Endlini yami engenzi lutho...

“Kufanele kube kubanda ebusika,” kusho i-classic. Kuvele ukuthi akudingekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze ufudumale isikhathi esifushane, akudingekile ukuba ungcolile, unuke futhi ube yingozi emvelweni.

Njengamanje, singaba nokushisa ezindlini zethu hhayi ngenxa kawoyela, igesi nogesi. Amandla elanga, i-geothermal ngisho nomoya ajoyine ingxube endala yamafutha kanye nemithombo yamandla eminyakeni yakamuva.

Kulo mbiko, ngeke sithinte izinhlelo ezisathandwa kakhulu ezisekelwe kumalahle, uwoyela noma igesi ePoland, ngoba inhloso yocwaningo lwethu akukhona ukwethula lokho esivele sikwazi kahle, kodwa ukwethula ezinye izindlela zesimanje, ezikhangayo ngokwemibandela ye ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokonga amandla.

Vele, ukushisisa okusekelwe ekushisweni kwegesi yemvelo kanye nokuphuma kwayo nakho kuyahambisana nemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ngokombono wasePoland, kunobubi ukuthi asinazo izinsiza ezanele zalawa mafutha ezidingweni zasekhaya.

Amanzi nomoya

Izindlu eziningi nezakhiwo zokuhlala ePoland zishiswa ngamasistimu we-boiler wendabuko nama-radiator.

I-boiler ephakathi itholakala esikhungweni sokufudumeza noma igumbi lokubhayela ngalinye lesakhiwo. Umsebenzi wayo usekelwe ekunikezeni umusi noma amanzi ashisayo ngamapayipi kuma-radiator atholakala emakamelweni. I-radiator yakudala - isakhiwo esime mpo sensimbi - ngokuvamile sibekwe eduze kwamafasitela (1).

1. Ihitha yendabuko

Ezinhlelweni ze-radiator zanamuhla, amanzi ashisayo asakazwa kuma-radiator kusetshenziswa amaphampu kagesi. Amanzi ashisayo akhulula ukushisa kwawo kurediyetha futhi amanzi apholile abuyela kubhayela ukuze afudumale ngokwengeziwe.

Ama-radiator angashintshwa ngephaneli "enolaka" kancane noma ama-heaters odongeni ngombono wobuhle - kwesinye isikhathi abizwa nangokuthi lokho okubizwa. ama-radiators okuhlobisa, athuthukiswe ngokucabangela ukuklama nokuhlobisa kwezakhiwo.

Ama-radiator alolu hlobo alula kakhulu ngesisindo (futhi ngokuvamile ngobukhulu) kunama-radiators anezinsimbi zensimbi. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-radiators zalolu hlobo emakethe, ezihluke kakhulu ngobukhulu bangaphandle.

Amasistimu amaningi okushisa esimanje abelana ngezinto ezijwayelekile nemishini yokupholisa, kanti amanye ahlinzeka ngokushisisa nokupholisa.

Ukuqokwa I-HVAC (ukushisisa, ukungena komoya kanye nesiphephetha-moya) sisetshenziswa ukuchaza yonke into kanye nokungena komoya endlini. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi kusetshenziswa luphi uhlelo lwe-HVAC, inhloso yazo zonke izinto zokushisisa ukusebenzisa amandla ashisayo asuka emthonjeni kaphethiloli bese uwadlulisela ezindaweni zokuhlala ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elikhululekile le-ambient.

Amasistimu okushisa asebenzisa izinto zokubasa ezihlukahlukene njengegesi yemvelo, i-propane, uwoyela wokushisisa, ama-biofuels (njengezinkuni) noma ugesi.

Amasistimu omoya aphoqelelwe ihhavini elishisayo, ezinikeza umoya oshisayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zekhaya ngoxhaxha lwamapayipi, zithandwa eNyakatho Melika (2).

2. Igumbi le-boiler yesistimu nokujikeleza komoya okuphoqelekile

Lesi kuseyisixazululo esingavamile ePoland. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni ezintsha zezentengiselwano nasezindlini zangasese, ngokuvamile ngokuhambisana neziko. Amasistimu okujikeleza komoya okuphoqelekile (okuhlanganisa. ukungena komoya ngomshini ngokubuyiswa kokushisa) lungisa izinga lokushisa legumbi ngokushesha okukhulu.

Lapho kubanda, zisebenza njenge-heater, futhi lapho kushisa, zisebenza njengesimiso sokupholisa umoya. Okujwayelekile eYurophu nasePoland, amasistimu e-CO anezitofu, amakamelo obhayela, ama-radiator amanzi kanye ne-steam asetshenziselwa ukushisa kuphela.

Amasistimu omoya aphoqelelwe ngokuvamile nawo awasefa ukuze asuse uthuli nezinto ezingezwani nazo. Amadivaysi okushisa (noma okomisa) nawo akhiwe ohlelweni.

