Izinjini ezintathu zamasilinda. Buyekeza nokusebenzisa

I-Fiat 126p yayinenjini enamasilinda amabili, futhi lokho kwakwanele, ngoba amaPoles ayisa izingane zawo edolobheni, emaholidini olwandle ngisho naseTurkey, e-Italy noma eFrance! Ngakho-ke ingabe inguqulo yamasilinda amathathu egxekwa kangaka abasebenzisi abaningi be-inthanethi iyiphupho elidlulele lemvelo ngaphezu kwezidingo zokunethezeka kokushayela?

Izinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu eminyakeni embalwa edlule

Noma ngubani oke wathola ithuba lokushayela imoto kaphethroli ka-1-107 iToyota Aygo, Citroen C2005, noma iPeugeot 2014 cishe uyakhumbula isiko lenjini engu-1,0 eyi-three cylinder. Lapho ishayela, kwakubonakala sengathi injini izophuka, iqhume, iqhume. Kwaze kwaba yilapho ijubane lenjini lifinyelela cishe ku-2000 rpm lapho iyunithi yaphuma khona kangangokuthi abashayeli bathola umbono wokuthi bashayela "imoto eshintshayo" hhayi "i-mower ekhethekile". Ngakho-ke kuthiwani uma idatha yobuchwepheshe ibonisa amandla angaba ngu-70 amalitha. cranked engine" esasinayo lapho silayisha. Kusukela lapho, ukungathandi kwami ​​(kanye nabasebenzisi abaningi be-inthanethi) ezinjinini ezinamasilinda amathathu kwazalwa.

Ukunciphisa kuyindlela yemvelo, enameva kakhulu futhi ehlukumezayo

Njengoba ukuzuza ukusetshenziswa kwephethiloli okuphansi kuye kwaba yinto elawulwa yimithetho yawo wonke umkhiqizi, isimiso sokunciphisa siye sathuthukiswa, i.e. ukunciphisa usayizi wenjini ngenkathi ikhulisa amandla ayo. Inhloso yalesi sixazululo kwakuwukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlelo kwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka ngamasistimu kagesi athuthuke kakhulu, futhi lobu buchwepheshe busekelwe kumjovo kaphethiloli oqondile kanye ne-turbocharger. Umjovo kaphethiloli oqondile ufinyelela iyunifomu kanye ne-atomization enembile yengxube yamafutha omoya egumbini elivuthayo, ngenzuzo yokusebenza kahle, futhi ngenxa ye-turbocharger, sithola ijika lamandla eligqamile, ngaphandle kokweqa ukusheshisa.

Ngeshwa, isimo sibi kakhulu ngezinjini ezingenayo i-turbocharger. Nakuba izinhlelo ezintsha zomjovo namabalazwe omjovo kanye nokuthungela zivumela i-torque engu-95 Nm, esivele itholakala endaweni ephansi ye-rev, ukusebenzisa injini kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ku-1500-1800 rpm akukabi mnandi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba abakhiqizi beziqhayisa, onjiniyela bakwazile ukunciphisa ukunyakaza okuhambayo ekwakhiweni kwezinduku zokuxhuma uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini zangaphambili ezinama-cylinder amathathu, futhi izinduku zokuxhuma nama-piston aneziqondiso ezingezansi zenzelwe isisindo kangangokuthi ngaphandle kokudela ukunethezeka. ama-balance shaft avame ukusetshenziswa ezinjinini angakhishwa ngamasilinda amathathu. Nokho, lena ithiyori. Eshumini lesibili leminyaka lekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kufanele siqaphele: lezi zinjini empeleni zingcono kakhulu kuneminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, kodwa kusenomgodi wangempela phakathi kwazo nezinguqulo zamasilinda amane.

Ngenhlanhla, amayunithi angenayo i-turbine atholakala kuphela ezimotweni ze-A-segment (phezulu!, Citigo, C1) kanye nezinguqulo ezishibhile ze-B-segment, i.e. amamodeli asetshenziswa ngobumnene futhi ikakhulukazi edolobheni.

Uma umuntu efuna ukuba nemoto ye-B-segment ngokusebenza kangcono kokushayela, manje usengakwazi ukuthenga inguqulo ebiza kakhulu yalesi sigaba, enenjini ene-turbocharged, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo abe nesiko lenjini eliphakeme (isibonelo, i-Nissan Micra Visia + izindleko ngenjini engu-1.0 71KM - PLN 52 kanye ne-290 turbo 0.9 HP - PLN 90).

