Yiziphi izifunda ezinezimoto zikagesi eziningi?

Eminyakeni yamuva, izimoto zikagesi ziye zambozwa kabanzi, hhayi okungenani ngenxa yokuthandwa kwazo okukhulayo. Abantu baseMelika kulo lonke elase-United States bashintshela ezimotweni zikagesi (EVs). Kunezizathu ezihlukahlukene zalokhu, kodwa eziyinhloko isifiso sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kukaphethiloli nokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izinxephezelo zezezimali ezinikezwa ohulumeni bezifundazwe nohulumeni.

Sekuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba ukuthi iCalifornia iyizwe lapho izimoto zikagesi zithandwa kakhulu, njengoba kunamayunithi angaphezu kuka-400,000 athengiswa phakathi kuka-2008 no-2018. Kodwa zikuphi izindawo ezingcono kakhulu zokuhlala e-US uma unemoto kagesi? Yiziphi izifunda ezinezindleko eziphansi zokugcwalisa amafutha noma iziteshi zokushaja kakhulu?

Siqoqe inani elikhulu ledatha ukuze silinganisele isifunda sase-US ngasinye ngokwezibalo ezihlukene, futhi sihlole iphoyinti ledatha ngalinye ngemininingwane eyengeziwe ngezansi.

Ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi

Indawo esobala kakhulu ongaqala ngayo kungaba inombolo yokuthengisa. Amazwe anabanikazi be-EV abengeziwe azogqugquzeleka kakhudlwana ukuba abahlalise ngokuthuthukisa izindawo zabo ze-EV, ngaleyo ndlela enze lezo zifundazwe zibe indawo engcono yokuhlala abanikazi be-EV. Kodwa-ke, izifunda ezinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuthengisa, ngokungamangazi, ziyizifunda ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke sinqume ukubheka ukukhula kokuthengisa konyaka esifundazweni ngasinye phakathi kuka-2016 no-2017 ukuze sithole ukuthi ukukhula kwama-EVs kukhulu kangakanani.

I-Oklahoma kwakuyisifunda esinokukhula okukhulu kokuthengisa kusukela ngo-2016 kuya ku-2017. Lona umphumela omuhle kakhulu njengoba umbuso unganikezi izakhamuzi zaso izinxephezelo noma ikhefu lentela lokuthenga imoto kagesi, njengoba kwenzeka ezifundazweni eziningi.

Umbuso obone ukukhula okuncane kokudayiswa phakathi kuka-2016 no-2017 kwakuyi-Wisconsin, ehle ngo-11.4%, nakuba abanikazi be-EV banikezwa amakhredithi entela namakhredithi kaphethiloli nezinto zokusebenza. Ngokuvamile, okuwukuphela kwezifunda ezibone ukwehla kokuthengiswa bekungaseningizimu ekude, njengeGeorgia neTennessee, noma enyakatho ekude, njenge-Alaska neNyakatho Dakota.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iCalifornia iyingxenye engezansi yalesi sigaba, nakuba lokho kuyaqondakala ngoba ukuthengiswa kwe-EV sekuvele kusungulwe kahle lapho.

Ukuduma kwezimoto zikagesi ngokwezwe

Isihloko sokudayiswa sisenze sazibuza ukuthi yiziphi izimoto zikagesi ezazithandwa kakhulu esifundeni ngasinye. Ngemva kocwaningo oluthile, sihlanganise imephu ngezansi ebonisa i-EV eseshwe kakhulu ku-Google esifundeni ngasinye.

Nakuba ezinye zezimoto ezivezwe lapha kuyizimoto zikagesi ezinenani elifanele njengeChevy Bolt neKia Soul EV, eziningi zazo zibiza kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi abakwazi ukuzithenga. Umuntu angalindela uhlobo oludume kakhulu kube yi-Tesla, njengoba ifana nemoto kagesi, kodwa ngokumangalisayo, imoto kagesi ethandwa kakhulu ezifundazweni eziningi i-BMW i8, imoto yezemidlalo eyi-hybrid. Ngokuqondana nje, kuphinde kube imoto ebiza kakhulu ebalazweni.

