I-Triple V, umgwaqo omazombezombe oya emikhumbi-ngwenya ye-US Navy
Bonita eCharlestown Navy Yard eBoston ngo-1927 Kuyabonakala ukuthi okungenani ingxenye yomzimba okhanyayo ishiselwe. Isithombe I-Boston Public Library, Iqoqo Leslie Jones
Eminyakeni eyishumi nje ngemva kokuba i-USS Holland (SS 1), umkhumbi-ngwenya wokuqala we-U.S. Navy, uphakanyiswe ifulege, umqondo onesibindi wemikhumbi-ngwenya engasebenza eduze nebutho lasolwandle wavela emibuthanweni yasolwandle. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhumbi emincane yokuzivikela yasogwini eyayisakhiwa ngaleso sikhathi, le mikhumbi-ngwenya okuhlosiwe kuyodingeka ibe mikhudlwana, ihlome kangcono, ibe nobubanzi obukhulu futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ifinyelele isivinini esingaphezu kwamafindo angu-21 ukuze ikwazi ukuhambahamba. ngokukhululeka emaqenjini.nemikhumbi yempi kanye nabahamba ngomkhumbi.
Sekukonke, kwakhiwa imikhumbi engu-6 ngokwalo mqondo e-USA. Kwenziwa imizamo yokukhohlwa ngokushesha ngamayunithi amathathu okuqala ohlobo lwe-T, awakhelwe emazingeni angaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imikhumbi emithathu elandelayo ye-V-1, V-2 kanye ne-V-3 enesithakazelo kithi, naphezu kokushiyeka okuningi, yaba enye yezenzakalo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezikhali zaseMelika ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Isiqalo esinzima
Imidwebo yokuqala yemikhumbi-ngwenya yomkhumbi yenziwa ngoJanuwari 1912. Babonisa imikhumbi enezindawo ezingaba amathani ayi-1000, ihlome ngamashubhu ama-4 bow torpedo futhi inobubanzi obungamamayela angama-5000 we-nautical. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, isivinini esiphezulu, kokubili esivele futhi sacwiliswa emanzini, sasizoba amafindo angu-21! Lokhu, vele, kwakungenakwenzeka ezingeni lobuchwepheshe ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa umbono wemikhumbi yemikhumbi-ngwenya esheshayo futhi ehlome kakhulu wawudume kakhulu kangangokuthi ekwindla yalowo nyaka bafakwa emidlalweni yaminyaka yonke yamaqhinga e-Naval War College eNewport. . (Rhode Island). Izifundo ezitholakala kulezi zimfundiso ziyakhuthaza. Kwagcizelelwa ukuthi imikhumbi-ngwenya ehlongozwayo, ngosizo lwezindawo ezimayini nama-torpedoes, izokwazi ukwenza buthaka amabutho esitha ngaphambi kwempi. Usongo oluvela ngaphansi kwamanzi lwaphoqa abaphathi ukuthi benze ngokucophelela, kuhlanganisa. ukwanda kwebanga phakathi kwemikhumbi, okwakwenza kube nzima ukugxilisa umlilo wamayunithi amaningana kwelinye ilitshe. Kuphinde kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukuqoqwa ngisho kwe-torpedo eyodwa eshaye umugqa ngomkhumbi wempi kunciphise ukunyakazisa kweqembu lonke, okungase kudlule igagasi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-thesis yaphinde yabekwa phambili yokuthi imikhumbi-ngwenya izokwazi ukunciphisa izinzuzo zabagibeli bempi ngesikhathi sempi yasolwandle.
Phela, abathandi bezikhali ezintsha bathi imikhumbi-ngwenya esheshayo ingathatha ngempumelelo imisebenzi yokuhlola yamabutho amakhulu, ngaphambili abegcinelwe abagibeli bezikebhe (ama-scouts), i-US Navy eyayifana nemithi.
