Ubuchwepheshe ekhishini
Ngesihloko esingezansi, uzofunda isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buguquke kanjani ekhishini, okwenzekile phakathi namakhulu eminyaka nokuthi kubonakala kanjani namuhla.
2,5 million BC Ummese uthathwa njengethuluzi elidala kunawo wonke esintwini. Okokuqala amathuluzi amatshe afana nemimese (1) ezitholakala ezindaweni zesiko lase-Oldowan e-Afrika, isiko elidala kakhulu le-Paleolithic. Kwabe sekwenziwa imimese, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokubamba iqhaza ingilazi yentaba-mlilo i i-Flint enemiphetho eqoshiwe futhi eminyakeni engaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezi-5 edlule, insimbi yavela emlandweni wempucuko. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuma kanye nekhwalithi ye-blade iye yathuthukiswa njalo. Ummese wetafula awuzange uthuthuke kwaze kwaba yingxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Namuhla sivame ukuhlangana nemimese insimbi engagqwali.
1. Izindwani zommese wetshe wokuqala
13 XNUMX iziphunzi Kunezitsha ezimise okwebhodwe ezenziwe ngobumba bese zishiswa (izimbiza zangaphambili zaziyizinto ezenziwe ngamatshe, amagobolondo ofudu, ngisho nokhuni olulungiselelwe ngokukhethekile). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ndoda yathuthuka izindlela zokukhiqiza insimbi futhi waqala ukwenza amabhodwe namapani ngawo. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, amapani ensimbi, ama-teapots nama-cauldron ayenziwa, ayebukeka kancane njengemishini yasendlini ekhishini lanamuhla.
3 XNUMX iziphunzi Izibonelo ezisekhona zezinhlobonhlobo zezipuni ezisetshenziswa abaseGibhithe lasendulo phakathi nalesi sikhathi zifaka: imikhiqizo yezinyo lendlovu, amatshe amatshe, isileti i izinkuni. Izinkezo zakuqala zethusi ezitholakala eShayina zinephuzu elicijile futhi zingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokusika. Izinkezo zamaGreki nezamaRoma zazivame ukwenziwa ngethusi nesiliva.futhi isibambo ngokuvamile sasithatha isimo sesiqu esicijile. Igama lesiGreki nesiLatini elithi ukhezo, umnenke, libhekisela egobolondweni lomnenke elalisetshenziswa njengokhezo. Kuleli gama kuvela isiPolish "ladle". Igama lesiNgisi elithi (isipuni) livela ku-Anglo-Saxon, okusho ukuthi i-shard, i-slate esihlahleni noma amagxolo.
AmaRoma azungeze ikhulu lokuqala AD enza amamodeli amabili wezipuni. Eyokuqala, i-ligula (2), yayinesibambo esimise okwenduku kanye nedlebe elingashoni, eliyisiyingi, elicijile kancane. Kweyesibili, okuthiwa umnenke, isitsha saklanywa saba yisitsha esincane. I-Ligula yagcina ishintshile yaba isipuni futhi yaba imodeli yezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaladi nama-scoops. Uhlobo esilwaziyo namuhla (isibambo eside esine-recess) satholwa kuphela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
2400-1900 tenge Ithuluzi lethambo elifana nemfologo litholwe ezindaweni zemivubukulo esiko laseShayina le-Qijia kusukela kuNkathi Yebronze (Shan Dynasty). Kanti, umdwebo wetshe ovela ethuneni laseMpumalanga Han (e-Da-kua-liang, eSifundazweni SaseSuide, eShaanxi) uyakhombisa. izimfoloko ezilenga endlini yokudlela. Lezi zicucu zafika eYurophu ngekhulu lesi-3 zivela eMpumalanga. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, balethwa e-Italy yinkosazana yaseByzantine eyashada nenja yaseVenetian. Nokho, azizange zamukelwe, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwaze kwabhekwa njengokubonakaliswa kokuhlubuka nehlazo. Ekugcineni bahlala ematafuleni eNtshonalanga Yurophu kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. (XNUMX).
