Ababulali bemikhumbi-ngwenya. Izindiza ekulweni nemikhumbi-ngwenya Kriegsmarine ingxenye 3
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Ababulali bemikhumbi-ngwenya. Izindiza ekulweni nemikhumbi-ngwenya Kriegsmarine ingxenye 3

28.07.2022 /

Isithwali sezindiza esiphelezelwa i-USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60). Kukhona ama-Avengers ayi-12 kanye nama-Wildcats ayisishiyagalolunye.

Isiphetho se-U-Bootwaffe ngo-1944-1945 sibonisa ukwehla kancane kancane kodwa okungenakugwemeka kwamabutho ahlomile e-Third Reich. Inzuzo enkulu yama-Allies emoyeni, olwandle kanye ne-cryptography ekugcineni yawavuna. Naphezu kwempumelelo engayodwa kanye nokwethulwa kwezixazululo zobuchwepheshe obusha, imikhumbi-ngwenya yase-Kriegsmarine yayeka ukuba nomthelela wangempela ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwempi futhi, okungcono kakhulu, “yandiza ngenhlonipho” iye phansi.

Umbono wokuhlala kwe-Allied e-Norway noma e-France kwakusho ukuthi amandla amaningi omkhumbi-ngwenya we-Kriegsmarine amiswa ngesenzo sokuzivikela. E-Atlantic, imikhumbi-ngwenya, ehlelwe ngamaqembu ahlakazekile, kwakufanele iqhubeke nokusebenza ngokumelene nama-convoys, kodwa ngezinga elincane futhi engxenyeni yayo esempumalanga kuphela, ukuze ihlasele imikhumbi ehlaselayo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka uma kwenzeka i-amphibious landing. kungenzeka.

Kusukela ngo-January 1, 1944, kwakunemikhumbi-ngwenya engu-160 enkonzweni: izinhlobo ezingu-122 ze-VIIB / C / D, izinhlobo ezingu-31 ze-IXB / C (ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbili zamabhomu e-VIIF torpedo kanye namayunithi ayisithupha ohlobo lwe-II oluncane oLwandle Olumnyama), ezinhlanu "ngaphansi kwamanzi." ama-cruisers" uhlobo lwe-IXD2, uhlobo olulodwa lwemayini ye-XB kanye nomkhumbi owodwa wokuhlinzeka ngomkhumbi we-XIV (okuthiwa "inkomo yobisi"). Eminye engu-181 yayisakhiwa kanti engu-87 isesigabeni sokuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi, kodwa imikhumbi emisha yayinganele ukukhokhela ukulahlekelwa kwamanje. NgoJanuwari, kwathunyelwa imikhumbi-ngwenya engu-20, kodwa engu-14 yalahleka; ngoFebhuwari, imikhumbi engu-19 yaqala ukusebenza, kwathi engu-23 yahoxiswa kuhulumeni; ngo-March kwakukhona ezingu-19 nezingu-24 ngokulandelana kwazo. Emikhumbi-ngwenya engumugqa engu-160 amaJalimane angena ngayo onyakeni wesihlanu wempi, engu-128 yayise-Atlantic, engu-19 eNorway, engu-13 eMedithera. Ezinyangeni ezalandela, ngemiyalo kaHitler, amandla amaqembu amabili okugcina anda - ngezindleko zemikhumbi ye-Atlantic, izinombolo zazo zancipha kancane kancane.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaJalimane ayesebenzela ekuthuthukiseni amathuluzi emikhumbi-ngwenya ukuze athuthukise amathuba awo okubhekana nezindiza. Okubizwa ngokuthi ama-snorkel (ama-snorkel) kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukumunca umoya enjinini kadizili futhi ekhipha amagesi akhipha umoya lapho umkhumbi uhamba ekujuleni kwe-periscope. Lo mshini wakudala wezobuchwepheshe, nakuba wawuvumela uhambo olude olunohlaka olungajulile, wawunezinkinga ezinkulu. Izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lomsindo, zenze kwaba lula ukubona umkhumbi ngezinkomba zomsindo, kanye nangokubukeka, ngenxa yamagesi akhipha umoya antanta ngaphezu kwamanzi. Ngaleso sikhathi, umkhumbi "wawuyisithulu" (ungakwazi ukusebenzisa i-hydrophones) futhi "impumputhe" (ukudlidliza okunamandla kwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa i-periscope). Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ama-notches" aphumayo ashiya uphawu oluncane kodwa olubonakalayo ebusweni bamanzi, futhi esimweni sezulu esivumayo (ulwandle olubushelelezi) i-radar ye-DIA ingatholwa. Okubi nakakhulu, uma kwenzeka kukhukhula "ama-snores" ngamagagasi olwandle, idivayisi ivala ngokuzenzakalelayo ukungena komoya, izinjini zaqala ukukuthatha ngaphakathi komkhumbi, okwakusongela ukucindezela abasebenzi. I-U-2 yaba umkhumbi wokuqala ohlonyiswe ngamakhala ukuya emkhankasweni wezempi (Januwari 539, usuka eLorient).

