Izindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe endizeni nangale kwayo

Indiza ithuthuka ngezindlela ezihlukene. Izindiza zandisa ibanga lazo lokundiza, ziyonga kakhulu, zibe namandla okundiza futhi zisheshise kangcono. Kukhona ukuthuthukiswa kwekhabhinethi, indawo yabagibeli kanye nezikhumulo zezindiza ngokwazo.

Indiza ithathe amahora ayishumi nesikhombisa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. I-Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner Inkampani yezindiza yase-Australia i-Qantas, enabagibeli abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabili nabasebenzi abayishumi nesithupha, indize isuka ePerth, e-Australia yaya e-Heathrow Airport eLondon. Yadlula imoto 14 km. Bekuyindiza yesibili ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ngemuva nje kokuxhuma kweQatar Airways isuka eDoha iya e-Auckland, eNew Zealand. Lo mzila wokugcina uyacatshangelwa 14 km, okungamakhilomitha angama-31 ubude.

Khonamanjalo, iSingapore Airlines isivele ilinde ukulethwa kwentsha. I-Airbus A350-900ULR (ukudonsa isikhathi eside) ukuqala isevisi eqondile ukusuka eNew York kuya eSingapore. Ubude obuphelele bomzila buzoba ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-15 km. Inguqulo ye-A350-900ULR icacile - ayinaso isigaba somnotho. Indiza yakhelwe inezihlalo ezingama-67 esigabeni sebhizinisi nezingu-94 esigabeni somnotho ophambili. Kunengqondo. Phela, ubani ongahlala cishe usuku lonke endaweni enyinyekile yegumbi elishibhe kakhulu? Phakathi kokunye Ngokucabangela izindiza ezinde kangaka eziqondile, ziya ngokuya ziklanywa izinsiza ezintsha ezindlini zabagibeli.

Uphiko lwe-Passive

Njengoba imiklamo yezindiza ithuthuka, i-aerodynamics yazo yaba nezinguquko eziqhubekayo, nakuba zingezona ezinkulu, izinguquko. Sesha ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli Izinguquko zedizayini manje zingasheshiswa, okuhlanganisa amaphiko azacile, aguquguqukayo avumela ukugeleza komoya okungokwemvelo kwe-laminar nokulawula okusebenzayo kwalokho kugeleza komoya.

Isikhungo sokucwaninga ngendiza ye-NASA i-Armstrong eCalifornia sisebenza kulokho esikubiza ngokuthi iphiko le-aeroelastic engenzi lutho (STALEMATE). U-Larry Hudson, unjiniyela omkhulu wokuhlola e-Armstrong Center's Air Load Laboratory, utshele abezindaba ukuthi lesi sakhiwo esiyinhlanganisela silula futhi siguquguquka kakhulu kunezimpiko zendabuko. Izindiza zezohwebo zesikhathi esizayo zizokwazi ukuyisebenzisela ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokuklama, ukunciphisa isisindo nokonga uphethiloli. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ochwepheshe basebenzisa (i-FOSS), esebenzisa imicu ye-optical ehlanganiswe nobuso bephiko, enganikeza izinkulungwane zezilinganiso zezinkinga nezingcindezi ngaphansi kwemithwalo yokusebenza.

Izindiza zezindiza - iphrojekthi

Amaphiko azacile, aguquguqukayo anciphisa ukudonsa nesisindo, kodwa adinga izixazululo ezintsha zedizayini nokubamba. ukususwa kokudlidliza. Izindlela ezakhiwayo zihlotshaniswa, ikakhulukazi, nokulungiswa kwesakhiwo, okune-aeroelastic kwesakhiwo kusetshenziswa izinhlanganisela ezinephrofayili noma ukwenziwa kwezithasiselo zensimbi, kanye nokulawulwa okusebenzayo kwendawo enyakazayo yamaphiko ukuze kuncishiswe imithwalo eqondisayo kanye neziqhumane. futhi udambise ukudlidliza kwamaphiko. Isibonelo, iNyuvesi yaseNottingham, e-UK, yakha amasu okulawula asebenzayo amaphini okuqondisa indiza angathuthukisa ukuhamba kwayo emoyeni. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukumelana komoya cishe ngama-25%. Ngenxa yalokho, indiza izondiza ngokushelela, okuzoholela ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli okuphansi kanye nokukhipha umoya omncane.₂.

I-geometry eguquguqukayo

I-NASA isebenzise ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe obusha obuvumela izindiza ukuthi zindize ukusonga amaphiko ngama-engeli ahlukene. Uchungechunge lokugcina lwezindiza olwenziwe e-Armstrong Flight Research Centre lwaluyingxenye yalo msebenzi I-Adaptive wing span - I-PAV. Ihlose ukuzuza izinzuzo eziningi ze-aerodynamic ngokusebenzisa ingxubevange yenkumbulo yomumo ongasindi ozovumela amaphiko angaphandle nezindawo zawo zokulawula ukuthi zigoqe ngama-engeli afanele ngesikhathi sendiza. Amasistimu asebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe obusha angaba nesisindo esingaphansi kwama-80% kunezinhlelo zendabuko. Leli bhizinisi liyingxenye yephrojekthi ye-NASA ye-Convergent Aircraft Solutions ngaphakathi kwe-Aeronautical Research Mission Directorate.