3. Izimfoloko ezindala
2-1 izinhlobo. shit Zivela eShayina Izinti zokudlaesiyisebenzisa namuhla kumabha e-sushi. Kancane kancane, baba ithuluzi lokudlela elidume kakhulu e-Asia. Zisebenza ngomthetho wezindlawu futhi zenziwe ngokhuni, insimbi, izinyo lendlovu ngisho nepulasitiki.
Kuhle. 1 uhlobo. shit Ngaleso sikhathi (noma mhlawumbe ngaphambili) yayisivele isetshenziswa udaka - ezindaweni kamuva ezaba yingxenye yoMbuso WaseRoma, kanye nasemazweni ahlala ama-Aztec, abiza le mishini ngokuthi i-molcahete (4). Sekungamakhulu eminyaka izimbiza ezenziwe ngamatshe, ukhuni, insimbi, noma izitsha zobumba zisetshenziswa njengezixazululo. Kwakunjalo nangeBludger. Izinguqulo zakuqala zalezi zinsimbi zitholwe eNdiya naseNingizimu Asia, phakathi kwezinye. EYurophu, zazisetshenziswa osokhemisi (kanye nama-shaman ayo yonke imivimbo) ukwenza imithi nezingxube zemithi.
4. Uhlobo lwamatshe odaka
200 futhi I-China ingakha ibhokisi lomlilo elivaliwe. EYurophu, umbono weziko elakhelwe ngaphakathi awuzange usabalale kwaze kwaba seNkathini Ephakathi. Imizamo yokuqala yeziko ezivaliwe ayiphumelelanga - intuthu yalimaza amehlo futhi yanwaya umphimbo, kwakukhona nengozi enkulu yomlilo, futhi isiqondiso selangabi elibheke phezulu kwaholela ekuvuzeni kokushisa, nakho okwakungekuhle. Kuthathe amakhulu eminyaka ukwakha ibhokisi lomlilo elisebenzayo, eliphephile, elivalwe ngokuphelele.
300-400 wabo Basabalala izikulufa zokunyathelisa, yethulwa ukusetshenziswa emuva ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Kungabizwa ngokuphephile ngokuthi inguquko, ngoba ukusungulwa kwathuthukisa kakhulu yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza (kuyaziwa ukuthi umshini wokunyathelisa onamandla ngempela uyadingeka ukukhiqiza iwayini ngamagilebhisi, i-cider evela kuma-apula, namafutha omnqumo eminqumo) nokunciphisa isikhathi sokusebenza. Okwanamuhla amajusi - nakuba bethatha amandla ku-outlet, hhayi umsebenzi womuntu noma isilwane, basasebenzisa uhlelo oludala noluqinisekisiwe lwe-screw press.
XVI p. Bavuke ama-grater okuqalakungenzeka eFrance. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, baye bahlala ekhishini, bethatha amafomu ahlukahlukene - kusukela kokulula ngodonga olulodwa, ngokusebenzisa izikwele, kuya ezinkethweni ezihlukahlukene zanamuhla ezaziwa kithi.
XVII ku. Eyokuqala yakhiwa eFrance. ingcindezi yokupheka. Umqambi wayo wayeyisazi sefiziksi, udokotela kanye nesazi sezibalo kumuntu oyedwa - Denis Papin (5). Abapheki bengcindezi baqala ukukhiqizwa ngezinga lezimboni kuphela ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Ngaleso sikhathi, baba idivayisi ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwemindeni emincane. Namuhla sebekhohliwe futhi bashintshwa, isibonelo, imikhumbi.
5. Umfanekiso we-pressure cooker endala, i.e. Ibhoiler kababa 1
1710 Kuvela indlela yokulungiselela isiphuzo ukumnika. Ezivivinyweni zokuqala eFrance, lokhu kwakusho ukucwiliswa kwekhofi eliphansi, ngokuvamile elivalwe esikhwameni selineni, emanzini ashisayo kuze kutholakale ukumnika okufunayo.