Amasilinda amathathu - i-turbine kanye nobuchwepheshe besimanje

Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinjini ezitholakalayo emakethe namuhla zine-turbocharged. Ezinjinini ezidumile zeqembu lakwaVW, lezi zingu-1.0 zinamandla alandelayo: 90 KM, 95 KM, 110 KM no-115 KM, kwi-Opel lezi zingu-1.0 injini engu-90 KM no-105 KM, kanti kwi-Opel icala lenguqulo yeqembu le-PSA - amayunithi we-PureTech angu-1.2 anamandla angu-110 no-130 hp Njengesibonelo socwaningo olusha, kufanelekile ukucaphuna idatha yokuklama yeyunithi ye-VW:

Ikhanda lesilinda esinamavalvu amane ezinjinini lenziwe nge-aluminium alloy. Ama-valve atholakala kuma-degree angu-21 (inlet) noma ama-degree angu-22,4 (exhaust) futhi acushwa ama-roller tappets. I-exhaust manifold ihlanganiswe nekhanda le-cylinder njengoba umklamo uvumela izinjini ukuthi zifinyelele izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza ngokushesha. Ngenxa yokuthi izimbobo zokukhipha umoya ziyahlangana ngaphakathi kwekhanda endaweni ephakathi nendawo, isipholile sishisisa ngokushesha lapho kubanda kuqala. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile, umfudlana wegesi ophumayo uphola ngokushesha, okuvumela izinjini ukuthi zisebenze ngesilinganiso esiphezulu se-fuel-to-air ye-lambda = 1. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhishwa kwe-exhaust kuyancishiswa futhi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuyancipha.

Ngakho-ke, kubonakala kukuhle kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa ...

Akuwona wonke injini elingana... yonke imoto

Ngeshwa, lo mkhankaso wezemvelo wokusetshenziswa "kwezindinganiso eziluhlaza" wenze izinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu zaba ikhambi lazo zonke izifo. Emazweni anesiko eliphakeme lezemvelo kunePoland (lapho i-car scrap, eye yakhonza isikhathi sayo emazweni empucuko, ingeniswa ngezandla ezivulekile ngaphandle kokulawula), izindinganiso zokukhishwa ziyasebenza futhi amamodeli amasha emvelo akhuthazwa ngaphezu kwezinguqulo ezinokukhishwa kwe-CO2 ekhuphukayo. . Nokho, ngokuvamile lokhu nje "amaphepha".

 Bheka futhi: Ungawonga kanjani uphethiloli?

Njengoba ngithole ithuba lokuhlola izimoto ezincane ezingama-208-cylinder ezifana nalezi: Up!, Citigo, Skoda Rapid, Peugeot 3, Opel Corsa, Citroen C3 kanye ne-C1.0 Aircross, ngicabanga ukuthi izinjini ezingama-110-cylinder ziyinketho enhle ngempela (ikakhulukazi izinketho ze-turbo). Akuzona kuphela izimoto eziwonga uphethiloli ngokuthepha kancane ku-pedal ye-gas, kodwa futhi lapho ushayela ngamandla, ungathola izinzuzo ze-turbocharging kanye "nokukhahlela" ngesikhathi sokusheshisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa mamodeli ngokuvamile abhekwa njengezinguqulo ezisetshenziswa edolobheni kanye nokukhuphuka kwezimpelasonto ezincane. Nginezinkumbulo ezimnandi kakhulu ngeSkoda Rapid enenjini engu-4,7 100 KM DSG, eyaba yinhle ngenxa yobukhulu bemodeli (ihlolwe ehlobo ngesikhathi ngilayisha amabhayisikili ngaphakathi), ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli namandla okushayela. (Phela, lena imoto kunalokho enkulu, futhi idle 55 l / XNUMX km), futhi ... ithangi likaphethiloli XNUMX-litre.

Funda futhi: Ihlola i-Mazda 6 nge-SKyActiv-G 2.0 165 hp injini kaphethiloli

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwenjini encane enamasilinda amathathu ezimotweni ezinkulu kuwukungaqondi ngokuphelele. Njengoba ngivivinya iSkoda Octavia 1.0 115 KM ngo-gearbox we-DSG, ukushayela akuwona umnyakazo oshelelayo wezomnotho, kodwa kuyisiqalo se-peppy kuwo wonke amarobhothi. Lokhu kungenxa yetorque ephansi ye-pre-turbo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngenkathi sishayela, sengeza igesi ukuhambisa imoto esindayo, enkulu futhi ... lutho. Ngakho-ke sengeza igesi eyengeziwe, i-turbine iyakhahlela futhi... sithola umthamo we-torque emasondweni okwenza sinqamule ukudonsa. Kuyisici sokuthi inguqulo enale injini yayingeyona ukonga edolobheni kunamanye amamodeli, kodwa emgwaqeni omkhulu yayinamandla amancane, iguquguquka kancane futhi ... - njengoba icindezeleke ngokweqile - idla kakhulu uphethiloli.

Lesi siphakamiso "samamotho amancane aluhlaza" njengomfanekiso wezifiso zemvelo zohulumeni bezifunda njengamanje siyisishayo sangempela. Ungachaza kanjani ukuthi imodeli ye-Skoda Octavia isebenzisa i-1.0 115K (3-cyl), 1.5 150KM kanye nenjini kaphethiloli engu-2.0 190KM (245 RS ihlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kabusha okubalulekile kwezingxenye), naku-Opel Astra 1.0 105KM (3-cyl. cyl), 1.4 125 km, 14 150 km no-1.6 200 km, kanti iPeugeot 3008 SUV inezinjini ezingu-1.2 130 km (3-cylinder) no-1.6 180 km? Ukusabalala okukhulu kangaka ekuphakeleni kwenjini kuwumphumela wesifiso sokuthola ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ephansi kanye nokuthola ukunikezwa okushibhe kakhulu emakethe ngezaphulelo kunketho ephansi (yephepha). Kuyisici ukuthi izinguqulo ezinezinjini ezibuthakathaka ezingama-3-cylinder zivame ukutholakala kuphela kumishini eshibhe kakhulu.

