Idivayisi nenqubo yokusebenza yokumiswa okuxhomekile

Ukumiswa okuxhomekile kuyehluka kwezinye izinhlobo zokumiswa ngokuba khona kogongolo oluqinile oluxhuma amasondo angakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele, ukuze ukuhamba kwesondo elilodwa kudluliselwe kwelinye. Ukumiswa kokuncika kuyasetshenziswa lapho kunesidingo khona kokulula kokuklanywa nokunakekelwa okungabizi kakhulu (izimoto ezingabizi kakhulu), amandla nokwethembeka (amaloli), ukuvunyelwa phansi njalo kanye nokuhamba okude kokumiswa (ama-SUV). Ake sicabangele izinzuzo nobubi lolu hlobo lokumiswa olunalo.

Ukuthi isebenza kanjani

Ukumiswa okuxhomekile kuyi-asi eyodwa eqinile ehlanganisa amasondo angakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele. Ukusebenza kokumiswa okunjalo kunephethini ethile: uma isondo lesobunxele liwela emgodini (thwi phansi), khona-ke isondo langakwesokudla liyaphakama futhi ngokufanayo. Imvamisa, ugongolo luxhunywe emzimbeni wemoto kusetshenziswa izakhi ezimbili ezinwebekayo (iziphethu). Lo mklamo ulula, kepha unikeza ukuxhumana okuphephile. Lapho uhlangothi olulodwa lwemoto lushaya isigaxa, yonke imoto itsheka. Ngesikhathi sokushayela, ama-jolts nokuzamazama kuzwakala ngokuqinile egumbini lomgibeli, ngoba ukumiswa okunjalo kusekelwe kugongolo oluqinile.

Izinhlobo zokumiswa okuxhomekile

Ukumiswa okwencikile kunezinhlobo ezimbili: ukumiswa ngeziphethu ezinde kanye nokumiswa ngezigwedlo zomhlahlandlela.

Ukumiswa emithonjeni ende

I-chassis iqukethe ugongolo oluqinile (ibhuloho) elenga emithonjeni emibili yobude obude. Intwasahlobo iyinto yokumiswa enwebeka enamashidi wensimbi ahlanganisiwe. I-ekseli neziphethu kuxhunywe kusetshenziswa izibopho ezikhethekile. Kulolu hlobo lokumiswa, intwasahlobo futhi isebenza njengedivayisi eqondisayo, okungukuthi, inikeza ukunyakaza okunqunyelwe ngaphambili kwesondo elihlobene nomzimba. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ukumiswa kwentwasahlobo okuncike ekwazini sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa, akukalahli ukufaneleka kwayo futhi kusetshenziswa ngempumelelo ezimotweni zesimanje kuze kube namuhla.

Ukumiswa ngezingalo ezilandelanayo

Ukumiswa okuxhomeke kulolu hlobo ngokungeziwe kuqukethe izinti ezine ze-diagonal noma ezintathu kuya kwezine (i-levers) nenduku eyodwa eguqukayo, ebizwa nge- “Panhard rod”. Kulokhu, isigwedlo ngasinye sinamathiselwe emzimbeni wemoto nakogodo oluqinile. Lezi zinto ezisizayo zenzelwe ukuvimbela ukuhamba kwe-lateral kanye ne-longitudinal ye-eksisi. Kukhona nedivayisi yokuthambisa (i-shock absorber) nezinto ezinwebeka, indima yazo kulolu hlobo lokumiswa okuxhomekile edlalwa yimithombo. Ukumiswa ngezingalo zokulawula kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni zesimanje.

Ibhalansi ukumiswa

Kufanele futhi sisho ukumiswa kwebhalansi - uhlobo lokulengiswa okuxhomekile olunokuxhumana okude phakathi kwamasondo. Kuwo, amasondo ohlangothini lwemoto axhunywe ngezinduku zejet longitudinal kanye nentwasahlobo enamaqabunga amaningi. Umthelela ovela kokungahambi kahle komgwaqo ekumisweni kwe-balancer wehliswa hhayi kuphela ngezinto ezinwebeka (iziphethu), kepha futhi nangokuguqula amabhalansi. Ukwabiwa kabusha komthwalo kuthuthukisa ukushelela kwemoto.