1799 Indlela yokulungiselela (okusiFulentshi okusho ukuthi "ku-vacuum") ivela e-USA naseFrance − ukudla kuvalwe esikhwameni se-vacuum sepulasitikibese ifakwa emanzini noma okugeza ngesitimu ezingeni lokushisa elilawulwa ngokunembile, eliphansi kunalelo elisetshenziselwa ukupheka kwendabuko kanye nesikhathi eside kunezindlela zendabuko.
1826-1834 UJames Sharp (6), isisebenzi se-Northampton gasworks, siklama eyokuqala isitofu segesikamuva eyathengiswa emakethe, yaqala ukuyibeka ekhaya ngo-1826. Amakhophi okuqala athengiswa emakhishini ehhotela ngo-1834, kodwa naphezu kwempumelelo yawo, umdali wabo wayesaba ukwethula ukukhiqizwa okuphelele. Ukuvakasha nje kweNkosi endlini kaSharpe UFrederick Spencerowayefuna ukudla okuphekwe ngegesi waqinisekisa umsunguli ukuthi kufanele ahlangabezane nesidingo esikhona. Ngo-1836 wasungula imboni enabasebenzi abangu-35. Ohhavini bakhe babengamahhavini amile anamahhuku phezulu okwakungalengiswa kuwo inyama ukuze yoswe, kube nendandatho yezimbawula phansi.
7. I-Napier Vacuum Machine
1840 Uvuka ekuseni umsunguli wemishini yekhofi, okungukuthi, umshini we-vacuum (7). Imishini yevacuum, nakuba ngokuvamile iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuba isetshenziswe nsuku zonke, yaziswa ngokukhiqiza ukumnika okucacile futhi yayidumile kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwathuthukiswa okokwenza ikhofi. Ngawo-30, kwavela imishini ye-espresso ezenzakalelayo enezinto zokushisisa ngogesi. Umenzi wekhofi wokuqala wokuhlunga wangena emakethe ngo-1972.
1850 UJoel Houghton waseMelika ugunyaze umshini wokhuni onesondo elijika ngesandla elifutha amanzi ezitsheni. Bekuyi umshini wokuwasha izitsha onelungelo lobunikazi. Khona-ke kulesi sigaba kwakukhona amadivaysi angcono futhi awusizo kakhulu.
1858 Ezra Warner idala okokuvula ithini lokuqala emhlabeni. Ngo-1925 UWilliam Lyman kwaqedwa cishe. isondo elijikelezayo. Le modeli yashintshwa ngohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwe-can, kodwa lokhu kushiyeka kwalungiswa ngokushesha ngokudalwa kwenguqulo yendawo yonke.
1876 Unjiniyela waseBavaria kanye nesazi sefiziksi Karl von Linde wakha umshini lapho ukudla kwakuqandiswa khona kusetshenziswa i-ammonia ewuketshezi (8). Iqhwa elikhiqizwa yilo mshini lakhiwa amabhulokhi futhi lasakazwa ezindlini. AmaViking aphinde aqaphela ukuthi inyama egcinwe emakhazeni ihlala isikhathi eside. Kungakho imigodi ekhethekile yambiwa endaweni emnyama kakhulu yamaqhugwane, igcwele iqhwa neqhwa, kwase kuthi, sebebeke ukudla, bayimboza yonke into ngophahla lwamapulangwe kanye nongqimba lomhlabathi, okunikeza ukufudumeza okushisayo. . . Yebo umqondo we-cold store wathuthukiswa, izakhi ezimbili ezibalulekile zazo - indawo engayodwa kanye nesipholile - ezihlale zingashintshile kuze kube yilolu suku. Baqala ukuduma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. obhasikidi beqhwalapho kwasetshenziswa khona izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuzihlukanisa. Eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokusungulwa kukaLinde, owokuqala ifriji kagesi. Inguqulo enomfutho esetshenziswa namuhla yasungulwa ngo-1925.