Eminyakeni yokugcina yempi, isethi ejwayelekile yezibhamu ezilwa nezindiza zemikhumbi-ngwenya yayinezibhamu ezimbili ezingama-20 mm kanye nesibhamu esisodwa esingu-37 mm. AmaJalimane ayengenazo izinto zokusetshenziswa zamasu ezanele, ngakho-ke izibhamu ezintsha ezingama-37 mm zinezingxenye ezenziwe ngezinto ezikwazi ukugqwala, okwaholela ekuqhumeni kwesibhamu. Imitshina ye-radar yayihlale ithuthukiswa, okwathi lapho iphezulu, yazisa umkhumbi ukuthi wawulandelwa i-radar yasendiza noma isikebhe esindizayo. Isethi ye-FuMB-10 Borkum, eyathatha indawo ye-FuMB-9 Wanze (yaphuma ekupheleni kuka-1943), yacinga ububanzi obubanzi, kodwa namanje phakathi kwamamitha wamaza akhishwa amarada amadala e-ASV Mk II. I-FuMB-7 Naxos ibonakale iphumelela kakhulu, isebenza kububanzi begagasi obungu-8 kuya ku-12 cm - ithola amasha, ama-radar angu-10 cm ASV Mk III kanye ne-VI (kusetshenziswa i-S-band).

Enye ithuluzi lokulwa ne-Allied Air Force kwakuyi-simulator ye-FuMT-2 Thetis. Yathunyelwa ngoJanuwari 1944, kwakufanele ilingise umkhumbi-ngwenya onenanela ye-radar futhi ngaleyo ndlela ibangele ukuhlaselwa kwaleli tshe lengqondo. Yayinensika yamamitha ambalwa ukuphakama, okwakunamathiselwe kuyo izimpondo ze-dipole, zifakwe endaweni entantayo eyayibambe izinto zokusebenza phezu kwamanzi. AmaJalimane ayethemba ukuthi lezi “zilobo”, ezitshalwe ngobuningi e-Bay of Biscay, zizokhungathekisa izindiza zezitha.

Ngasohlangothini lwaseYurophu lwe-Atlantic, impi elwa nemikhumbi-ngwenya yaqhubeka ingumthwalo we-British Coastal Command, okwathi, kusukela mhla lu-1 kuMasingana 1944, yayinala mabutho alandelayo ngale njongo:

    • 15. Iqembu: No. 59 kanye 86 Squadrons RAF (Liberatory Mk V/IIIA) e-Ballykelly, Northern Ireland; No. 201 Squadron RAF kanye noNombolo 422 kanye ne-423 Squadrons RCAF (izikebhe ezindizayo ze-Sunderland Mk III) e-Archdale Castle, eNyakatho Ireland;
    • 16. Iqembu: 415 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XIII) eBircham Newton, East Anglia; 547. Sqn RAF (Liberatory Mk V) eThorney Island, eningizimu yeNgilandi;
    • 18. Iqembu: No. 210 Squadron RAF (Flying Boats Catalina Mk IB/IV) kanye Norwegian No. 330 Squadron RAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) eSullom Vow, Shetland Islands;
    • 19. Iqembu: No. 10 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) eMount Batten, eNingizimu Ntshonalanga yeNgilandi; No. 228 Squadron RAF kanye No. 461 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk III) e-Pembroke Dock, Wales; Inombolo ye-172 kanye ne-612 Squadron RAF kanye ne-407 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XII/XIV) e-Chivenor, eNingizimu Ntshonalanga ye-England; 224. Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) eSt. Eval, Cornwall; I-VB-103, -105 kanye ne--110 (I-US Navy Liberator Squadrons, i-7th Naval Air Wing, esebenza ngaphansi kwe-Coast Command) e-Dunkswell, eNingizimu West England; Inombolo ye-58 kanye ne-502 Squadrons RAF (Halifaxy Mk II) e-St. Davids, Wales; No. 53 kanye neCzech No. 311 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) eBeaulieu, eningizimu yeNgilandi; IsiPolish No. 304 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV) e-Predannak, Cornwall.

No. 120 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk I/III/V) esise-Reykjavik, Iceland; e-Gibraltar 202 Squadron RAF (Cataliny Mk IB/IV) kanye ne-48 kanye ne-233 Squadron RAF (Hudsony Mk III/IIIA/VI); e-Langens, Azores, Nos. 206 and 220 Squadron RAF (Flying Fortresses Mk II/IIA), No. 233 Squadron RAF (Hudson Mk III/IIIA) kanye neyunithi ye-No. 172 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV), naku- I-Algeria 500. Sqn RAF (Hudson Mk III/V kanye ne-Ventury Mk V).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amayunithi ahlome ngezilwi ze-Beaufighter neMosquito, kanye nenani lamaqembu e-British Commonwealth asebenza ngaphandle kwe-Coastal Command, empumalanga yeMedithera nasogwini lwase-Afrika, abambe iqhaza ezenzweni zokulwa nemikhumbi-ngwenya. Ugu lwaseMelika lwalugadwe yiziqephu eziningi ze-US Navy, izindiza zaseCanada naseBrazil, kodwa ngo-1944-1945 kwakungekho muntu wokulwa naye. I-US Navy's 15th Airlift Wing (FAW-15) yayimi eMorocco inamaqembu amathathu eLiberator (VB-111, -112 kanye -114; okokugcina kusukela ngoMashi): amaVenturs amabili (VB-127 kanye -132) kanye neCatalin eyodwa (VP) - 63).

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