Imibono kusukela onqenqemeni. Ezu yesayensi

Isayensi yemingcele iqondwa okungenani ngezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, njengesayensi yomsindo, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-mainstream kanye ne-paradigm. Okwesibili, njengazo zonke izinkolelo-mbono nemibono enokuncane okufanayo nesayensi.

Ithiyori yeBig Bang nayo yake yaba yingxenye yesayensi encane. Ube ngowokuqala ukukhuluma amazwi akhe ngeminyaka yama-40s. UFred Hoyle, umsunguli wenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwezinkanyezi. Lokhu ukwenze emsakazweni (1), kodwa ebhuqa, ngenhloso yokuhlekisa ngawo wonke umqondo. Futhi lena yazalwa lapho kutholakala ukuthi imithala “iyabaleka” yodwa. Lokhu kwaholela abacwaningi emcabangweni wokuthi uma indawo yonke ikhula, khona-ke ngesikhathi esithile kwakudingeka iqale. Le nkolelo yakha isisekelo sethiyori ye-Big Bang ebusayo manje futhi engenakuphikwa emhlabeni wonke. Indlela yokwandisa, yona, ichazwa ngomunye, futhi okwamanje ayiphikiswa ososayensi abaningi. ithiyori ye-inflation. Kuyi-Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy singafunda ukuthi inkolelo-mbono Yokuqhuma Okukhulu ithi: “Inkolelo-mbono eyamukelwa kabanzi yokuchaza umsuka nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwendawo yonke. Ngokwenkolelo-mbono yeBig Bang, Umkhathi, owavela ebunyeni (isimo sokuqala sokushisa okuphezulu nokuminyene), uyakhula ukusuka kuleli qophelo.”

Ngokumelene "nokukhishwa kwesayensi"

Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke abantu, ngisho nasemphakathini wesayensi, abanelisekile ngalesi simo sezindaba. Encwadini eyasayinwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule ososayensi abangaphezu kuka-XNUMX abavela emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise nePoland, sifunda, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi "i-Big Bang isekelwe" enanini elikhula njalo lezinhlangano ezicatshangelwayo: ukwehla kwamandla emali kwe-cosmological, non. - indaba ye-polar. (indaba emnyama) namandla amnyama. (…) Ukungqubuzana phakathi kokubhekwa nokubikezela kwethiyori ye-Big Bang kuxazululwa ngokwengeza amabhizinisi anjalo. Izidalwa ezingakwazi noma ezingabonwa. … Kunoma imuphi omunye umkhakha wesayensi, isidingo esiqhubekayo sezinto ezinjalo okungenani singaphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokuba semthethweni kwethiyori ewumsuka - uma leyo thiyori yehluleka ngenxa yokungapheleli kwayo. »

“Lo mbono,” kubhala ososayensi, “idinga ukwephulwa kwemithetho emibili emiswe kahle ye-physics: isimiso sokugcinwa kwamandla nokongiwa kwenombolo ye-baryon (esho ukuthi amanani alinganayo ento ne-antimatter akhiwa amandla). “

Isiphetho? “(…) Ithiyori ye-Big Bang akusona ukuphela kwesisekelo esitholakalayo sokuchaza umlando wendawo yonke. Kukhona nezinye izincazelo zezenzakalo ezibalulekile emkhathini., okuhlanganisa: ubuningi bezakhi zokukhanya, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezinkulu, incazelo yemisebe engemuva, noxhumo lwe-Hubble. Kuze kube namuhla, izinkinga ezinjalo nezinye izixazululo azikwazi ukuxoxwa ngokukhululekile futhi zihlolwe. Ukuxoxisana okuvulelekile kwemibono yikho okuntuleka kakhulu ezingqungqutheleni ezinkulu. … Lokhu kukhombisa inkolelo-ze ekhulayo yomcabango, engajwayelekile emoyeni wokubuza mahhala ngokwesayensi. Lesi akukwazi ukuba isimo esinempilo."

Mhlawumbe-ke imibono ebanga ukungabaza nge-Big Bang, nakuba yehliselwe endaweni ezungezile, kufanele, ngenxa yezizathu ezingathi sína zesayensi, ivikelwe "ekukhishweni kwesayensi."