8. Umdwebo wohlelo lwesiqandisi uCarl von Linde
1885 U-Rufus M. Eastman unikezwe ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala lase-US ledivayisi engathathwa njengesibonelo. umxube kagesi.
1882-1893 Embukisweni Wezinja Womhlaba eChicago UFriedrich Schindler yamukelwe indondo yegolide yesitofu sikagesi. Umklami wayeyindlalifa yezimboni zendwangu ezichumayo, kodwa wayenesithakazelo esikhulu ezintweni ezitholwe zobuchwepheshe. Njengoba engusomabhizinisi ocebile, wavakashela imibukiso yomhlaba, lapho kwethulwa khona impumelelo yakamuva yezobuchwepheshe. Ngo-1881, embukisweni onjalo eParis, wathenga Thomas Edison Electric Generator futhi yethula isibani sokuqala sikagesi kanye nejeneretha kagesi e-Austria. Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ngabe uSchindler uqashe ini ukusiza ngezinto aziqambile UGabriela Narutowicz, kamuva owaba umongameli wokuqala wePoland ezimele ... Nakuba uSchindler athola umklomelo ngokusungulwa kwakhe, umhloli waseCanada waba ngowokuqala ukuxhuma isitofu kumapayipi amakhulu. Thomas Ahern. Umshini wakhe wawusetshenziselwa ukushisa kabusha ukudla e-Windsor Hotel e-Ottawa. U-Ahern uphinde wathola ilungelo lobunikazi lesitofu sikagesi eNyakatho Melika. Ngemva kweminyaka emine UWilliam Hadaway evela e-United States ithole ilungelo lobunikazi "lwesitofu sikagesi esilawulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo".
1893 U-Alfred Louis Bernardin amalungelo obunikazi kuqala isivuli sebhodlela. Inamathiselwe unomphela phezulu kwetafula. Ngemva konyaka, wathola ilungelo lobunikazi imodeli efanayo kakhulu. UWilliam Painter - umsunguli wezivalo ze-corona, i.e. amakepisi. Nanamuhla zisasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
1909 Okokuqala kuphumelele i-toaster amalungelo obunikazi UFrank Shaylor kusuka kuGeneral Electric. Umshini wakhe wawungenayo i-casing yangaphandle, izinzwa zokushisa nezilawuli, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, wawunengxenye eyodwa kuphela yokufudumeza, ngakho uhlangothi ngalunye lwesinkwa kwakudingeka luthoswe ngokuhlukana, njengasepanini. i-toasterlokho sonke esikwaziyo namuhla, okungukuthi, ukunquma ukuthi i-toast isilungele ukudliwa nokuyiphonsa phezulu, yasungulwa ngama-20s ngu-Charles Streit.
1922 IsiPolish ngokuzalwa UStefan Poplavski, kwakha umshini wokwenza ubisi. Yayinesitsha eside, ngezansi kunemimese eyayisenza ukuba inyakaze. Olohlobo olunjalo ukuxuba ijabulela ukuthandwa okukhulu kuze kube yilolu suku.
1922 U-Arthur Leslie Omkhulu yakha Iketela likagesi. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kamuva, ukukhathazeka kukaGeneral Electric kuletha inkampani emakethe Igedlela likagesi elinokucima okuzenzakalelayo.
1938 Ubhekwa njengomsunguli weTeflon. URoy Plunkettowayesebenza elabhorethri yaseDuPont. Ngesikhathi socwaningo lwamagesi ayiqhwa, kwavela ukuthi elinye lamasampula lalimbozwe ngempushana emhlophe eyayingaziwa ngaphambili - I-Teflon. Ngaphambi kokuthi yethulwe kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezitsha zasekhishini, yavela, ngokwesibonelo, eManhattan Project, inhloso yayo kwakuwukudala. Ibhomu le-athomu.