Umbono wekhasimende

Okwamanje, amamodeli anezinjini zanamuhla ezinamasilinda amathathu abe emakethe isikhathi esifushane ukuthola imibono eminingi, kepha nazi ezinye:

Citroen C3 1.2 82 km - Kuzwakala amasilinda amathathu, kodwa mina ngokwami ​​anginankinga. Ukusheshisa ku-90/100 kulungile futhi kujwayelekile. Phela, lokhu kungamahhashi angu-82 kuphela, ngakho ungalindeli izimangaliso. Injini incane, ilula, ngaphandle kwe-compressor, ngakho-ke ngithemba ukuthi izohlala isikhathi eside ";

IVolkswagen Polo 1.0 75 HP - "Injini yezomnotho, ikhala kuphela ekuqaleni okubandayo. Edolobheni elimatasa, emigwaqweni emikhulu ngaphandle kwezinkinga, 140-150 km / h ngaphandle kokukhala ";

I-Skoda Octavia 1.0 115 hp - “Imoto emgwaqeni onguthelawayeka ishisa uphethiloli omncane, ngokungafani nokushayela idolobha, lapha umphumela udumaza kakhulu” (mhlawumbe, umsebenzisi uthambekele ekushayeleni okupholile emgwaqweni onguthelawayeka - BK);

I-Skoda Octavia 1.0 115 hp “Ihamba kahle futhi amandla empeleni aphansi kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi ngihamba ngedwa, kodwa ngihambe nomndeni wami (abantu aba-5) futhi ngingakwenza. Ngiqala ukuzwa ukuntula amandla ngaphezu kwejubane lika-160 km / h. I-CONS - uyisiminzi ";

IPeugeot 3008 1.2 130 km “Futhi injini eyi-quintessential 1.2 Pure tech ene-automatic ihlulekile, kanti isilinganiso sikaphethiloli esisetshenziswa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni singamalitha ayi-11 kuya kwayi-12 ngokujwayelekile. Emzileni ongu-90 km / h kungenzeka wehlele kumalitha angu-7,5. Inamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nomuntu oyedwa emotweni"

IPeugeot 3008 1.2 130 km - "Injini: Uma ingekho eyokuvutha, amandla enjini encane kangaka ayanelisa."

Ecology

Njengoba izimoto ezinenjini engu-three-cylinder kumele zibe yimpendulo ezidingweni zemvelo zokunciphisa intuthu, kuhle ukukhumbula amaqiniso engawathola engqungqutheleni ye-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Kwabe sekubikwa ukuthi lapho kushisa ilitha elingu-1 likaphethiloli, kwakheka i-2370 g ye-CO₂, okusho ukuthi izimoto ziba nobungane kakhulu bemvelo lapho zisebenzisa uphethiloli omncane. Eqinisweni, edolobheni, lezi zizoba yi-hybrid, futhi emgwaqeni omkhulu, izimoto ezinezinjini ezinkulu ezishayela ngomthwalo omncane (isibonelo, i-Mazda 3 inenjini engu-1.5 100-horsepower kanye ne-120-litre injini 165 hp / XNUMX hp. ). Ngakho-ke, izinguqulo zamasilinda amathathu kuphela "umsebenzi wephepha" okufanele uhambisane nemithetho, kodwa empeleni okulindelwe isishayamthetho esamukela imithetho kanye nemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokunethezeka kokushayela okuzwakalayo umsebenzisi kuhluke kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi akuyona imboni yezimoto engumbhubhisi omkhulu wemvelo. Ngokwezilinganiso eziqondile ze-IPCC, imithombo yokukhishwa kwe-CO₂ emhlabeni imi kanje: amandla - 25,9%, imboni - 19,4%, amahlathi - 17,4%, ezolimo - 13,5%, ezokuthutha - 13,1%, amapulazi - 7,9%. , indle - 2,8%. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi inani elikhonjiswe njengezokuthutha, elingu-13,1%, lakhiwe izici eziningana: izimoto (6,0%), izitimela, izindiza nemikhumbi (3,6%), namaloli (3,5 ,XNUMX%).  

Ngakho-ke, izimoto aziyona into engcolisa kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ukwethulwa kwezinjini ezincane ngeke kuxazulule inkinga yokukhishwa kwe-exhaust. Yebo, kungase kulingeke ukonga imali uma kunezimoto ezincane ezishayela kakhulu edolobheni, kodwa injini yamasilinda amathathu kumodeli womndeni omkhulu kuwukungaqondi.