Yiziphi izazi zefiziksi ezashanela ngaphansi kwengubo

Yonke imibono ye-cosmological ekhipha i-Big Bang ngokuvamile iqeda inkinga ekhathazayo yamandla amnyama, iguqule izinto ezingaguquki njengejubane lokukhanya nesikhathi zibe okuguquguqukayo, futhi ifune ukuhlanganisa ukusebenzisana kwesikhathi nendawo. Isibonelo esijwayelekile seminyaka yamuva isiphakamiso sezazi zefiziksi ezivela eTaiwan. Kumodeli yabo, lokhu kunzima kakhulu ngokombono wabacwaningi abaningi. amandla amnyama ayashabalala. Ngakho-ke, ngeshwa, umuntu kufanele acabange ukuthi iNdawo Yonke ayinaso isiqalo nesiphetho. Umbhali oholayo wale modeli, u-Wun-Ji Szu we-National Taiwan University, uchaza isikhathi nendawo hhayi njengokuhlukene kodwa njengezinto ezihlobene eduze ezingashintshaniswa zodwa. Ijubane lokukhanya noma amandla adonsela phansi kule modeli akushintshi, kodwa kuyizici ekuguquleni isikhathi nesisindo kube usayizi nendawo njengoba indawo yonke ikhula.

Ithiyori kaShu ingabhekwa njengephupho, kodwa imodeli yendawo yonke ekhulayo enamandla amakhulu amnyama abangela ukuba yande iphakamisa izinkinga ezinkulu. Abanye baphawula ukuthi ngosizo lwalo mbono, ososayensi "bathathe indawo ngaphansi kokhaphethi" umthetho wemvelo wokongiwa kwamandla. Umqondo waseTaiwan awuphuli izimiso zokongiwa kwamandla, kodwa nawo unenkinga ngemisebe yangemuva ye-microwave, ebhekwa njengensalela ye-Big Bang.

Ngonyaka odlule, inkulumo yezazi ze-physics ezimbili zaseGibhithe naseCanada yaziwa, futhi ngokusekelwe ekubaleni okusha, zakha enye, inkolelo-mbono ethakazelisayo kakhulu. Ngokusho kwabo Umkhathi ubulokhu ukhona - Kwakungekho Big Bang. Ngokusekelwe ku-quantum physics, lo mbono ubonakala ukhanga kakhulu ngoba uxazulula inkinga yento emnyama namandla amnyama ngesikhathi esisodwa.

2. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo uketshezi lwe-quantum

U-Ahmed Farag Ali waseZewail City of Science and Technology kanye neSaurya Das yaseNyuvesi yaseLethbridge bayizamile. hlanganisa i-quantum mechanics nokuhlobana okujwayelekile. Basebenzise i-equation eyakhiwe nguProf. U-Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri waseNyuvesi yaseCalcutta, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubikezela ukuthuthukiswa kobunye ekuhlobaneni okuvamile. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokulungiswa okuningana, baqaphela ukuthi empeleni ichaza "uketshezi", oluhlanganisa izinhlayiya ezincane ezingenakubalwa, okuthi, njengokungathi, zigcwalisa yonke indawo. Isikhathi eside, imizamo yokuxazulula inkinga yamandla adonsela phansi isiholela ekucabangeni ama-gravitons yizinhlayiya ezidala lokhu kusebenzisana. NgokukaDas no-Ali, yilezi zinhlayiya ezingakha le "fluid" ye-quantum (2). Ngosizo lwe-equation yabo, izazi ze-physics zalandelela indlela "yoketshezi" esikhathini esidlule futhi kwavela ukuthi kwakungekho ubunye obunzima ku-physics eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-13,8 edlule, kodwa Umkhathi ubonakala ukhona phakade. Esikhathini esidlule, bekuyavunywa ukuthi belincane, kodwa alikaze licindezelwe lize lifinyelele endaweni elinganiselwe elinganiselwe emkhathini..