Ukungalungi kwalezi zinhlelo isidingo sokufaka imigudu yokukhipha umoya futhi ubeke indawo yazo ezindongeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalandeli ngezinye izikhathi banomsindo futhi umoya ohambayo ungasakaza izifo (uma iyunithi inganakekelwa kahle).

Ngaphezu kwezinhlelo ezaziwa kakhulu kithi, i.e. ama-radiator namayunithi okuphakelwa komoya, kukhona amanye, ikakhulukazi esimanje. Ihlukile ekushiseni okuphakathi kwe-hydronic kanye nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ngempoqo ngoba ishisa ifenisha nephansi, hhayi nje umoya.

Idinga ukubekwa ngaphakathi kwezitezi zikakhonkolo noma ngaphansi kwezitezi zokhuni zamapayipi epulasitiki aklanyelwe amanzi ashisayo. Kuyisistimu ethule neyonga amandla iyonke. Ayishisi ngokushesha, kodwa igcina ukushisa isikhathi eside.

Kukhona futhi "ukufaka amathayela phansi", okusebenzisa ukufakwa kukagesi okufakwe ngaphansi (imvamisa amathayela e-ceramic noma amatshe). Awonga amandla amancane kunezinhlelo zamanzi ashisayo futhi asetshenziswa kuphela ezindaweni ezincane njengezindlu zangasese.

Olunye, uhlobo lwesimanje lokushisa. uhlelo lwe-hydraulic. Izifudumezi zamanzi ze-baseboard zifakwe phansi odongeni ukuze zikwazi ukudweba umoya obandayo ovela ngaphansi kwekamelo, bese zishisa futhi zibuyisele ngaphakathi. Asebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunamaningi.

Lezi zinhlelo futhi zisebenzisa i-boiler emaphakathi ukushisa amanzi ageleza ngesistimu yamapayipi ukuze ahlukanise izinto zokushisisa. Eqinisweni, lena inguqulo ebuyekeziwe yesistimu ye-radiator eqondile endala.

Ama-radiator panel kagesi nezinye izinhlobo azivamile ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziyinhloko zokushisa ekhaya. izifudumezi zikagesiikakhulukazi ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zikagesi. Kodwa-ke, zihlala ziyinketho yokushisa eyengeziwe ethandwayo, isibonelo ezindaweni zonyaka (njengamaveranda).

Izifudumezi zikagesi zilula futhi azibizi ukuzifaka, azidingi amapayipi, ukungena komoya noma ezinye izinto zokusabalalisa.

Ngaphezu kwama-heater panel ajwayelekile, kukhona nezifudumezi ezikhazimulayo zikagesi (3) noma amalambu okushisa adlulisa amandla ezintweni ezinezinga lokushisa eliphansi ngokusebenzisa emisebeni kagesi.

3. I-heater ye-infrared

Ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa lomzimba okhipha imisebe, ubude begagasi bemisebe ye-infrared busuka ku-780 nm kuye ku-1 mm. Izifudumezi ze-infrared zikagesi zisakaza kufika ku-86% wamandla azo okokufaka njengamandla akhazimulayo. Cishe wonke amandla kagesi aqoqiwe aguqulwa abe ukushisa kwe-infrared kusuka ku-filament futhi athunyelwe ngokuqhubekayo ngezibonisi.

I-Geothermal Poland

Amasistimu okushisa okushisa komhlaba - athuthuke kakhulu, isibonelo e-Iceland, anentshisekelo ekhulayolapho onjiniyela bokumba ngaphansi (kwe-IDDP) becwila ngokuqhubekayo emthonjeni wokushisa wangaphakathi weplanethi.

Ngo-2009, ngesikhathi kubholwa i-EPDM, yachitheka ngephutha endaweni yokugcina amanzi etholakala cishe amakhilomitha amabili ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, umthombo we-geothermal onamandla kakhulu emlandweni onamandla angaba ngu-2 MW wamandla watholakala.

Ososayensi banethemba lokufinyelela i-Mid-Atlantic Ridge, umgwaqo omude kunawo wonke ophakathi nolwandle eMhlabeni, umngcele wemvelo phakathi kwamapuleti e-tectonic.

Lapho, i-magma ishisa amanzi olwandle ezingeni lokushisa elingu-1000°C, futhi umfutho uphakeme izikhathi ezingamakhulu amabili kunomfutho womkhathi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza umusi ophakeme kakhulu ngokukhipha amandla angu-50 MW, okuphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi kunomthombo ojwayelekile we-geothermal. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi kungenzeka ukugcwaliswa kabusha ngezinkulungwane ezingama-50. Izindlu.

Uma iphrojekthi ibonakala iphumelela, efanayo ingasetshenziswa kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, isibonelo, eRussia. eJapan noma eCalifornia.

