Inganekwane ye-astronautics yafa u-Alexei Leonov
Ukwethulwa komkhumbi-mkhathi we-Soyuz-19 womkhankaso we-ASTP.
Kungo-Okthoba 11, 2019. Isiteshi sikamabonakude se-NASA sibika nge-spacewalk-11, eqale ngo-38:56. Lesi sifinyezo simelela i-409th American spacewalk esuka ku-International Space Station. Osomkhathi u-Andrew Morgan noChristina Koch kumele bashintshe amabhethri esiteshi amaningi asephelelwe yisikhathi bafake amasha. Lokhu kuwumsebenzi ovamile uma noma ubani omunye efuna ukubala u-9 emlandweni wezomkhathi. Ngokungalindelekile, ikota yehora ngemuva kokuqala, ukusakazwa kuphazamisekile ukumemezela izindaba ezidabukisayo iRoscosmos esanda kusakaza. Ngo-40 p.m., u-Alexei Leonov wafa, umuntu wokuqala emlandweni ukushiya ingaphakathi lomkhumbi-mkhathi. I-cosmonaut edumile, iphayona le-cosmonautics enabantu abaningi, indoda ene-biography engavamile ...
Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov wazalwa May 30, 1934 edolobhaneni Listvyanka, Kemero Region. Wayeyingane yesishiyagalolunye emndenini we-Archip kagesi wezitimela (1893-1981) kanye no-Evdokia (1895-1967). Waqala imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphansi e-Kemerovo, lapho umndeni we-11 wawuhlala ekamelweni elilodwa le-16 m2. Ngo-1947 bathuthela eKaliningrad, u-Alexei waphothula esikoleni esiphakeme sebanga leshumi ngo-1953.
Ekuqaleni, wayefuna ukuba umculi, njengoba wazitholela ithalente lokudweba kuye, kodwa kwaba nzima ukungena e-Riga Academy of Arts ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuziphilisa ngaphandle komndeni. Kulesi simo, wangena eSikoleni Seshumi Sezindiza Zezempi edolobheni laseKremenchug, esiqeqeshe ama-adepts ezindiza zokulwa esikhathini esizayo endleleni enkulu. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, waphothula izifundo zakhe, wabe esengena Elite School of Military Aviation Pilots (VAUL) e Chuguev eduze Kharkov.
Wathweswa iziqu ngo-1957 kwathi ngo-Okthoba 30 wangena enkonzweni yezempi ku-113th Fighter Aviation Regiment yesifunda saseKyiv Military nesikhundla sokuba uLieutenant. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-satellite yokuqala yokwenziwa komhlaba, i-Sputnik, eyethulwe yi-rocket ye-R-7, yayizungeze uMhlaba amasonto ambalwa. U-Alexei wayengakasoli ukuthi uzoqala ukundiza nge-rocket, okuyinguqulo yayo yokuhlola. Kusukela ngoDisemba 14, 1959 wasebenza njengomshayeli webutho lezindiza lezindiza le-294 elihlukile elimiswe e-GDR. Lapho, wathola isipho sokubamba iqhaza ezindizeni "zobuchwepheshe obusha", njengoba izindiza zasemkhathini eziphethwe abantu zazibizwa ngasese ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayenesikhathi sokundiza samahora angama-278.
Izinkanyezi
Iqembu lokuqala losomkhathi labafundi lasungulwa ngoMashi 7, 1960, lihlanganisa abayishumi nambili, futhi ezinyangeni ezintathu ezizayo, abanye abashayeli bezindiza abayisishiyagalombili. Ukukhethwa kwabo kwaqala ngo-Okthoba 1959.
Sekukonke, ibutho lezindiza ze-3461, izindiza zasolwandle kanye nabashayeli bezindiza bezokuvikela emoyeni babesembuthanweni wokuthakazelisa, lapho abantu abangama-347 bakhethelwa izingxoxo zokuqala (indawo yokuhlala, izinsiza), kanye nokuqeqeshwa kanye nemishini (ngaphandle kwabafundisi). Ngenxa yokushiyeka kwezobuchwepheshe, okwavumela abashayeli bezindiza abayisithupha kuphela ukuba baqeqeshwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqembu elinjalo lakhethwa ngokusekelwe ikakhulukazi emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwengqondo. Ayizange ihlanganise uLieutenant Leonov (wathola ukukhushulwa ngoMashi 28), kwadingeka alinde ithuba lakhe ekuphonsweni kwesibili.
Abayisithupha bokuqala, ngemva kokuphasa izivivinyo, bathola isihloko esithi "Air Force Cosmonaut" ngoJanuwari 25, 1961, uLeonov, kanye nabanye abayisikhombisa, baphothula ukuqeqeshwa kwabo okujwayelekile ngoMashi 30, 1961 futhi baba ngokusemthethweni ama-cosmonauts ngo-April 4 ofanayo. unyaka. ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili nje ngaphambi kokundiza kuka-Yuri Gagarin. NgoJulayi 10, 1961, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ukaputeni. Ngo-September, kanye nozakwabo abambalwa emnyangweni, uqala izifundo zakhe e-Aviation Engineering Academy. U-Zhukovsky oneziqu ze-Design and Operation of Atmospheric Spacecraft kanye Nezinjini Zazo. Uzothweswa iziqu ngoJanuwari 1968.