Imodeli entsha ingase futhi ichaze ukuba khona kwamandla amnyama, okulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubekisele phambili ukwanda kwendawo yonke ngokudala ingcindezi embi ngaphakathi kwayo. Lapha, "uketshezi" ngokwalo ludala amandla amancane anweba isikhala, aqondiswe ngaphandle, angene endaweni yonke. Futhi lokhu akusona isiphetho, ngoba ukuzimisela kwenqwaba ye-graviton kulo modeli kwasivumela ukuba sichaze enye imfihlakalo - indaba emnyama - okufanele ibe nomthelela wokudonsela phansi ku-Universe yonke, kuyilapho ingabonakali. Kalula nje, "i-quantum liquid" ngokwayo iyindaba emnyama.

3. Isithombe semisebe ye-cosmic background evela ku-WMAP

Sinenani elikhulu lamamodeli

Engxenyeni yesibili yeminyaka eyishumi edlule, isazi sefilosofi uMichal Tempczyk sasho ngokunengeka ukuthi "Okuqukethwe okunamandla kwemibono ye-cosmological kuncane, kubikezela amaqiniso ambalwa futhi kusekelwe enanini elincane ledatha yokuqaphela.". Imodeli ngayinye ye-cosmological ilingana ngokomlando, okungukuthi isekelwe kudatha efanayo. Umbandela kufanele ube uthiyori. Manje sinedatha yokuqaphela eminingi kunangaphambili, kodwa isisekelo solwazi lwe-cosmological asikakakhuli kakhulu - lapha singacaphuna idatha evela kusathelayithi ye-WMAP (3) nesathelayithi ye-Planck (4).

U-Howard Robertson noGeoffrey Walker bakhelwe ngokuzimela imethrikhi yendawo yonke ekhulayo. Izixazululo zezibalo zika-Friedmann, kanye ne-metric ye-Robertson-Walker, zakha lokho okubizwa nge-FLRW Model (i-metric ka-Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker). Ishintshwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi yengezwe, inesimo semodeli ejwayelekile ye-cosmology. Le modeli isebenze kahle kakhulu ngedatha ye-empirical eyalandela.

Yiqiniso, amamodeli amaningi adaliwe. Idalwe ngawo-30 Imodeli ye-cosmological ka-Arthur Milne, esekelwe kuyinkolelo-mbono yakhe ye-kinematic of relativity. Bekufanele iqhudelane nethiyori evamile ka-Einstein yokuhlobana kanye ne-cosmology ye-relativistic, kodwa izibikezelo zikaMilne zancishiswa zaba esinye sezixazululo ze-Einstein's field equations (EFE).

4 IPlack Space Telescope

Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, uRichard Tolman, umsunguli we-relativistic thermodynamics, wethula imodeli yakhe yendawo yonke - kamuva indlela yakhe yahlanganiswa kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. Imodeli ye-LTB (Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi). Kwakuyimodeli engafani nenye enenani elikhulu lamazinga enkululeko futhi ngenxa yalokho izinga eliphansi lokulinganisa.

Ukuncintisana okuqinile kwemodeli ye-FLRW, futhi manje ngokunwetshwa kwayo, Imodeli ye-ZhKM, okuhlanganisa ne-lambda, okuthiwa yi-cosmological njalo enesibopho sokusheshisa ukwanda kwendawo yonke kanye nendaba emnyama ebandayo. Iwuhlobo lwe-cosmology okungeyona eyaseNewtonian eye yamiswa ngenxa yokungakwazi ukubhekana nokutholakala kwemisebe ye-cosmic background (CBR) kanye nama-quasars. Ukuvela kodaba oluvela ezeni, okuhlongozwe yilo modeli, nakho kwaphikiswa, nakuba kwakukhona ukufaneleka okugculisayo ngokwezibalo.

Mhlawumbe imodeli edume kakhulu ye-quantum cosmology Imodeli ye-Infinite Universe ka-Hawking kanye ne-Hartle. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukuphatha yonke indawo yonke njengento engachazwa umsebenzi wamagagasi. Ngokukhula i-superstring theory kwenziwa imizamo yokwakha imodeli yendawo yonke ngesisekelo sayo. Amamodeli adume kakhulu ayesekelwe kunguqulo evamile ye-string theory, okuthiwa Imibono yami. Isibonelo, ungafaka esikhundleni imodeli Randall-Sandrum.

