Ingabe siyoke sazi zonke izimo zendaba? Esikhundleni samathathu, amakhulu amahlanu

Ngonyaka odlule, abezindaba basakaza ukwaziswa kokuthi “kuvele uhlobo oluthile lwendaba,” olungabizwa ngokuthi oluqinile kakhulu noma, ngokwesibonelo, olufaneleka kakhulu, nakuba luncane isiPolish, olulukhuni kakhulu. Ukuvela kuma-laboratories ososayensi e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, kuwuhlobo lokuphikisana oluhlanganisa izakhiwo eziqinile kanye nama-superfluids - i.e. uketshezi nge-zero viscosity.

Izazi ze-physics ziye zabikezela ngaphambili ukuba khona kwe-supernatant, kodwa kuze kube manje akukho okufanayo okutholakele elabhorethri. Imiphumela yocwaningo olwenziwe ngososayensi baseMassachusetts Institute of Technology yanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Nature.

"Into ehlanganisa ukugcwala ngokweqile kanye nezakhiwo eziqinile zidelela umqondo ojwayelekile," kubhala umholi weqembu uWolfgang Ketterle, uprofesa wefiziksi e-MIT kanye nomnqobi weNobel Prize ka-2001, ephepheni.

Ukwenza umqondo walolu hlobo lodaba oluphikisanayo, ithimba lika-Ketterle lasebenzisa ukunyakaza kwama-athomu endaweni eqine kakhulu kolunye uhlobo lwento olungajwayelekile olubizwa ngokuthi i-Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). U-Ketterle ungomunye wabavundulule i-BEC, eyamtholela umklomelo weNobel kuPhysics.

"Inselelo bekuwukwengeza okuthile ku-condensate okuzoyibangela ukuthi iguquke ibe sesimweni esingaphandle 'kwe-athomu yesicupho' futhi ithole izici zokuqinile," kuchaza u-Ketterle.

Ithimba labacwaningi lisebenzise imishayo ye-laser kugumbi le-vacuum ephezulu kakhulu ukuze lilawule ukunyakaza kwama-athomu ku-condensate. Isethi yasekuqaleni yama-lasers yasetshenziswa ukuguqula ingxenye yama-athomu e-BEC ibe yisigaba esihlukile sokuphonswa noma se-quantum. Ngakho, izinhlobo ezimbili zama-BEC zadalwa. Ukudluliswa kwama-athomu phakathi kwama-condensate amabili ngosizo lwemishayo ye-laser eyengeziwe kubangele izinguquko zokujikeleza.

"Ama-laser engeziwe anikeze ama-athomu amandla angeziwe wokuxhumanisa i-spin-orbit," kusho u-Ketterle. Into ewumphumela, ngokwesibikezelo sezazi zefiziksi, bekufanele ngabe "inzima kakhulu", njengoba ama-athomu ahlanganisiwe anama-athomu ahlanganisiwe ku-spin orbit azobonakala "ngokuguquguquka kwe-density" okuzenzakalelayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuminyana kwezinto kuzoyeka ukuhlala njalo. Kunalokho, izoba nephethini yesigaba efana ne-crystalline solid.

Ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lungase luholele ekuqondeni okungcono kwezakhiwo zama-superfluid nama-superconductors, okuzobaluleka ekudluliselweni kwamandla okuphumelelayo. Ama-Superhards angase abe ukhiye wokuthuthukisa omazibuthe abakhulu nezinzwa ezingcono kakhulu.

Hhayi izimo zokuhlanganisa, kodwa izigaba

Ingabe isimo esiqinile siyinto? Impendulo enikezwe i-physics yesimanje ayilula kangako. Siyakhumbula kusukela esikoleni ukuthi isimo somzimba sendaba yindlela eyinhloko lapho into etholakala khona futhi inquma izici zayo eziyisisekelo zomzimba. Izakhiwo zento zinqunywa ukuhlelwa nokuziphatha kwama-athomu akhona. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwendabuko kwemibuso yendaba yekhulu le-XNUMX kuhlukanisa izifunda ezintathu ezinjalo: okuqinile (okuqinile), uketshezi (okuketshezi) kanye negesi (igesi).

Nokho, okwamanje, isigaba sendaba sibonakala siyincazelo enembe kakhudlwana yezinhlobo zobukhona bendaba. Izakhiwo zemizimba ezifundeni ngazinye zincike ekuhlelweni kwama-molecule (noma ama-athomu) le mizimba eyakhiwe ngawo. Kusukela kulo mbono, ukuhlukaniswa okudala kwezimo zokuhlanganisa kuyiqiniso kuphela kwezinye izinto, njengoba ucwaningo lwesayensi luye lwabonisa ukuthi lokho okwakubhekwa njengesimo esisodwa sokuhlanganisa empeleni kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningi zento ehlukile ngokwemvelo. ukucushwa kwezinhlayiyana. Kukhona ngisho nezimo lapho ama-molecule emzimbeni ofanayo angahlelwa ngendlela ehlukile ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela ukuthi izimo eziqinile neziwuketshezi zingenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Inani lezigaba zendaba ohlelweni kanye nenani lezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinamandla (isibonelo, ukucindezela, izinga lokushisa) ezingashintshwa ngaphandle koshintsho lwekhwalithi ohlelweni kuchazwa isimiso sesigaba se-Gibbs.