Izinto zokumiswa okuxhomeke entwasahlobo

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zokumiswa kwentwasahlobo yeqabunga yilezi:

• Ugongolo lwensimbi (ibhuloho). Lesi yisisekelo sesakhiwo, iyi-asi eqinile yensimbi exhuma amasondo amabili.
• Iziphethu. Intwasahlobo ngayinye iqoqo lamashidi wensimbi ayisiyingi anobude obuhlukile. Wonke amashidi axhunyiwe komunye nomunye. Iziphethu zixhunywe ku-ekseli lokumiswa okuxhomeke kusetshenziswa izibopho. Le ngxenye isebenza njengento eqondisayo nenwebekayo, futhi ngokwengxenye iyithuluzi elinciphisa (i-shock absorber) ngenxa yokungqubuzana kwamashidi. Ngokuya ngenani lamashidi, iziphethu zibizwa ngokuthi zincane futhi zinamashidi amaningi.
• Abakaki. Ngosizo lwabo, iziphethu zinamathele emzimbeni. Kulokhu, eyodwa kubakaki ihamba kude (ukugoqa iketanga), kanti enye imisiwe inganyakazi.

Izinto zokumiswa okuxhomeke entwasahlobo

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zokumiswa okuxhomeke entwasahlobo, ngaphezu kwesigxobo sensimbi, yilezi:

• i-elastic element (intwasahlobo);
• Damping element (ukushaqeka mfutho);
• izinduku ze-jet (levers);
• ibha ye-anti-roll.

Ukumiswa okuthandwa kakhulu kwalolu hlobo kunezingalo ezinhlanu. Ezine zazo ezinde, futhi yinye kuphela eguqukayo. Imihlahlandlela inamathiselwe kugongolo oluqinile ngakolunye uhlangothi nakuhlaka lwemoto kolunye. Lezi zinto zivumela ukumiswa ukuthi kuthathe amandla we-longitudinal, lateral kanye mpo.

Isixhumanisi esinqamulelayo, esivimbela i-axle ekubalekeni ngenxa yamandla asemaceleni, sinegama elihlukile - “iPanhard rod”. Hlukanisa phakathi kwenduku yePanhard eqhubekayo neguquguqukayo. Uhlobo lwesibili lwe-wishbone lungashintsha nokuphakama kwesihlobo se-axle emzimbeni wemoto. Ngenxa yokwakhiwa, induku yePanhard isebenza ngokuhlukile lapho ijikela kwesokunxele nakwesokudla. Mayelana nalokhu, imoto ingaba nezinkinga ezithile zokuphatha.

Ubuhle nobubi bokumiswa okuxhomekile

Izinzuzo eziphambili zokumiswa okuxhomekile:

• ukwakhiwa okulula;
• isevisi engabizi;
• ukuzinza okuhle namandla;
• ukuhamba okukhulu (ukunqoba okulula kwezithiyo);
• alukho ushintsho emzileni nasendaweni evulekile lapho ushayela.

Ukuphazamiseka okuphawulekayo yilokhu: ukuxhumana okuqinile kwamasondo, kuhambisana nenqwaba enkulu ye-ekseli, kuthinta kabi ukuphatha, ukuzinza kokushayela nokushelela kwemoto.

Izidingo ezilandelayo manje sezibekiwe ekumisweni: ukuqinisekisa izinga eliphakeme lokuhlala kahle kwabagibeli ngenkathi ushayela, ukuphatha kahle nokuphepha okusebenzayo kwemoto. Ukumiswa okuxhomekile akuhlali kuhlangabezana nalezi zimfuneko ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi yingakho kuthathwa njengokungasebenzi. Uma siqhathanisa ukumiswa okuxhomekile nokuzimele, khona-ke lokhu kwamuva kunomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokumiswa okuzimele, amasondo ahamba ngokuzimela, okwenza ngcono ukuphatha imoto nokushelela.

Isicelo

Ngokuvamile, ukumiswa okuncikile kufakwa ezimotweni ezidinga i-chassis eqinile nethembekile. I-axle yensimbi cishe isetshenziswa njalo njengendawo yokumisa engemuva, futhi induku yokumiswa yangaphambili ayisasetshenziswa. AmaSUV (Mercedes Benz G-Class, Land Rover Defender, Jeep Wrangler nabanye), izimoto zezentengiselwano, kanye namaloli amancane ane-chassis encike. Imvamisa ugongolo oluqinile lukhona njengokumiswa kwangemuva kwezimoto zebhajethi.