5. Ukubona okuhlukahlukene

izinhlobonhlobo

Esinye isibonelo ochungechungeni olude lwethiyori yasemngceleni umqondo we-Multiverse (5), esekelwe ekungqubuzaneni kwama-bran-universes. Kuthiwa lokhu kushayisana kubangela ukuqhuma nokuguqulwa kwamandla okuqhuma abe imisebe eshisayo. Ukufakwa kwamandla amnyama kulo modeli, okwasetshenziswa isikhathi esithile kumbono wokwehla kwamandla emali, kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha imodeli ye-cyclic (6), imibono yayo, isibonelo, ngesimo sendawo yonke enyakazayo, zanqatshwa kaningi ngaphambili.

6. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo umkhathi ozungezayo ojikelezayo

Ababhali balo mbono, owaziwa nangokuthi imodeli yomlilo we-cosmic noma imodeli ye-expirotic (kusuka ku-Greek ekpyrosis - "umlilo womhlaba"), noma iTheory of the Great Crash, ososayensi abavela emanyuvesi aseCambridge nasePrinceton - uPaul Steinhardt kanye Neil Turok. Ngokusho kwabo, ekuqaleni indawo yayingenalutho futhi ibanda. Kwakungekho isikhathi, kungekho mandla, noma ngabe. Kuphela ukungqubuzana kwama-universe amabili ayisicaba aseduze namanye kwaqala "umlilo omkhulu". Amandla avela ngaleso sikhathi abangela ukuqhuma okukhulu. Ababhali balo mbono babuye bachaze ukwanda kwamanje kwendawo yonke. Ithiyori Yokuphahlazeka Okukhulu iphakamisa ukuthi indawo yonke ikweleta isimo sayo samanje ngenxa yokushayisana kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi okukuyo, nokunye, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamandla okushayisana kube yindaba. Kwaba ngenxa yokushayisana kwe-double double engumakhelwane neyethu lapho udaba esilwaziyo lwasungulwa futhi Umkhathi wethu waqala ukwanda.. Mhlawumbe umjikelezo wokushayisana okunjalo awupheli.

Ithiyori ye-Great Crash ivunywe iqembu lezazi zemvelo ezaziwayo, okuhlanganisa uStephen Hawking kanye noJim Peebles, omunye wabavundululi be-CMB. Imiphumela yemishini ye-Plack ihambisana nokunye ukuqagela kwemodeli yomjikelezo.

Nakuba imiqondo enjalo isivele ikhona emandulo, igama elithi “Multiverse” elisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla laqanjwa ngo-December 1960 ngu-Andy Nimmo, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyiPhini Likamongameli weSahluko saseScotland seBritish Interplanetary Society. Leli gama lisetshenziswe kahle futhi ngokungalungile iminyaka eminingana. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s, umbhali wezinganekwane zesayensi uMichael Moorcock wayibiza ngokuthi iqoqo lawo wonke umhlaba. Ngemva kokufunda enye yamanoveli akhe, isazi sefiziksi uDavid Deutsch wasisebenzisa ngalo mqondo emsebenzini wakhe wesayensi (okuhlanganisa nokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori ye-quantum yemihlaba eminingi kaHugh Everett) ekhuluma ngengqikithi yawo wonke ama-universe angaba khona - ngokuphambene nencazelo yokuqala ka-Andy Nimmo. Ngemva kokushicilelwa kwalo msebenzi, igama lasakazeka phakathi kwabanye ososayensi. Ngakho manje elithi “umkhathi” lisho izwe elilodwa elibuswa imithetho ethile, futhi elithi “multiverse” liyiqoqo lokucatshangelwa lawo wonke ama-universe.

7. Inani lokucatshangelwa lama-universe akhona kuma-multiverse.

Ama-universe ale "quantum multiverse" angase abe nemithetho ehluke ngokuphelele ye-physics. Izazi zezinkanyezi e-Stanford University e-California zilinganisela ukuthi kungase kube khona i-universe enjalo engu-1010, namandla angu-10 aphakanyiselwe emandleni angu-10, nawo aphakanyiselwe emandleni angu-7 (7). Futhi le nombolo ayikwazi ukubhalwa ngendlela yedesimali ngenxa yenani loziro elidlula inani lama-athomu endaweni yonke ebonakalayo, elilinganiselwa ku-1080.