Izimoto ezidume kakhulu kweyesi-2 nelesi-3 iningi lezifundazwe zombili yizinhlobo zeTesla okuyiModel X neModel S. Nakuba zombili lezi zimoto zingabizi njenge-i8, zisabiza impela.

Yebo, le miphumela cishe ingachazwa ngokuthi abantu abaningi abafuna lezi zimoto empeleni ngeke bazithenge; bangase bafune ulwazi ngabo ngenxa yelukuluku.

Izindleko zikaphethiloli - ugesi uma uqhathaniswa nophethiloli

Isici esibalulekile sobunikazi bemoto izindleko zikaphethiloli. Sicabange ukuthi kuzothakazelisa ukuqhathanisa i-eGallon (izindleko zokuhamba ibanga elifanayo negalani likaphethiloli) nophethiloli wendabuko. Isifunda esihamba phambili kulokhu yiLouisiana, ekhokhisa amasenti angama-87 kuphela ilitha ngalinye. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iLouisiana ijwayele ukuhlushwa ezinye izibalo - ngokwesibonelo, ikleliswe endaweni yama-44 ekukhuleni kokuthengisa konyaka futhi, njengoba sizothola ngezansi, inenombolo eyodwa ephansi kakhulu yeziteshi zokushaja uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifundazwe. Ngakho-ke kungase kube isimo esihle kakhulu ngamanani e-eGallon, kodwa kuzodingeka uthembe ukuthi uhlala endaweni yokushayela yesinye seziteshi zomphakathi noma ungase ungene enkingeni.

I-Louisiana kanye nabanye abaphezulu abangama-25 bahlobene kakhulu - umehluko phakathi kwendawo yama-25 kanye ne-1st ngamasenti angama-25 kuphela. Ngaleso sikhathi, kuma-25 aphansi, imiphumela ihlakazeke kakhulu…

Izwe elinamanani aphezulu kaphethiloli we-EV yiHawaii, lapho intengo ingu-$2.91 ilitha ngalinye. Cishe idola elingaphezu kwe-Alaska (yesibili ukusuka phansi kulolu hlu), iHawaii ayibonakali isendaweni engcono kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, umbuso unikeza izaphulelo nokukhululwa kubanikazi bezimoto zikagesi: I-Hawaiian Electric Company inikeza amanani okusebenzisa isikhathi kuwo womabili amakhasimende ahlala nawokuhweba, futhi umbuso unikeza ukukhululwa ezinkokhelweni ezithile zokupaka kanye nokusebenzisa mahhala i-HOV. imizila.

Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo kumehluko wezindleko phakathi kwezimoto zikaphethroli nezikagesi uma ucabanga ukushintsha imoto yakho. Mayelana nalokhu, izwe elisezingeni eliphezulu yiWashington, elinomehluko obalulekile we- $ 2.40, njengoba ungacabanga, ngabe lisindise imali eningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Phezu kwalokho mehluko omkhulu (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi zikaphethiloli kagesi kuleso sifundazwe), iWashington iphinde inikeze ezinye izikweletu zentela kanye nesaphulelo sika-$500 kumakhasimende anamashaja we-Tier 2 afanelekayo, okuyenza ibe yizwe elihle kubanikazi bezimoto zikagesi.

Inombolo yeziteshi zokushaja

Ukutholakala kukaphethiloli nakho kubalulekile, yingakho siklelise izwe ngalinye ngenani eliphelele leziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akunaki inani labantu - isifunda esincane singase sibe neziteshi ezimbalwa kunesikhulu, ngoba sincane isidingo sazo ngobuningi. Ngakho-ke sithathe le miphumela sayihlukanisa ngesilinganiso senani labantu, okuveza isilinganiso senani labantu neziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi.