Imiphumela "yokuqondisa ngephepha" yashukumisela i-US Navy General Board ukuthi ithumele umsebenzi owengeziwe mayelana nomqondo wemikhumbi-ngwenya. Njengomphumela wocwaningo, ukwakheka komkhumbi okahle wesikhathi esizayo onokususwa okungaphezulu okungaba ngu-1000 tf, uhlome ngeziqhumane ezi-4 nama-torpedoes angu-8, kanye nohla lokuhamba lwe-2000 nm ngesivinini samafindo angu-14 acwebezelayo. kufanele ngabe ama-intshi angu-20, 25 noma ngisho nama-intshi angu-30! Lezi zinhloso zokuvelela - ikakhulukazi ezokugcina, ezafezwa kuphela eminyakeni engama-50 kamuva - zahlangatshezwa nenani elifanele lokungabaza kusukela ekuqaleni yi-Navy engineering Bureau, ikakhulukazi njengoba izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezikhona zazikwazi ukufinyelela amasentimitha ayi-16 noma ngaphansi.
Njengoba ikusasa lomqondo womkhumbi-ngwenya obanzi obanzi lilenga esilinganisweni, usizo luvela embonini ezimele. Ehlobo lika-1913, uLawrence Y. Speer (1870-1950), umakhi oyingcweti wendawo yemikhumbi ye-Electric Boat Company e-Groton, e-Connecticut, wethula imiklamo emibili esalungiswa. Lawa kwakungamayunithi amakhulu, asusa indawo ephindwe kabili kunemikhumbi-ngwenya yangaphambili ye-U.S. Navy futhi ebiza ngokuphindwe kabili. Naphezu kokungabaza okuningi mayelana nezinqumo zokuklama ezenziwe ngu-Spear kanye nengozi yonke yephrojekthi, isivinini se-knot engu-20 esiqinisekiswe yi-Electric Boat ebusweni "sithengise iphrojekthi". Ngo-1915, ukwakhiwa kwe-prototype kwagunyazwa yiCongress, futhi ngemva konyaka kuhlonishwa iqhawe lempi yaseSpain-American, uWinfield Scott Schley (kamuva igama lashintshwa laba ngu-AA-52, bese laba ngu-T-1). . Ngonyaka woku-1, ukwakhiwa kwaqala kumayunithi amabili angamawele, aqale aqokwa njenge-AA-1917 (SS 2) kanye ne-AA-60 (SS 3), kamuva aqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-T-61 ne-T-2.
Kufanelekile ukusho amagama ambalwa mayelana nokuklanywa kwale mikhumbi emithathu, okwathi eminyakeni eyalandela yabizwa ngokuthi i-T-shaped, ngoba le mikhumbi ekhohliwe yayiyisibonelo esivamile sokufisa, hhayi amandla. Idizayini ye-spindle hull engamamitha angama-82 ubude no-7 m ububanzi ngokususwa okungamathani ayi-1106 ngaphezulu kanye namathani ayi-1487 kokusalungiswa. Emnsalo kwakukhona amashubhu angu-4 e-torpedo angu-450 mm caliber, amanye angu-4 abekwe phakathi kwezisekelo ezi-2 ezijikelezayo. Izikhali zempi zazihlanganisa nezinganono ezimbili ezingu-2mm L/76 kuma-turrets afihlwe ngaphansi kwedekhi. Icala elinzima lahlukaniswa laba ngamakamelo angama-23. Ijimu enkulu yathatha ingxenye enkulu yevolumu yayo. Ukusebenza okuphezulu phezulu kwakuzohlinzekwa uhlelo lwe-twin-screw, lapho shaft ngayinye yokushayela yayizuliswa ngokuqondile izinjini ezimbili zedizili ezingama-5-cylinder (nge-tandem) ezinamandla angu-6 hp iyinye. zonke. Ukulindela isivinini nobubanzi ngaphansi kwamanzi bekuphansi. Amamotho kagesi amabili anenani eliphelele le-1000 hp amandla kagesi asuka kumaseli ayi-1350 aqoqwe abe amabhethri amabili. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha ijubane elingaphansi kwamanzi lesikhashana elingafika kumafindo angu-120. Amabhethri ashajwa kusetshenziswa ijeneretha kadizili eyengeziwe.