4. Ukubona ngeso lokhozi okuthiwa. amandla e-geothermal angajulile

Ngokwethiyori, i-Poland inezimo ezinhle kakhulu ze-geothermal, njengoba i-80% yendawo yezwe igcwele izifundazwe ezintathu ze-geothermal: I-Central European, i-Carpathian ne-Carpathian. Kodwa-ke, amathuba angempela okusebenzisa amanzi ashisayo athinta u-40% wendawo yezwe.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi lalezi zindawo zokugcina amanzi lingu-30-130 ° C (kwezinye izindawo ngisho no-200 ° C), futhi ukujula kokwenzeka emadwaleni e-sedimentary kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-10 km. Ukuphuma kwemvelo kuyivelakancane kakhulu (Sudety - Cieplice, Löndek-Zdrój).

Nokho, lokhu kungokunye. i-geothermal ejulile enemithombo efinyelela ku-5 km, nokunye okunye, okuthiwa. i-geothermal engajulile, lapho kuthathwa khona ukushisa komthombo phansi kusetshenziswa ukufakwa okungajulile okugqitshwe (4), ngokuvamile kusuka kokumbalwa kuya ku-100 m.

Lezi zinhlelo zisekelwe kumaphampu okushisa, okuyisisekelo, afana namandla we-geothermal, ukuthola ukushisa emanzini noma emoyeni. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi sekukhona amashumi ezinkulungwane zezixazululo ezinjalo ePoland, futhi ukuthandwa kwabo kukhula kancane kancane.

Iphampu yokushisa ithatha ukushisa ngaphandle futhi ikudlulisele ngaphakathi kwendlu (5). Isebenzisa ugesi omncane kunamasistimu okushisa ajwayelekile. Uma kufudumele ngaphandle, kungenza okuphambene nesifudumezi-moya.

5. Uhlelo lwephampu yokushisa ye-compressor elula: 1) i-condenser, 2) i-throttle valve - noma i-capillary, 3) i-evaporator, 4) i-compressor

Uhlobo oludumile lwephampu yokushisa yomthombo womoya isistimu yokuhlukanisa encane, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-ductless. Isekelwe kuyunithi ye-compressor yangaphandle encane uma kuqhathaniswa kanye neyunithi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yokubamba komoya yasendlini engangezwa kalula emakamelweni noma ezindaweni ezikude zekhaya.

Amaphampu okushisa anconywa ukuthi afakwe ezindaweni ezipholile. Zihlala zingasebenzi kahle ezimweni zezulu ezishisa kakhulu nezibanda kakhulu.

Amasistimu okushisa nokupholisa amuncwa awanikezwa amandla kagesi, kodwa ngamandla elanga, amandla e-geothermal noma igesi yemvelo. Iphampu yokushisa yokumunca isebenza ngendlela efanayo kakhulu nanoma iyiphi enye iphampu yokushisa, kodwa inomthombo wamandla ohlukile futhi isebenzisa isixazululo se-ammonia njengesiqandisi.

Ama-hybrid angcono

Ukuthuthukisa amandla kufinyelelwe ngempumelelo ezinhlelweni ezixubile, ezingasebenzisa amaphampu okushisa kanye nemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.

Olunye uhlobo lwesistimu ye-hybrid Iphampu yokushisa ngokuhlangana nge-boiler ejiyayo. Iphampu ithatha kancane umthwalo kuyilapho isidingo sokushisa silinganiselwe. Uma kudingeka ukushisa okwengeziwe, i-boiler condensing ithatha umsebenzi wokushisa. Ngokufanayo, iphampu yokushisa ingahlanganiswa ne-boiler eqinile yamafutha.

Esinye isibonelo sesistimu ye-hybrid yinhlanganisela iyunithi yokujiya enesistimu yokushisa yelanga. Uhlelo olunjalo lungafakwa kuzo zombili izakhiwo ezikhona nezintsha. Uma umnikazi wokufaka efuna ukuzimela okwengeziwe ngokwemithombo yamandla, iphampu yokushisa ingahlanganiswa nokufakwa kwe-photovoltaic futhi ngaleyo ndlela isebenzise ugesi owenziwe izixazululo zabo zasekhaya zokushisa.

Ukufakwa kwe-solar kunikeza ugesi oshibhile ukunika amandla iphampu yokushisa. Ugesi owengeziwe okhiqizwa ugesi ongasetshenziswa ngokuqondile esakhiweni ungasetshenziswa ukushaja ibhethri lesakhiwo noma udayiselwe igridi yomphakathi.

Kuyafaneleka ukugcizelela ukuthi amajeneretha esimanje kanye nokufakwa okushisayo kuvame ukufakwa izixhumanisi ze-inthanethi futhi ingalawulwa ukude kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokusebenza kuthebhulethi noma i-smartphone, ngokuvamile kusuka noma yikuphi emhlabeni, okuvumela abanikazi bezindawo ukuthi balungiselele futhi bonge izindleko.

Akukho lutho olungcono kunamandla enziwe ekhaya

Yebo, noma iyiphi isistimu yokushisisa izodinga imithombo yamandla noma kunjalo. Iqhinga liwukwenza lokhu kube yisixazululo esingabizi kakhulu futhi esingabizi kakhulu.