Mayelana nokuvela kweqembu elisha labaqokelwe ama-cosmonauts e-CTX kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha okuhlobene nalokhu, ngoJanuwari 16, 1963, waklonyeliswa ngesihloko esithi "Cosmonaut of the CTC MVS". Ezinyangeni ezintathu kamuva, waqala ukulungiselela ukubunjwa kweqembu lama-cosmonauts, omunye wabo owayezobamba iqhaza endizeni ye-Vostok-5. Ngaphezu kwakhe, u-Valery Bykovsky, u-Boris Volynov no-Evgeny Khrunov babefisa ukundiza. Njengoba umkhumbi useduze nomkhawulo ophezulu wesisindo esivunyelwe, enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu kulesi simo isisindo somkhathi. I-Bykovsky ne-suit inesisindo esingaphansi kwe-91 kg, i-Volynov ne-Leonov inesisindo esingu-105 kg ngamunye.
Ngemva kwenyanga, amalungiselelo aqedwa, ngo-May 10 kwenziwa isinqumo - u-Bykovsky undiza emkhathini, uVolynov amphinda kabili, uLeonov ugcinwe. NgoJuni 14, indiza yeVostok-5 iqala ukusebenza, ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva iVostok-6 ivela emzileni noValentina Tereshkova ebhodini. NgoSeptemba, konke kubonisa ukuthi i-Vostok elandelayo izondiza i-astronaut ezochitha izinsuku ezingu-8 ku-orbit, bese kuba khona indiza yeqembu lemikhumbi emibili, ngayinye ezohlala izinsuku ezingu-10.
ULeonov uyingxenye yeqembu labayisishiyagalolunye, ukuqeqeshwa kwabo kuqala ngo-September 23. Kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka, isimiso sendiza yemikhumbi kanye nokwakheka kwabasebenzi kushintsha izikhathi eziningana, kodwa uLeonov useqenjini njalo. NgoJanuwari, inhloko yohlelo lwesikhala somphakathi, uSergei Korolev, wethusa wonke umuntu ngokuphakamisa ukuthi iVostok iguqulwe ibe yimikhumbi enezihlalo ezintathu. Ngemva kokuthola ukusekelwa kweKhrushchev, izisebenzi ezikhona ziyahlakazwa. NgoJanuwari 11, 1964, uLeonov wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba yinhloko, futhi ngo-April 1, waqala uhambo lwakhe ngohlelo lweVoskhod. Uyingxenye yeqembu elilungiselela indiza yokuqala yeqembu labathathu. Amalungiselelo alolu hambo, oluthatha izinsuku eziyi-8-10, azoqala ngomhla zingama-23 kuMbasa.
NgoMeyi 21, inhloko yokuqeqeshwa kwe-cosmonaut, uGeneral Kamanin, wenza izisebenzi ezimbili - okokuqala, uKomarov, uBelyaev noLeonov, okwesibili, uVolynov, uGorbatko noKhrunov. Nokho, uKorolev ukholelwa ngenye indlela - izakhamuzi kufanele zifakwe eqenjini. Ngemuva kwezingxabano ezibukhali ngoMeyi 29, kufinyelelwa ukuvumelana, kulokhu uKorolev ewina - ngeke kube khona indawo kaLeonova eMpumalanga yokuqala. Futhi okwesibili?
Ukuphuma kwelanga
Ngomhla ziyi-14 kuNhlangulana 1964, kwashicilelwa isimemezelo mayelana nokuqaliswa kwendiza enohambo lwasemkhathini olunomuntu. Kwakukhona abayisikhombisa kuphela ebutho le-cosmonaut Air Force - Belyaev, Gorbatko, Leonov, Khrunov, Bykovsky, Popovich futhi Titov. Kodwa-ke, abathathu bokugcina, njengoba base bevele bendiza, abazange bafakwe ekuqeqeshweni. Kulesi simo, ngoJulayi 1964, amalungiselelo omsebenzi "Wokuphuma" aqalwa kuphela kwabane bokuqala, ababili bokuqala babe ngabakhuzi, kanti okwesibili kwaba ukuphuma. Nokho, ngoJulayi 16, amalungiselelo aphazamiseka lapho kucaca ukuthi indiza ngeke ibe ngonyaka ozayo.
Ngemva kokuba ababezobhapathizwa behlale esibhedlela inyanga yonke, ukuqeqeshwa kwaphinde kwaqala ngo-August 15, futhi uZaikin noSzonin bajoyina iqembu. Ukuqeqeshwa kwakunzima, njengoba i-Voskhod simulator yayingakatholakali ngaleso sikhathi futhi osomkhathi kwakudingeka basebenzise umkhumbi ababezondizela kuwo, owawusesiteji somhlangano. Yonke inqubo yokuphuma ekhikhini yaqeqeshwa ngokweqile ngoDisemba esimweni sokungabi nasisindo, esasebenza isikhashana ngesikhathi sezindiza ze-parabolic endizeni ye-Tu-104. ULeonov wenza izindiza ezinjalo eziyi-12 nezinye eziyisithupha endizeni i-Il-18.