1945 Enqubweni yokusebenza kumadivayisi e-radar, kwenzeka ngengozi Imicrowave. Umqambi wayo wayengunjiniyela nomsunguli waseMelika Percy Spencer. Waqaphela ukuthi ngenxa yokuhlolwa, ushokoledi wancibilika ephaketheni lakhe. I-Popcorn kwaba ukudla kokuqala usosayensi akufudumeza ngamabomu kuhhavini ye-microwave. Ngo-1947, uRaytheon wethula ihhavini yokuqala ye-Radarange microwave emakethe. Yayingu-1,5 m ukuphakama, inesisindo esingaphezu kuka-300 kg futhi ibiza u-$5. amadola.
9. Enye ye-oven microwave yokuqala
1952 George Stephen, Weber Brother Metal Works welder, owasungulwa i-grill yesiboneloesisebenzisayo njengamanje. Wakha imodeli ephathekayo enengubo esebenzayo evikela ukudla emvuleni okungenzeka, kanye nama-grates entuthuni.
1976 Ukwethulwa okunengqondo i-combi steamer - ukuthuthukiswa komqondo we-oven convection, lapho umsebenzi wokushisa igumbi wengezwe khona. Abalandeli baphoqa umoya oshisayo egunjini, okuwubangela ukuba uhambe uvundlile. Umoya ube usudlula ezihlungini ezisusa izinhlayiya zamafutha kuzo bese zibuyiselwa kubalandeli. Ukujikeleza komoya okuvundlile kanye nokunciphisa kuqinisekisa ukungakwazi ukungena kwephunga (abathwali abakhulu bawo amafutha) kanye nokushisa okufanayo ekamelweni. I-steam yengezwa ekamelweni lokujikeleza komoya, okusheshisa ukwelashwa kokushisa futhi kuvimbele ukudla ekulahlekelweni umswakama.
Ubuchwepheshe bamuva ekhishini
I-inthanethi yezinto
Izinkampani eziningi zinikeza izinzwa ezithuthukisa ubuhlakani bemishini esesivele sinayo ngaphandle kokuyishintsha. Makube yisibonelo I-SmartThingQ Inkampani yaseKorea LG. Lo mshini oyindilinga ungaxhunywa ezintweni ezihambisanayo ezifana nemishini yokuwasha, iziqandisi, amahhavini ama-microwave noma ama-air conditioner. Ibhalisa izisusa ezithile, ezifana nezinga lokushisa noma amaleveli okudlidliza, futhi izibike kumsebenzisi ngohlelo lokusebenza ku-smartphone noma ithebhulethi (uma zisebenzisa i-Android). Umkhiqizi uqinisekisa ukuthi i-SmartThingQ drive exhunywe emshinini wokuwasha izobika, isibonelo, ukuphela komjikelezo wokugeza, futhi inzwa evela esiqandisini izokhiqiza isaziso mayelana nosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kokudla. Ingase futhi ibonise, isibonelo, ukuvulwa kwesiqandisi ngesikhathi sokungabikho kwethu.
Imishini yasekhishini ehlakaniphile
Uma sinezinkinga zokulinganisa nokukala izithako, Isikali sokuwa esihlakaniphile usebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-smartphone, lokhu kuzosisiza ukuthi sifinyelele izilinganiso ezifanele. I-pan enegama elibalulekile elithi Pantelligent ifakwe izinzwa, ngakho-ke sizohlala sazi ukuthi izinga lokushisa lokuthosa lilungile yini. Ngisho nebhodi lokusika "eliyisiphukuphuku" alisesona isiphukuphuku uma libizwa nge-GKilo futhi lingakwazi ukukala izingcezu ezisikiwe kuze kufike kugramu.