Ekugcineni, imisebenzi enjalo inamandla akhiqizwa "ekhaya" kumamodeli abizwa microcogeneration () noma I-microTPP ().

Ngokusho kwencazelo, lokhu kuyinqubo yezobuchwepheshe ehlanganisa ukukhiqizwa okuhlangene kokushisa nogesi (ngaphandle kwegridi) ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamadivayisi amancane naphakathi kwamandla axhunyiwe.

I-micro cogeneration ingasetshenziswa kuzo zonke izikhungo lapho kunesidingo ngasikhathi sinye sikagesi nokushisa. Abasebenzisi abavame kakhulu bezinhlelo ezibhanqiwe yibo bobabili abamukeli ngabanye (6) kanye nezibhedlela nezikhungo zemfundo, izikhungo zezemidlalo, amahhotela nezinsiza ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi.

6. Uhlelo lwamandla lwasekhaya

Namuhla, unjiniyela wamandla wasendlini ojwayelekile usevele enobuchwepheshe obuningi bokukhiqiza amandla ekhaya nasegcekeni: ilanga, umoya negesi. (i-biogas - uma "ingabakhe") ngempela.

Ngakho ungakwazi ukukhwela ophahleni, okungafanele kudidaniswe namajeneretha okushisa futhi okuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukushisa amanzi.

Ingabuye ifinyelele encane izinjini zomoyangezidingo zomuntu ngamunye. Imvamisa zibekwe phezu kwezinsika ezigqitshwe phansi. Okuncane kunabo bonke, okunamandla ka-300-600 W kanye ne-voltage engu-24 V, kungafakwa ophahleni, inqobo nje uma umklamo wabo uguqulelwe kulokhu.

Ezimweni zasekhaya, izitshalo zamandla ezinamandla ka-3-5 kW zivame ukutholakala, okuthi, kuye ngezidingo, inani labasebenzisi, njll. - kufanele kube ngokwanele ukukhanyisa, ukusebenza kwemishini yasendlini ehlukahlukene, amaphampu amanzi e-CO nezinye izidingo ezincane.

Amasistimu ane-thermal ephumayo engaphansi kuka-10 kW kanye namandla kagesi ka-1-5 kW asetshenziswa kakhulu emakhaya ngamanye. Umqondo wokusebenzisa "i-micro-CHP yasekhaya" enjalo ukubeka umthombo wakho kokubili ugesi nokushisa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esihlinzekiwe.

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla omoya wasekhaya busathuthukiswa. Isibonelo, ama-windmill amancane akwa-Honeywell ahlinzekwa yi-WindTronics (7) enendwangu ecishe ifane nesondo lebhayisikili elinamacembe anamathiselwe, cishe ububanzi obungu-180 cm, akhiqiza u-2,752 kWh ngesivinini somoya esimaphakathi esingu-10 m/s. Amandla afanayo anikezwa ama-Windspire turbines anomklamo oqondile ongajwayelekile.

7. Ophephela be-Honeywell abancane babekwe ophahleni lwendlu

Phakathi kobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuthola amandla emithonjeni evuselelekayo, kufanelekile ukunaka i-biogas. Leli gama elijwayelekile lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza amagesi avuthayo akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokubola kwezinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo, ezifana nendle, imfucumfucu yasekhaya, umquba, imfucumfucu yezolimo kanye ne-agri-food industry, njll.

Ubuchwepheshe obuvela ekuhlanganiseni okudala, okungukuthi ukukhiqizwa okuhlangene kokushisa nogesi ekushiseni okuhlangene kanye nezitshalo zamandla, enguqulweni yayo "encane" isencane kakhulu. Ukusesha izixazululo ezingcono nezisebenza kahle kusaqhubeka. Njengamanje, amasistimu amakhulu ambalwa angabonakala, okuhlanganisa: izinjini eziphindaphindayo, izinjini zegesi, amasistimu enjini ye-Stirling, umjikelezo we-organic Rankine, namaseli kaphethiloli.

Injini ye-Stirling iguqula ukushisa kube amandla emishini ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuvutha enobudlova. Ukunikezwa kokushisa kuketshezi olusebenzayo - igesi yenziwa ngokushisa udonga lwangaphandle lwe-heater. Ngokuhlinzeka ngokushisa okuvela ngaphandle, injini inganikezwa amandla ayisisekelo avela cishe kunoma yimuphi umthombo: izinhlanganisela ze-petroleum, amalahle, izinkuni, zonke izinhlobo zokubasa kwegesi, i-biomass ngisho namandla elanga.

Lolu hlobo lwenjini luhlanganisa: ama-piston amabili (abanda futhi afudumele), isishintshi sokushisa esivuselelayo kanye nezishintshisi zokushisa phakathi koketshezi olusebenzayo nemithombo yangaphandle. Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisebenza emjikelezweni yi-regenerator, ethatha ukushisa koketshezi olusebenzayo njengoba lugeleza lusuka endaweni eshisayo luya endaweni epholile.