Ushintsho esigabeni sento lungase ludinge ukunikezwa noma ukwamukelwa kwamandla - khona-ke inani lamandla aphumayo lizolingana nesisindo sento eshintsha isigaba. Nokho, ezinye izinguquko zesigaba zenzeka ngaphandle kokufaka amandla noma ukuphuma. Sifinyelela isiphetho mayelana noshintsho lwesigaba ngokususelwe ekushintsheni okuhamba kancane kwamanani athile achaza lo mzimba.

Ezigabeni ezibanzi kakhulu ezishicilelwe kuze kube manje, kunezifunda ezingaba ngamakhulu amahlanu ezihlanganisiwe. Izinto eziningi, ikakhulukazi lezo eziyingxube yenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ehlukene, zingaba khona kanyekanye ezigabeni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.

I-physics yesimanje ngokuvamile yamukela izigaba ezimbili - eziwuketshezi neziqinile, kanti isigaba segesi singesinye sezimo zesigaba soketshezi. Lesi sakamuva sihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-plasma, isigaba esivele sishiwo yi-supercurrent, kanye nenani lezinye izifunda zendaba. Izigaba eziqinile zimelelwa amafomu ahlukahlukene e-crystalline, kanye nefomu le-amorphous.

I-Topological zawiya

Imibiko "yezifunda ezihlanganisiwe" ezintsha noma izigaba zezinto zokwakha kube yiqoqo lezindaba zesayensi eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwabela okutholakele okusha kwesinye sezigaba akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. I-supersolid echazwe ekuqaleni cishe iyisigaba esiqinile, kodwa mhlawumbe izazi zefiziksi zinombono ohlukile. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule elabhorethri yasenyuvesi

E-Colorado, isibonelo, i-dropleton yadalwa kusuka ezinhlayiyeni ze-gallium arsenide - into ewuketshezi, into eqinile. Ngo-2015, ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe lososayensi eliholwa usokhemisi u-Cosmas Prasides eNyuvesi yaseTohoku eJapane lamemezela ukutholakala kwesimo esisha sezinto esihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-insulator, i-superconductor, insimbi, kanye nozibuthe, okuyibiza ngokuthi i-Jahn-Teller metal.

Kukhona futhi izifunda ze-atypical "hybrid". Isibonelo, ingilazi ayinaso isakhiwo se-crystalline ngakho-ke ngezinye izikhathi ihlukaniswa njengoketshezi "okupholile kakhulu". Okwengeziwe - amakristalu awuketshezi asetshenziswa kwezinye izibonisi; i-putty - i-silicone polymer, ipulasitiki, i-elastic noma i-brittle, kuye ngokuthi izinga lokuguqulwa; uketshezi olunamathela kakhulu, oluzigelezayo (uma luqalile, ukuchichima kuzoqhubeka kuze kuphele ukunikezwa koketshezi engilazini engenhla); I-Nitinol, ingxubevange yenkumbulo yomumo we-nickel-titanium, izoqondana emoyeni ofudumele noma oketshezini lapho igobile.

Ukuhlukaniswa kuya ngokuya kuba nzima. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje busula imingcele phakathi kwezimo zendaba. Kutholakala okusha. Abawine uMklomelo KaNobel ka-2016 - uDavid J. Thouless, F. Duncan, M. Haldane kanye no-J. Michael Kosterlitz - baxhumanisa imihlaba emibili: udaba, okuyisihloko se-physics, ne-topology, okuyigatsha lezibalo. Baqaphela ukuthi kukhona ukuguquka kwesigaba okungezona ezendabuko okuhlotshaniswa nokukhubazeka kwe-topological kanye nezigaba ezingezona ezendabuko zendaba - izigaba ze-topological. Lokhu kwaholela ekwandeni komsebenzi wokuhlola nowethiyori. Le avalanche isageleza ngesivinini esikhulu.

Abanye abantu baphinde babone okokusebenza kwe-XNUMXD njengesimo esisha, esihlukile sodaba. Siyazi lolu hlobo lwe-nanonetwork - i-phosphate, i-stanene, i-borophene, noma, ekugcineni, i-graphene ethandwayo - iminyaka eminingi. Abawine uMklomelo kaNobel okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla baye bahileleka, ikakhulukazi, ekuhlaziyeni kwe-topological yalezi zinto zongqimba olulodwa.

Isayensi yakudala yezimo zendaba nezigaba zento ibonakala ihambe ibanga elide. Kude ngale kwalokho esisakwazi ukukukhumbula ezifundweni zefiziksi.