Isitendi sethebhulethi
Amatafula e-countertops namatafula asekhishini akuyona indawo engcono kakhulu yethebhulethi - ngaphandle kwalokho, izandla zesisebenzi sasekhishini azihlali zihlanzekile. Nokho liwucezu lwesisetshenziswa esibalulekile uma sidinga ukuphequlula izindlela zokupheka noma ukubuka izinhlelo ze-TV ngenkathi sipheka… Ngenhlanhla, sekuvele kunamamodeli amaningi ahlukene ezitendi zamathebhulethi avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene. Udinga nje ukukhetha elula kakhulu.
Umshini wekhofi olawulwa ngezwi
Kwabe-techno-natives, akusho ukuthi amadivayisi kumele acushwe futhi isilawuli sezwi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, umshini wekhofi we-Hamilton Beach Voice Activated 12 Cup Coffeemaker ungasethwa ukuze ulungiselele uhlobo oluthile lwekhofi ngesikhathi esithile, ngenani elithile, kunjalo.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zamaselula zokupheka
Okunye okusobala kwabakujwayele. Ziningi zazo. Zikuvumela ukuthi ulawule ukude izinto zikagesi zasekhishini, uphathe inqubo yokupheka ngokuhambisana neresiphi esebenzisanayo, futhi, ekugcineni, okungokwemvelo esizukulwaneni esincane sabapheki, wabelane ngomphumela wemizamo yakho yokupheka ezinkundleni zokuxhumana.
Ikhishi ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
I-CookPlat iwumpheki wokungenisa izingilazi we-ceramic ongaphathwa nawe, uthwalwe ngemithwalo futhi uphekwe kuwo noma yikuphi. Ngaphandle uma kunjalo, kwenzeka lapho ugesi. Okubalulekile, idivayisi inesakhiwo se-modular, ngakho-ke uma kunesidingo, ungenza ngokwezifiso izakhi zomuntu ngamunye zepuleti, ezidingekayo esimweni esithile. Enye inzuzo ukuvimbela amanzi, ngenxa yalokho I-CookPlat isibonelo, ingagezwa ngokuphepha kumshini wokuwasha izitsha kanye nezinye izitsha. Amapulaki kagesi namasokhethi anesakhiwo esiyisicaba, okwenza ukupakisha kube lula kakhulu.
Isiqandisi esine-inthanethi
namuhla amafriji babe nezikrini zokuthinta umnyango ezisobala. Isibonelo, amamodeli e-LG InstaView noma e-Samsung Family Hub yesiqandisi esihlakaniphile akuvumela ukuthi u-ode igrosa ngalo mnyango, uvule umculo, noma ushiye futhi uthumele imilayezo kumalungu omndeni ngenxa yesistimu yekhompyutha. Amakhamera angaphakathi komshini asivumela ukuba sibone ukude uma kukhona okushodayo, okuwusizo ngempela lapho sithenga. I-LG hardware nayo ikhona futhi umkhiqizo we-Samsung unikeza zokupheka ngokusekelwe kokuqukethwe kwawo kwamanje.
Ama-French fries emoyeni
Siyawathanda ama-french, kodwa emndenini nempilo yethu, lesi akusona isidlo esihle kakhulu. Ngakho uPhillips wadala french umshini wokuthosa - Airfryer, lapho sisebenzisa isipuni esincane samafutha ukupheka amazambane ngokuthosa, futhi imishini inikeza umoya omningi oshisayo. Amafutha nama-calories ekudleni okunjalo ngokuqinisekile kuncane kakhulu kunokujwayelekile. Wonke umuntu kufanele ahlulele ukunambitheka kwakhe.
Iphrinta ye-3D
I-BlinBot sizophrinta noma iyiphi i-pancake esiyifunayo. Imiklamo yethu siqu noma imiklamo ye-pancake etholwe emakethe ingalandwa kusetshenziswa imemori khadi ekhiphekayo. ikakhulukazi amaswidi. I-ChefJet, edalwe yi-3D Systems, iphrinta kusuka kushukela noma icing futhi "ipeni" ye-elekthronikhi yokubhala nokudweba ngoshokoledi.