Kulezi zinhlelo, umthombo wokushisa ngokuyinhloko amagesi okukhipha umoya akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokushiswa kukaphethiloli. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukushisa okuvela kumjikelezo kudluliselwa emthonjeni wokushisa ophansi. Ekugcineni, ukusebenza kahle kokujikeleza kuncike emehlukweni wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwale mithombo. Uketshezi olusebenzayo lwalolu hlobo lwenjini yi-helium noma umoya.

Izinzuzo zezinjini ze-Stirling zihlanganisa: ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu jikelele, izinga eliphansi lomsindo, ukonga kukaphethiloli uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlelo, isivinini esiphansi. Yiqiniso, akufanele sikhohlwe mayelana nokushiyeka, okuyinhloko okuyinani lokufaka.

Izindlela zokuhlanganisa ezifana Umjikelezo we-Rankine (ukuthola ukushisa emijikelezweni ye-thermodynamic) noma injini ye-Stirling idinga ukushisa kuphela ukuze isebenze. Umthombo wayo ungaba, isibonelo, amandla elanga noma geothermal. Ukukhiqiza ugesi ngale ndlela usebenzisa umqoqi nokushisa ishibhile kunokusebenzisa amaseli e-photovoltaic.

Umsebenzi wentuthuko nawo uyaqhubeka amaseli kaphethiloli kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo ezitshalweni zokuzalanisa. Esinye sezixazululo ezintsha zalolu hlobo emakethe I-ClearEdge. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi eqondene nesistimu ethile, lobu buchwepheshe buguqula igesi ekusilinda ibe yi-hydrogen kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili. Ngakho akukho mlilo lapha.

Ingqamuzana le-hydrogen likhiqiza ugesi, nawo osetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukushisa. Amangqamuzana kaphethiloli awuhlobo olusha lwedivayisi oluvumela amandla amakhemikhali kaphethiloli wegesi (imvamisa i-hydrogen noma i-hydrocarbon fuel) ukuthi aguqulwe ngokusebenza kahle okukhulu ngokusabela kwe-electrochemical abe ugesi nokushisa - ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushisa igesi nokusebenzisa amandla emishini, njengoba kunjalo, isibonelo, ezinjinini noma kuma-turbines egesi.

Ezinye izakhi zinganikwa amandla hhayi nge-hydrogen kuphela, kodwa futhi ngegesi yemvelo noma lokho okubizwa. i-reformate (i-reforming gas) etholwe ngenxa yokucubungula uphethiloli we-hydrocarbon.

I-accumulator yamanzi ashisayo

Siyazi ukuthi amanzi ashisayo, okungukuthi, ukushisa, angaqoqwa futhi agcinwe esitsheni esikhethekile sasendlini isikhathi esithile. Isibonelo, zivame ukubonakala eduze kwabaqoqi belanga. Nokho, akuwona wonke umuntu ongase azi ukuthi kukhona into enjalo izinqolobane ezinkulu zokushisanjengama-accumulators amakhulu wamandla (8).

8. I-accumulator yokushisa enhle kakhulu eNetherlands

Amathangi okugcina esikhathi esifushane ajwayelekile asebenza ngomfutho womoya. Avalwe kahle futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni isidingo ngesikhathi samahora aphakeme. Izinga lokushisa emathangeni anjalo lingaphansi kancane kuka-100°C. Kufanelekile ukungeza ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ngezidingo zesistimu yokushisa, amathangi amadala amafutha aguqulwa abe ama-accumulators okushisa.

Ngo-2015, isiJalimane sokuqala ugqoko wezoni ezimbili. Lobu buchwepheshe bugunyazwe i-Bilfinger VAM..

Isixazululo sisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwesendlalelo esiguquguqukayo phakathi kwezindawo zamanzi ezingaphezulu neziphansi. Isisindo sendawo engenhla senza ingcindezi endaweni ephansi, ukuze amanzi agcinwe kuwo angaba nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-100 ° C. Amanzi endaweni engenhla abanda ngokufanayo.

Izinzuzo zalesi sixazululo ziwumthamo wokushisa ophezulu ngenkathi kugcinwa umthamo ofanayo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-tank emkhathini, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izindleko eziphansi ezihambisana namazinga okuphepha uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhumbi yokucindezela.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, izinqumo ezihlobene indawo yokugcina amandla ngaphansi komhlaba. Ithangi lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba lingase libe ngokhonkolo, insimbi noma ukwakhiwa kwepulasitiki eqiniswe ngefayibha. Iziqukathi zikakhonkolo zakhiwe ngokuthululela ukhonkolo esizeni noma ezintweni ezenziwe ngaphambilini.

I-coating eyengeziwe (i-polymer noma insimbi engagqwali) ivamise ukufakwa ngaphakathi kwe-hopper ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina kokusabalalisa. Isendlalelo sokuvikela ukushisa sifakwe ngaphandle kwesiqukathi. Kukhona futhi izakhiwo ezigxilwe kuphela ngamatshe noma ambiwe ngqo emhlabathini, nase-aquifer.