Ivacuum ebolayo

Ekuqaleni kwawo-80, okuthiwa i-inflationary cosmology U-Alan Guth, isazi sefiziksi saseMelika, uchwepheshe emkhakheni wezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo. Ukuze achaze ezinye zezinkinga zokuqaphela kumodeli ye-FLRW, wethule isikhathi esengeziwe sokunwebeka ngokushesha kumodeli evamile ngemva kokuwela umkhawulo we-Planck (imizuzwana engu-10-33 ngemva kwe-Big Bang). UGuth ngo-1979, ngenkathi esebenza kuma-equations echaza ubukhona bokuqala bomkhathi, wabona into exakile - i-vacuum engamanga. Yayihluke olwazini lwethu lwe-vacuum ngokuthi, isibonelo, yayingenalutho. Kunalokho, bekuyizinto ezibonakalayo, amandla anamandla akwazi ukuthungela indawo yonke.

Ake ucabange ucezu lukashizi oyindilinga. Makube okwethu vacuum yamanga ngaphambi kokuqhuma okukhulu. Inempahla emangalisayo yalokho esikubiza ngokuthi "amandla adonsela phansi anyanyekayo." Ingamandla anamandla kangangokuthi i-vacuum ingakhula isuka kubukhulu be-athomu ibe ubukhulu bomthala ngengxenyana yomzuzwana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingabola njengempahla ekhipha imisebe. Uma ingxenye ye-vacuum iphuka, idala ibhamuza elikhulayo, elifana nezimbobo kushizi wase-Swiss. Kuleyo mbobo ye-bubble, kwakhiwa i-vacuum engamanga - izinhlayiya ezishisa kakhulu futhi eziminyene. Bese ziyaqhuma, okuyiBig Bang edala umkhathi wethu.

Into ebalulekile isazi sefiziksi esazalelwa eRussia u-Alexander Vilenkin asiqaphela ekuqaleni kwawo-80 ukuthi kwakungekho ngenalutho ngaphansi kokubola okukhulunywa ngakho. “Lawa mabhamuza anda ngokushesha okukhulu,” kusho uVilenkin, “kodwa isikhala phakathi kwawo sanda ngokushesha, okwenza kube nesikhala samabhamuza amasha.” Kusho ukuthi Uma ukwehla kwamandla emali e-cosmic sekuqalile, akupheli, futhi ibhamuza ngalinye elilandelayo liqukethe izinto ezingavuthiwe ze-Big Bang elandelayo. Ngakho, umkhathi wethu ungase ube njengomunye wenani elingapheli lendawo yonke ehlala ivela endaweni engenalutho elokhu ikhula.. Ngamanye amazwi, kungaba ngokoqobo ukuzamazama komhlaba kwendawo yonke.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, i-Planck Space Telescope ye-ESA yabona “emaphethelweni omkhathi” amachashazi agqamile angaqondakali abanye ososayensi abakholelwa ukuthi angaba khona. iminonjana yokusebenzelana kwethu nomunye umkhathi. Isibonelo, kusho u-Ranga-Ram Chari, omunye wabacwaningi abahlaziya idatha evela endaweni yokubuka esikhungweni saseCalifornia. Ubone izindawo ezigqamile eziyinqaba ekukhanyeni kwangemuva kwe-cosmic (i-CMB) eklanywe yisibonakude se-Planck. Ithiyori iwukuthi kukhona izinhlobonhlobo lapho "amabhamuza" wendawo yonke ekhula ngokushesha, ekhuthazwa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Uma ama-bubbles embewu eseduze, khona-ke ekuqaleni kokukhula kwawo, ukuxhumana kungenzeka, "ukushayisana" okucatshangelwayo, imiphumela okufanele siyibone emithonjeni yemisebe yangemuva ye-cosmic microwave ye-Universe yokuqala.

UChari ucabanga ukuthi uthole imilobo yezinyawo ezinjalo. Ngokuhlaziya ngokucophelela nangokude, uthole izifunda ku-CMB ezikhanya izikhathi ezingu-4500 kunethiyori yemisebe yasemuva ephakamisa. Enye incazelo engenzeka yalokhu okweqile kwama-proton nama-electron ukuxhumana nomunye umkhathi. Yiqiniso, le mbono ayikaqinisekiswa. Ososayensi bayacophelela.