I-Vermont ikleliswe kuqala kulesi sigaba ngabantu abangu-3,780 esiteshini sokushaja ngasinye. Ekuhloleni okwengeziwe kombuso, ikleliswe endaweni yama-42 kuphela ngokwezindleko zikaphethiloli, ngakho-ke akusona esinye sezifundazwe ezishibhe kakhulu ongahlala kuzo uma unemoto kagesi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Vermont iphinde yabona ukukhula okukhulu ekuthengisweni kwe-EV phakathi kuka-2016 no-2017, okungenzeka kusheshise ukuthuthukiswa okuhle kwezikhungo ze-EV zombuso. Ngakho, kungase kube isimo esihle ukulandela ukuthuthukiswa kwayo.

Isifunda esinabantu abaningi esiteshini esisodwa sokushaja i-Alaska, okungamangazi uma kubhekwa ukuthi kuneziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi eziyisishiyagalolunye kuphela esifundazweni sonke! Isikhundla se-Alaska siya ngokuya siba buthaka ngoba, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, isendaweni yesibili ngokwezindleko zikaphethiloli. Iphinde yabeka endaweni yesi-2 ngenani lokuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi ngonyaka wesi-4 kanye no-2017 ekukhuleni kokuthengisa phakathi kuka-2nd no-2016. Ngokusobala, i-Alaska akusona isimo esingcono kakhulu sabanikazi bezimoto zikagesi.

Isibalo esilandelayo sibonisa isabelo semakethe ye-EV yesifunda ngasinye (ngamanye amazwi, iphesenti lazo zonke izimoto zabagibeli ezithengiswe ngo-2017 ezazingama-EV). Ngokufanayo nezibalo zokuthengisa ze-EV, lokhu kunikeza ukuqonda ezifundazweni lapho ama-EV adume khona kakhulu ngakho-ke maningi amathuba okuthi abeke phambili ukuthuthukiswa okuhlobene ne-EV.

Njengoba ubungalindela, iCalifornia inesabelo semakethe esiphezulu esingu-5.02%. Lokhu kuyisabelo semakethe esiphindwe kabili saseWashington (isifunda sesibili ngobukhulu), okubonisa ukuthi zivame kangakanani uma ziqhathaniswa nanoma yisiphi esinye isifunda. I-California iphinde inikeze ngenani elikhulu lezinxephezelo, izaphulelo, nezaphulelo kubanikazi bezimoto zikagesi, ngakho-ke akusho ukuthi lesi kungaba isimo esihle kubanikazi bezimoto zikagesi. Ezinye izifundazwe ezinesabelo semakethe se-EV esiphezulu zifaka i-Oregon (2%), iHawaii (2.36%) neVermont (2.33%).

Isifunda esinesabelo esiphansi semakethe ye-EV yiMississippi enesabelo esiphelele esingu-0.1%, okungamangazi uma kubhekwa ukuthi ama-EV angu-128 kuphela athengiswa lapho ngo-2017. Njengoba sesibonile, umbuso nawo unenani eliphansi leziteshi zokushaja kubantu kanye nesilinganiso sokukhula kokuthengiswa konyaka. Nakuba izindleko zokufaka uphethiloli ziphansi kakhulu, lokhu akubonakali kuyisimo esihle kakhulu sezindaba kubanikazi be-EV.

isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi, nali i-oda lethu lezifunda ezingcono kakhulu zabanikazi be-EV. Uma ungathanda ukubona indlela yethu yokudala izilinganiso, ungakwenza lokho ngaphansi kwesihloko.