I-Ecology kanye nezomnotho zibambene ngesandla

Ukushisa endlini akuxhomekile kuphela ekutheni siyishisa kanjani, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthi siyivikela kanjani ekulahlekeni kokushisa nokuphatha amandla kuyo. Iqiniso lokwakhiwa kwesimanje ukugcizelela ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ngenxa yokuthi izinto eziwumphumela zihlangabezana nezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu kokubili ngokomnotho nokusebenza.

Lokhu "i-eco" ephindwe kabili - i-ecology nomnotho. Ukubekwa ngokwandayo izakhiwo ezonga ugesi Zibonakala ngomzimba ohlangene, lapho ingozi ebizwa ngokuthi amabhuloho abandayo, i.e. izindawo zokulahlekelwa ukushisa. Lokhu kubalulekile mayelana nokuthola izinkomba ezincane kakhulu mayelana nesilinganiso sendawo yama-partitions angaphandle, acatshangelwa kanye nephansi eliphansi, kumthamo oshisiwe.

Indawo yebhafa, njengama-conservatories, kufanele ixhunywe kuso sonke isakhiwo. Bagxilisa inani elifanele lokushisa, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo benikeza odongeni oluphambene nesakhiwo, okungeyona nje isitoreji salo, kodwa futhi i-radiator yemvelo.

Ebusika, lolu hlobo lwebhafa luvikela isakhiwo emoyeni obandayo kakhulu. Ngaphakathi, kusetshenziswa umgomo wesakhiwo se-buffer sendawo - amakamelo atholakala ohlangothini oluseningizimu, namakamelo osizo - enyakatho.

Isisekelo sazo zonke izindlu ezonga amandla siwuhlelo olufanelekile lokushisisa izinga lokushisa eliphansi. I-ventilation yemishini ngokubuyiswa kokushisa isetshenziswa, okungukuthi ngama-recuperators, okuthi, ukuphefumula umoya "osetshenzisiwe", agcine ukushisa kwawo ukushisa umoya omusha oshayelwa esakhiweni.

Izinga lifinyelela kumasistimu elanga avumela ukuthi ushise amanzi usebenzisa amandla elanga. Abatshalizimali abafuna ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele imvelo bafaka namaphampu okushisa.

Omunye wemisebenzi esemqoka okufanele yenziwe yizo zonke izinto zokwakha ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okuphezulu kwe-thermal. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa izingxenye ezifudumele zangaphandle kuphela, ezizovumela uphahla, izindonga kanye nosilingi eduze nomhlabathi ukuba kube ne-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa efanele U.

Izindonga zangaphandle kufanele okungenani zibe ngamapulangwe amabili, nakuba uhlelo olunamapulangwe amathathu lungcono kakhulu ukuze lube nemiphumela engcono kakhulu. Ukutshalwa kwezimali nakho kwenziwa kumafasitela eqophelo eliphezulu, ngokuvamile anamafasitelana amathathu kanye namaphrofayili avikelwe ngokufudumele ngokwanele. Noma yimaphi amafasitela amakhulu ayilungelo lohlangothi oluseningizimu yesakhiwo - ohlangothini olusenyakatho, i-glazing ibekwe endaweni eqondile futhi ngamasayizi amancane kakhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe buhamba phambili nakakhulu izindlu ezingenzi luthoeyaziwa amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Abadali balo mqondo nguWolfgang Feist kanye no-Bo Adamson, okwathi ngo-1988 e-Lund University banikeza umklamo wokuqala wesakhiwo esidinga cishe ukungabikho okungeziwe, ngaphandle kokuvikelwa emandleni elanga. E-Poland, isakhiwo sokuqala sokungenzi lutho sakhiwa ngo-2006 eSmolec eduze kwaseWroclaw.

Ezakhiweni ezingenzi lutho, imisebe yelanga, ukutholwa kokushisa okuvela ekungeneni komoya (ukuthola kabusha), kanye nezinzuzo zokushisa ezivela emithonjeni yangaphakathi efana nezinto zikagesi nabangaphakathi kusetshenziswa ukulinganisela isidingo sokushisa sesakhiwo. Kuphela ngezikhathi zamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu, ukushisa okwengeziwe komoya okunikezwa emagcekeni kusetshenziswa.

Indlu engenzi lutho ingumbono, uhlobo oluthile lomklamo wezakhiwo, kunobuchwepheshe obuthile nokusungulwa. Le ncazelo evamile ihlanganisa izixazululo eziningi zokwakha ezihlanganisa isifiso sokunciphisa isidingo samandla - ngaphansi kuka-15 kWh/m² ngonyaka - nokulahlekelwa ukushisa.

Ukuze ufeze le mingcele futhi wonge imali, zonke izingxenye zangaphandle ezakhiweni zibonakala nge-coefficient yokudlulisa ukushisa ephansi kakhulu U. Igobolondo langaphandle lesakhiwo kumele lingakwazi ukungena ekuvuzeni komoya okungalawuleki. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwefasitela kubonisa ukulahlekelwa ukushisa okuncane kakhulu kunezixazululo ezijwayelekile.