Kukhona amakhona kuphela

Enye into ohlelweni lwethu lokuvakashela uhlobo lwe-zoo yasemkhathini, egcwele imibono nemicabango mayelana nokudalwa kwendawo yonke, kuzoba umbono wesazi sefiziksi saseBrithani esivelele, isazi sezibalo nesazi sefilosofi uRoger Penrose. Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, lena akuyona inkolelo-mbono ye-quantum, kodwa inezici zayo ezithile. Lona kanye igama lethiyori i-conformal cyclic cosmology () - iqukethe izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-quantum. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-geometry ehlelekile, esebenza ngokukhethekile ngomqondo we-engeli, enqaba umbuzo webanga. Onxantathu abakhulu nabancane abahlukaniseki kulolu hlelo uma benama-engeli afanayo phakathi kwezinhlangothi. Imigqa eqondile ayihlukaniseki emibuthanweni.

Esikhathini se-space-dimensional ye-Einstein's four-dimensional, ngaphezu kobukhulu obuthathu, kukhona nesikhathi. Ijiyomethri evumelanayo ibuye ihlukanise nayo. Futhi lokhu kuhambisana ngokuphelele nenkolelo-mbono ye-quantum yokuthi isikhathi nendawo kungaba inkohliso yezinzwa zethu. Ngakho-ke sinamakhona kuphela, noma kunalokho ama-cones alula, i.e. izindawo lapho imisebe isakazeka khona. Ijubane lokukhanya nalo linqunywa ngokunembile, ngoba sikhuluma ngama-photon. Ngokwezibalo, le geometry elinganiselwe yanele ukuchaza i-physics, ngaphandle uma ikhuluma ngezinto ezinkulu. Futhi I-Universe ngemva kwe-Big Bang yayihlanganisa kuphela izinhlayiya ezinamandla amakhulu, empeleni okwakuyimisebe. Cishe u-100% wesisindo sawo uguqulelwe ekubeni amandla ngokuvumelana nefomula eyisisekelo ka-Einstein E = mc².

Ngakho-ke, ngokunganaki ubuningi, ngosizo lwejometri ehambisanayo, singabonisa yona kanye inqubo yokudalwa kwe-Universe ngisho nenkathi ethile ngaphambi kwalokhu kudalwa. Udinga nje ukucabangela amandla adonsela phansi okwenzeka esimweni esincane se-entropy, i.e. ngezinga eliphezulu lokuhleleka. Khona-ke isici se-Big Bang siyanyamalala, futhi isiqalo se-Universe sibonakala nje njengomngcele ovamile wesikhathi esithile sasemkhathini.

8. Umbono wembobo emhlophe ecatshangelwayo

Ukusuka emgodini ukuya emgodini, noma i-Cosmic metabolism

Imibono engavamile ibikezela ubukhona bezinto ezingavamile, i.e. izimbobo ezimhlophe (8) ziyizinto ezicatshangelwayo eziphikisana nezimbobo ezimnyama. Inkinga yokuqala kukhulunywe ngayo ekuqaleni kwencwadi kaFred Hoyle. Ithiyori iwukuthi imbobo emhlophe kufanele kube isifunda lapho amandla nezinto ziphuma endaweni eyodwa. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili aluzange luqinisekise ukuba khona kwezimbobo ezimhlophe, nakuba abanye abacwaningi bekholelwa ukuthi isibonelo sokuvela kwendawo yonke, okungukuthi, i-Big Bang, empeleni singaba isibonelo sento enjalo nje.

Ngokwencazelo, imbobo emhlophe iphonsa lokho okutholwa umgodi omnyama. Umbandela kuphela kungaba ukusondeza izimbobo ezimnyama nezimhlophe eduze komunye nomunye bese udala umhubhe phakathi kwazo. Ukuba khona komhubhe onjalo kwakucatshangwa ekuqaleni kuka-1921. Lalibizwa ngokuthi ibhuloho, labe selibizwa Ibhuloho lase-Einstein-Rosen, eqanjwe ngososayensi abenza izibalo zezibalo ezichaza le ndalo ecatshangelwayo. Eminyakeni eyalandela yabizwa umhosha, eyaziwa ngesiNgisi ngegama elingavamile kakhulu elithi "wormhole".

