e-BMW, i-Lillethal, i-DVL, i-Junkers ne-Daimler-Benz. Kodwa-ke, injini yokuqala ye-Wankel yokuhlola yeza sekwephuzile kakhulu ukusiza ukusinda kwe-Third Reich. Ngemuva kokuzinikela kweJalimane, amaFulentshi abopha uWankel - into efanayo ababevele beyenzile noFerdinand Porsche. Ngemva konyaka, uFeliksi wakhululwa futhi, ngenxa yokuntula umsebenzi okhiqiza kakhudlwana, waqala ukubhala incwadi ekhuluma ngezinjini ze-rotary piston. Kamuva wasungula i-Technical Institute for Engineering Research futhi waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izinjini ezijikelezayo nama-compressor azosetshenziswa ezimbonini. Ngo-1951, umklami wokuvelela wakwazi ukukholisa inhloko yomnyango wezithuthuthu zezemidlalo ze-NSU, uWalter Frede, ukuba babambisane. U-Wankel kanye ne-NSU bagxilise imizamo yabo enjinini ejikelezayo enegumbi (trochoid) elimise okwe-apula kanye nepiston engunxantathu enama-arch. Ngo-1957, i-prototype yokuqala yokusebenza yenjini yakhiwa ngaphansi kwegama elithi DKN. Lolu usuku lokuzalwa lwenjini ye-Wankel.

Ama-60s: ikusasa elithembisayo lenjini ejikelezayo

I-DKM ikhombisa ukuthi injini ye-rotary ayilona nje iphupho. Injini yangempela ye-Wankel esesimweni somzimba esingashintshi esiyaziyo i-KKM elandelayo. I-NSU kanye ne-Wankel ngokuhlanganyela basebenzise imibono yokuqala ehlobene nokuvala i-piston, ukubeka i-spark plug, ukugcwaliswa kwemigodi, ukuthuthwa kwe-exhaust, ukugcoba, izinqubo zokuvutha, izinto zokwakha kanye nezikhala zokukhiqiza. Nokho, ziningi izinkinga ezisasele...

Lokhu akuvimbeli i-NSU ekumemezeleni ngokusemthethweni ukwakhiwa kwenjini yekusasa ngo-1959. Izinkampani ezingaphezu kwe-100 zinikeza ukubambisana kwezobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa i-Mercedes, i-Rolls-Royce, i-GM, i-Alfa Romeo, i-Porsche, i-Citroen, i-MAN kanye nenani lezinkampani zobunjiniyela bemishini zithenga amalayisensi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona iMazda, umengameli wayo uTsunei Matsuda ubona ikhono elikhulu enjinini. Ngaphezu kokubonisana kanye nonjiniyela be-NSU, iMazda isungula owayo uMnyango Wokuthuthukiswa Kwenjini i-Wankel, ohlanganisa onjiniyela abangama-47 ekuqaleni.

I-New York Herald Tribune imemezela injini ye-Wankel njengento esungulwe izinguquko. Ngaleso sikhathi, amasheya e-NSU aqhuma ngokoqobo - uma ngo-1957 bethengisa amamaki angu-124 aseJalimane, ngo-1960 bafinyelela ku-3000 ye-cosmic! Ngo-1960, kwasungulwa imoto yokuqala ye-Wankel-powered, i-NSU Prinz III. Yalandelwa ngoSepthemba 1963 yi-NSU Wankel Spider enenjini eyodwa engu-500 cc, eyawina umqhudelwano waseJalimane eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Kodwa-ke, ukuduma embukisweni wezimoto iFrankfurt ngo-3 kwaba iNSU Ro 1968 entsha. Isedan kanokusho, eyaklanywa uKlaus Lüthe, iyi-avant-garde ngayo yonke indlela, kanye nokuma kwayo kwe-aerodynamic (i-flow factor engu-80 ngokwayo yenza imoto ihluke. okwesikhathi sawo) kwenziwe nokwenzeka ngenjini ye-twin-rotor engusayizi omncane i-KKM 0,35. I-transmission ine-clutch ye-hydraulic, amabhuleki ama-disc amane, futhi ingxenye yangaphambili itholakala eduze nokudluliselwa. I-Ro 612 ibihlaba umxhwele ngesikhathi sayo kangangokuthi yawina iCar of the Year ngo-80. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uFelix Wankel wathola i-PhD yakhe e-Technical University of Munich futhi wathola indondo yegolide ye-German Federation of Engineers, umklomelo ohlonishwa kakhulu wezimpumelelo zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe eJalimane.

(ukulandela)

Umbhalo: UGeorgy Kolev