Amafasitela asebenzisa izixazululo ezihlukahlukene zokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa, njengokucwebezela okuphindwe kabili ngongqimba oluvikelayo lwe-argon phakathi kwawo noma ukucwebezela kathathu. Ubuchwepheshe be-Passive futhi buhlanganisa nokwakha izindlu ezinophahla olumhlophe noma olukhanyayo olubonisa amandla elanga ehlobo kunokuwadonsa.

Amasistimu okushisa nokupholisa aluhlaza bathatha ezinye izinyathelo eziya phambili. Amasistimu angenzi lutho akhulisa amandla emvelo okushisa nokupholisa ngaphandle kwezitofu noma ama-air conditioner. Nokho, kukhona kakade imiqondo izindlu ezisebenzayo – ukukhiqizwa kwamandla engeziwe. Basebenzisa izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokufudumeza nokupholisa kwemishini ezinikezwa amandla elanga, amandla e-geothermal noma eminye imithombo, okuthiwa amandla aluhlaza.

Ukuthola izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza ukushisa

Ososayensi basabheka izixazululo ezintsha zamandla, ukusetshenziswa kobuciko okungasinika imithombo emisha yamandla, noma okungenani izindlela zokuyibuyisela futhi iyilondoloze.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule sabhala ngomthetho wesibili obonakala uphikisana we-thermodynamics. ukuhlola u-professor. U-Andreas Schilling kusuka eNyuvesi yaseZurich. Wakha idivayisi ukuthi, esebenzisa imojula yePeltier, ipholise ucezu lwethusi lwamagremu ayisishiyagalolunye ukusuka ekushiseni okungaphezu kuka-100 ° C kuya ekushiseni okungaphansi kwegumbi lokushisa ngaphandle komthombo wamandla wangaphandle.

Njengoba isebenzela ukupholisa, kufanele futhi ifudumale, okungadala amathuba amadivaysi amasha, asebenza kahle kakhulu angadingi, isibonelo, ukufakwa kwamaphampu okushisa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, osolwazi uStefan Seeleke kanye no-Andreas Schütze baseNyuvesi yaseSaarland baye basebenzisa lezi zakhiwo ukuze bakhe idivayisi esebenza kahle kakhulu, engavumelani nemvelo yokushisisa nokupholisa ngokusekelwe ekukhiqizeni ukushisa noma ukupholisa kwezintambo ezishayelwa. Lolu hlelo aludingi noma yiziphi izici eziphakathi, okuyinzuzo yalo yemvelo.

UDoris Soong, umsizi kaprofesa wezokwakha eNyuvesi yaseSouthern California, ufuna ukuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kwamandla okwakha ama-thermobimetallic coatings (9), izinto ezihlakaniphile ezisebenza njengesikhumba somuntu - zivikela igumbi ngokuguquguqukayo nangokushesha elangeni, zihlinzeke ngokuzingenisa komoya noma, uma kunesidingo, zilihlukanise.

9. U-Doris Soong nama-bimetals

Esebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, uSoong wenza uhlelo amawindi we-thermoset. Njengoba ilanga lihamba esibhakabhakeni, ithayela ngalinye elakha uhlelo lihamba ngokuzimela, ngokufanayo nalo, futhi konke lokhu kuthuthukisa ukubusa kokushisa ekamelweni.

Isakhiwo siba njengesidalwa esiphilayo, esisabela ngokuzimela esilinganisweni samandla avela ngaphandle. Lona akuwona kuphela umqondo wendlu "ephilayo", kodwa ihluke ngokuthi ayidingi amandla engeziwe wezingxenye ezihambayo. Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ze-coating zodwa zanele.

Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, kwakhiwa indawo yokuhlala eLindas, eSweden, eduze kwaseGothenburg. ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokufudumeza ngomqondo wendabuko (10). Umqondo wokuhlala ezindlini ezingenazo izitofu namaradiyetha eScandinavia epholile wabangela imizwa exubile.

10. Enye yezindlu ezingenayo isistimu yokushisisa eLindos, eSweden.

Umqondo wendlu wazalelwa lapho, ngenxa yezixazululo zesimanje nezakhiwo zokwakha, kanye nokuzivumelanisa okufanele nezimo zemvelo, umqondo wendabuko wokushisa njengomphumela odingekayo wokuxhuma nengqalasizinda yangaphandle - ukushisa, amandla - noma ngisho nabaphakeli bamafutha aqedwa. Uma siqala ukucabanga ngendlela efanayo ngemfudumalo yasekhaya lethu, khona-ke sisendleleni efanele.

Kufudumele, kufudumele...kuyashisa!