Ngemva kokutholakala kwama-quasars, kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwamandla okunobudlova okuhambisana nalezi zinto kungaba umphumela wembobo emhlophe. Naphezu kokucatshangelwa okuningi kwethiyori, izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi azizange ziwuthathe ngokungathi sína lo mbono. Ububi obuyinhloko bawo wonke amamodeli wemigodi emhlophe athuthukiswe kuze kube manje ukuthi kufanele kube nohlobo oluthile lokubunjwa okuzungezile. insimu enamandla adonsela phansi enamandla kakhulu. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi uma into iwela emgodini omhlophe, kufanele ithole ukukhululwa okunamandla kwamandla.

Nokho, izibalo ezihlakaniphile zososayensi zithi ngisho noma bekukhona izimbobo ezimhlophe, kanjalo nezikelemu, bezingeke zizinze kakhulu. Uma sikhuluma nje, udaba ngeke lukwazi ukudlula kulo "wormhole", ngoba luzohlakazeka ngokushesha. Futhi noma umzimba ungangena kwenye indawo ehambisanayo, ubungangena kuwo usesimweni sezinhlayiya, okungenzeka, mhlawumbe, zibe izinto zezwe elisha, elihlukile. Abanye ososayensi baze baphikise ngokuthi iBig Bang, okwakufanele iveze uMkhathi wethu, kwaba umphumela wokutholakala komgodi omhlophe.

i-quantum holograms

Inikeza i-exoticism eningi kumibono kanye nemibono. i-quantum physics. Selokhu yasungulwa, inikeze ezinye izincazelo eziningi kulokho okubizwa ngeCopenhagen School. Imibono emayelana negagasi lomshayeli noma i-vacuum njenge-matrix yolwazi lwamandla esebenzayo, ebekwe eceleni eminyakeni eminingi edlule, yayisebenza emaphethelweni esayensi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangaphezu kwemingcele yayo. Nokho, ezikhathini zamuva nje baye bazuza ubungqabavu obuningi.

Isibonelo, wakha ezinye izimo zokuthuthukiswa Kwendawo Yonke, uthatha isivinini esishintshashintshayo sokukhanya, inani lokungaguquki kwe-Planck, noma udale ukuhluka kwetimu yamandla adonsela phansi. Umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi endaweni yonke uyashintshwa, ngokwesibonelo, ngezinsolo zokuthi izibalo zikaNewton azisebenzi ezindaweni ezikude, futhi inani lobukhulu kufanele lincike kusayizi wamanje wendawo yonke (futhi likhule ngokukhula kwawo). Isikhathi sinqatshwa ngokoqobo kweminye imiqondo, kanye nesikhala esinezinhlangothi eziningi kweminye.

Ezinye izindlela ezaziwa kakhulu ze-quantum yilezi Imiqondo kaDavid Bohm (ayisishiyagalolunye). Ithiyori yakhe ithatha ngokuthi isimo sesimiso somzimba sincike ekusebenzeni kwamagagasi anikezwe endaweni yokumisa yesistimu, futhi uhlelo ngokwalo nganoma isiphi isikhathi lukolunye lwezinhlelo ezingase zibe khona (okuyizimo zazo zonke izinhlayiya ohlelweni noma izimo zazo zonke izinkambu zomzimba). Umcabango wakamuva awukho ekuchazeni okujwayelekile kwe-quantum mechanics, ethatha ukuthi kuze kube umzuzu wokulinganisa, isimo sesistimu sinikezwa kuphela umsebenzi wamagagasi, okuholela ekuxabaneni (okubizwa ngokuthi i-paradox yekati likaSchrödinger) . Ukuvela kokucushwa kwesistimu kuncike ekusebenzeni kwegagasi ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-pilot wave equation. Ithiyori yasungulwa nguLouis de Broglie futhi yabuye yatholwa futhi yathuthukiswa nguBohm. Ithiyori ka-de Broglie-Bohm ngokusobala ayiyona eyendawo ngenxa yokuthi i-pilot wave equation ibonisa ukuthi ijubane lezinhlayiya ngalinye lisancike endaweni yazo zonke izinhlayiya endaweni yonke. Njengoba eminye imithetho eyaziwayo ye-physics ingeyasendaweni, futhi ukusebenzisana okungekona kwendawo okuhlanganiswe nokuhlobana kuholela ezinkingeni eziyimbangela, izazi zefiziksi eziningi zithola lokhu kungamukelekile.