Ngokumangalisayo, i-California ayizange iphume phezulu—isifunda sendawo yokuqala empeleni kwakuyi-Oklahoma! Nakuba inesabelo semakethe esincane kunazo zonke ze-EV ezifundazweni ezingu-1, ithole amaphuzu aphezulu ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi zikaphethiloli kanye nesabelo esikhulu seziteshi zokushaja uma kuqhathaniswa nenani labantu. I-Oklahoma iphinde yabona ukukhula kwayo okuphezulu kakhulu kokuthengisa kusukela ngo-50 kuya ku-2016, okuyinika ukunqoba. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi i-Oklahoma inamandla amakhulu njengezwe labanikazi bezimoto zikagesi abangahlala kuso. Khumbula ukuthi umbuso okwamanje awunikezi izinzuzo noma inkuthazo kubahlali bawo ukuze bathenge imoto kagesi, nakuba lokhu kungase kushintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

I-California isendaweni yesibili. Naphezu kokuba nesabelo semakethe se-EV esiphezulu kakhulu kanye nesinye sezilinganiso eziphezulu kakhulu zokushaja kwesiteshi-kubantu, umbuso uhlupheke ngenxa yezindleko zokushisa ezimaphakathi kanye nokukhula okubi kokuthengisa konyaka ngo-2-2016.

Indawo yesithathu iya eWashington. Nakuba isabelo sayo semakethe ye-EV besiyisilinganiso futhi ukukhula kokuthengiswa kwayo konyaka nonyaka bekungenamandla, lokhu kususwe ingxenye enkulu yeziteshi zokushaja uma kuqhathaniswa nenani labantu, kanye nezindleko eziphansi zikaphethiloli. Eqinisweni, uma ushintshela emotweni kagesi e-Washington, uzokonga u-$3 ilitha ngalinye, elingalingana no-$2.40 kuya ku-$28 ithangi ngalinye, kuye ngosayizi wemoto. Manje ake sibheke izimo ezingaphumeleli kangako...

Imiphumela ngakolunye uhlangothi lwamazinga ayimangazi ikakhulukazi. I-Alaska ikleliswe ekugcineni ngamaphuzu angu-5.01 kuphela. Nakuba izindleko zikaphethiloli kahulumeni beziyisilinganiso nje, zenze kabi kakhulu kuzo zonke ezinye izici: ibisondele kakhulu phansi eshareni lemakethe ye-EV kanye nokukhula kokuthengisa konyaka nonyaka, kuyilapho isikhundla sayo siphansi kwezilinganiso. iziteshi zavala isiphetho sakhe.

Amaqembu ampofu angama-25 asele ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile. Eziningi zazo empeleni ziphakathi kwezifunda ezishibhe kakhulu ngokwezindleko zikaphethiloli, zisezingeni eliphezulu kulokhu. Lapho zivame ukuwa khona kusabelo semakethe (okuwukuphela kwangempela okuhlukile kulo mthetho yiHawaii).

Sinqume ukugxila ezintweni ezimbalwa ezingakunikeza umbono wokuthi yiziphi izifundazwe zase-US ezithanda kakhulu izimoto zikagesi, kodwa kunezinye ezingenakubalwa ezingaba nomthelela. Yiziphi izimo ezingaba ezibaluleke kakhulu kuwe?

Uma ungathanda ukubona ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nedatha yethu, kanye nemithombo yayo, chofoza lapha.

indlela yokwenza

Ngemva kokuhlaziya yonke idatha engenhla, besifuna ukuthola indlela yokuhlobanisa iphuzu lethu ledatha ngalinye ukuze sizame ukudala amaphuzu wokugcina futhi sithole ukuthi yisiphi isimo esasingcono kakhulu kubanikazi be-EV. Ngakho-ke silinganise into ngayinye ocwaningweni sisebenzisa ukujwayela okuncane ukuze sithole amaphuzu kwangu-10 kusici ngasinye. Ngezansi ifomula eqondile:

Umphumela = (x-min(x))/(ubuningi(x)-min(x))

Sibe sesifingqa imiphumela ukuze sifike kumphumela wokugcina wama-40 esifundazweni ngasinye.