Uhla lwamagama lokushintshanisa ukushisa

Ukushisisa okuphakathi (CO) - ngomqondo wesimanje kusho ukufakwa lapho ukushisa kunikezwa khona izinto zokufudumeza (ama-radiators) atholakala ezakhiweni. Amanzi, isitimu noma umoya kusetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa ukushisa. Kunezinhlelo ze-CO ezihlanganisa ifulethi elilodwa, indlu, izakhiwo ezimbalwa, ngisho namadolobha wonke. Ekufakeni okuhlanganisa isakhiwo esisodwa, amanzi asakazwa amandla adonsela phansi ngenxa yezinguquko zokuminyana nezinga lokushisa, nakuba lokhu kungaphoqwa yiphampu. Ekufakweni okukhulu, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokujikeleza okuphoqelelwe kuphela.

Igumbi le-boiler - ibhizinisi lezimboni, umsebenzi oyinhloko owukukhiqizwa kwendawo yokushisa ephezulu (imvamisa amanzi) yenethiwekhi yokushisa yedolobha. Amasistimu endabuko (ama-boiler asebenzisa izibaseli ezimbiwa phansi) awavamile namuhla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kakhulu kufinyelelwa ngokukhiqizwa okuhlangene kokushisa nogesi ezitshalweni zamandla ashisayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kuphela usebenzisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kuthola ukuthandwa. Isikhathi esiningi, amandla e-geothermal asetshenziselwa le njongo, kodwa kwakhiwa ukufakwa kwe-thermal enkulu yelanga lapho kwakhiwa khona.

abaqoqi bashise amanzi ngezidingo zasendlini.

Indlu engenzi lutho, indlu yokonga amandla - izinga lokwakha elibonakala ngamapharamitha aphezulu wokufaka ama-partitions angaphandle kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenani lezixazululo ezihloselwe ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Isidingo samandla ezakhiweni ezingenzi lutho singaphansi kuka-15 kWh/(m²·year), kuyilapho ezindlini ezivamile singafinyelela ku-120 kWh/(m²·year). Ezindlini ezingenzi lutho, ukunciphisa isidingo sokushisa kukhulu kangangokuthi abasebenzisi uhlelo lokushisa lwendabuko, kodwa kuphela ukushisa okungeziwe komoya wokungenisa umoya. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukulinganisa isidingo sokushisa.

imisebe yelanga, ukubuyiswa kokushisa okuvela ekungeneni komoya (ukubuyisela kabusha), kanye nezinzuzo zokushisa ezivela emithonjeni yangaphakathi njengezinto zikagesi noma izakhamuzi ngokwazo.

Gzheinik (i-colloquially - i-radiator, evela ku-calorifère yesiFulentshi) - i-air-air noma i-steam-air exchanger heat, okuyisici sesistimu yokushisa ephakathi. Njengamanje, ama-radiator ephaneli enziwe ngamapuleti ensimbi ashiselwe asetshenziswa kakhulu. Ezinhlelweni ezintsha zokushisa ezimaphakathi, ama-radiator ane-fined cishe awasasetshenziswa, nakuba kwezinye izixazululo i-modularity yomklamo ivumela ukungezwa kwamaphiko amaningi, ngakho-ke ushintsho olulula kumandla we-radiator. Amanzi ashisayo noma isitimu sigeleza ku-heater, ngokuvamile engaveli ngqo ku-CHP. Amanzi aphakela ukufakwa konke ashiswa kumshini wokushisa ngamanzi asuka kunethiwekhi yokushisisa noma kubhayela, bese eya kumamukeli wokushisa, njengama-radiator.

I-boiler yokushisa ephakathi - idivayisi yokushisa uphethiloli oqinile (amalahle, ukhuni, i-coke, njll.), igesi (igesi yemvelo, i-LPG), uwoyela wesibaseli (uwoyela kaphethiloli) ukuze kushiswe into epholile (imvamisa amanzi) ezungeza kwisekethe ye-CH. Ngolimi oluvamile, i-boiler yokushisa ephakathi ibizwa ngokungalungile ngokuthi isitofu. Ngokungafani nesithando somlilo, esinikeza ukushisa okukhiqizwa emvelweni, i-boiler ikhipha ukushisa kwezinto ezithwalayo, futhi umzimba oshisayo uya kwenye indawo, isibonelo, ku-heater, lapho isetshenziswa khona.

i-boiler yokushisa - idivayisi enekamelo elivuthayo elivaliwe. Ama-boilers alolu hlobo athola inani elengeziwe lokushisa elivela kuma-flue gases, lawo kuma-boilers wendabuko aphuma ngoshimula. Ngenxa yalokhu, basebenza ngokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, bafinyelela ku-109%, kuyilapho kumamodeli wendabuko kufika ku-90% - i.e. basebenzisa uphethiloli kangcono, okusho ukuthi izindleko eziphansi zokushisisa. Umphumela we-condensing boilers ubonakala kangcono ekushiseni kwegesi ye-flue. Kuma-boilers wendabuko, izinga lokushisa lamagesi e-flue lingaphezu kuka-100 ° C, futhi kuma-boilers abambayo lingama-45-60 ° C kuphela.