10. Ihologram yesikhala

Ngo-1970, uBohm wethula uhlelo olufinyelela kude umbono we-universe-hologram (10), okusho ukuthi, njengakuhologram, ingxenye ngayinye iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nayo yonke. Ngokwalo mqondo, i-vacuum ayiyona nje indawo yokugcina amandla, kodwa futhi isistimu yolwazi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu equkethe irekhodi le-holographic yomhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ngo-1998, uHarold Puthoff, kanye noBernard Heisch no-Alphonse Rueda, bethula umuntu oqhudelana naye ku-quantum electrodynamics - i-stochastic electrodynamics (SED). I-vacuum kulo mqondo iyichibi lamandla aneziyaluyalu akhiqiza izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo ezihlala zivela futhi zinyamalale. Zishayisana nezinhlayiya zangempela, zibuyisela amandla kuzo, okubangela izinguquko eziqhubekayo endaweni yazo namandla, okubhekwa njengokungaqiniseki kwe-quantum.

Ukuhunyushwa kwamagagasi kwahlelwa emuva ngo-1957 ngu-Everett osekukhulunywe ngaye. Kule ncazelo, kunengqondo ukukhuluma ngakho i-vector yesifundazwe yendawo yonke. Le vector ayiwi, ngakho-ke iqiniso lihlala liwumgomo oqinile. Nokho, leli akulona iqiniso esivame ukucabanga ngalo, kodwa ukwakheka kwemihlaba eminingi. Ivekhtha yesifunda ihlukaniswe yaba iqoqo lezimo ezimelela izindawo ezingenakubonwa, futhi umhlaba ngamunye unobukhulu obuthile nomthetho wezibalo.

Imibono eyinhloko ekuqaleni kwalokhu kuhumusha imi kanje:

• postulate mayelana nesimo sezibalo zomhlaba - umhlaba wangempela nanoma iyiphi ingxenye yawo engayodwa ingamelwa iqoqo lezinto zezibalo;
• khuluma ngokuwohloka komhlaba - umhlaba ungathathwa njengohlelo kanye nezinsiza.

Kufanele kwengezwe ukuthi isichasiso esithi "quantum" sesivele isikhathi esithile ezincwadini zeNkathi Entsha kanye nemfihlakalo yesimanje.. Ngokwesibonelo, udokotela odumile u-Deepak Chopra (11) wakhuthaza umqondo awubiza ngokuthi ukuphulukiswa kwe-quantum, esikisela ukuthi ngamandla anele engqondo, singakwazi ukwelapha zonke izifo.

Ngokusho kukaChopra, lesi siphetho esijulile singathathwa ku-quantum physics, athi ibonise ukuthi umhlaba wenyama, kuhlanganise nemizimba yethu, ukusabela kombukeli. Sakha imizimba yethu ngendlela efanayo esenza ngayo ulwazi lomhlaba wethu. UChopra uphinde athi "izinkolelo, imicabango, nemizwelo kubangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okusekela ukuphila kuwo wonke amangqamuzana" nokuthi "izwe esiphila kulo, kuhlanganise nokuhlangenwe nakho kwemizimba yethu, kunqunywa ngokuphelele indlela esifunda ngayo ukuyibona." Ngakho-ke ukugula nokuguga kuyinkohliso nje. Ngamandla amakhulu okuqaphela, singakwazi ukufeza lokho uChopra akubiza ngokuthi "umzimba omncane waphakade, ingqondo encane yaphakade."

Kodwa-ke, akukabikho ukuphikisana okuqinile noma ubufakazi bokuthi i-quantum mechanics idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqapheleni komuntu noma ukuthi inikeza ukuxhumana okuqondile, okuphelele endaweni yonke. I-physics yesimanje, kuhlanganise ne-quantum mechanics, ihlala ithanda izinto ezibonakalayo ngokuphelele futhi ifuna ukunciphisa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iyahambisana nakho konke okubonwa yisayensi.