Idizayini yamakhabethe ezindiza ahlakaniphile

Ukugoqa amaphiko ekundizeni kuwuhlelo olusha, nokho, olwake lwazanywa ngeminyaka yama-60s kusetshenziswa, phakathi kokunye, indiza ye-XB-70 Valkyrie. Inkinga yayiwukuthi lokhu kwakuhlale kubangelwa ukuba khona kwezinjini ezisindayo nezinkulu ezivamile kanye nezinhlelo ze-hydraulic, ezazingenandaba nokuzinza nokusebenza kahle kwendiza.

Nokho, ukusebenzisa lo mqondo kungaholela ezindizeni ezonga uphethiloli kakhulu kunangaphambili, futhi kwenze kube lula ngezindiza ezizothatha uhambo olude ezizayo ukuba zibe amatekisi ezikhumulweni zezindiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abashayeli bezindiza bazothola enye insiza yokusabela ezimweni ezishintshayo zendiza, njengokushaywa komoya. Enye yezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingaba khona zokugoqa amaphiko ihlobene nokundiza okuphezulu kakhulu.

, futhi basebenza nalokhu okuthiwa. umzimba onephiko elithambile - Uphiko oluxubile. Kuwumklamo ohlanganisiwe ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa okucacile phakathi kwamaphiko kanye ne-fuselage yendiza. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kunenzuzo ngaphezu kwemiklamo yendiza evamile ngoba ukwakheka kwe-fuselage ngokwayo kusiza ukukhiqiza ukuphakama. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunciphisa ukumelana komoya nesisindo, okusho ukuthi umklamo omusha udla uphethiloli omncane futhi ngenxa yalokho unciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO.₂.

Ukubuka ngeso lengqondo idizayini yephiko le-X-48B elixubile

I-Boundary Layer Etching

Nabo bayahlolwa enye isakhiwo senjini – ngenhla kwephiko nasemsileni, ukuze kusetshenziswe amamotho amakhulu obubanzi. Imiklamo enezinjini ze-turbofan noma izinjini zikagesi ezakhelwe emsila, okuthiwa "ukugwinya", zisuka ezixazululweni ezivamile. ungqimba lomngcele womoyaokunciphisa ukudonsa. Ososayensi be-NASA bagxile engxenyeni yokudonsa futhi basebenzela umbono obizwa ngokuthi (BLI). Bafuna ukuyisebenzisela ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanyekanye, izindleko zokusebenza kanye nokungcoliswa komoya.

 kusho uJim Heidmann, umphathi we-Advanced Air Transport Technologies Project ye-Glenn Research Centre, ngesikhathi ethula inkulumo kwabezindaba.

Lapho indiza indiza, kwakheka ungqimba lomngcele oluzungeze i-fuselage namaphiko - umoya ohamba kancane, odala ukudonsa okwengeziwe kwe-aerodynamic. Akukho nhlobo phambi kwendiza ehambayo - yakheka lapho umkhumbi uhamba emoyeni, futhi ngemuva kwemoto ingaba amashumi amaningana amasentimitha ubukhulu. Ngomklamo ovamile, ungqimba lomngcele umane lushelela eduze kwe-fuselage bese luhlangana nomoya ongemuva kwendiza. Kodwa-ke, isimo siyashintsha uma sibeka izinjini endleleni yesendlalelo somngcele, isibonelo ekupheleni kwendiza, ngokuqondile ngenhla noma ngemuva kwe-fuselage. Umoya ohamba kancane womngcele ube usungena ezinjinini, lapho uphuthunyiswa khona futhi ukhishwe ngesivinini esikhulu. Lokhu akuthinti amandla enjini. Inzuzo ukuthi ngokusheshisa umoya, sinciphisa ukudonsa okunikezwa ungqimba lomngcele.

Ososayensi baye balungiselela imiklamo yezindiza engaphezu kweshumi nambili engasebenzisa ikhambi elinjalo. I-ejensi inethemba lokuthi okungenani eyodwa yazo izosetshenziswa endizeni yokuhlola i-X, i-NASA efuna ukuyisebenzisa kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe bezindiza ezithuthukisiwe ekusebenzeni.

Umbono wezihlalo ezintsha endizeni

Twin brother uzokhuluma iqiniso

Amawele edijithali indlela yesimanje kakhulu evumela ukuthi unciphise kakhulu izindleko zokugcinwa kwemishini. Njengoba igama liphakamisa, amawele edijithali enza ikhophi ebonakalayo yezimpahla ezibonakalayo esebenzisa idatha eqoqwe ezindaweni ezithile emishinini noma kumadivayisi - ayikhophi yedijithali yesisetshenziswa esivele sisebenza noma esakhiwayo. I-GE Aviation isanda kusiza ukuthuthukisa iwele lokuqala ledijithali emhlabeni. Isistimu ye-chassis. Ezindaweni lapho ukwehluleka kuvame ukuvela khona, izinzwa ziyafakwa ezihlinzeka ngedatha yesikhathi sangempela, okuhlanganisa ingcindezi ye-hydraulic nezinga lokushisa lamabhuleki. Lokhu kwakusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga umjikelezo wempilo osele we-chassis nokuhlonza ukwehluleka kusenesikhathi.

Ngokuqapha kwesistimu yamawele edijithali, singakwazi ngokuqhubekayo ukuqapha isimo sezinsiza futhi sithole izexwayiso kusenesikhathi, izibikezelo kanye nezinhlelo zesenzo, silingisa izimo zokuthi-ke uma - konke ukuze sandise ukutholakala kwezinsiza. imishini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokusho kwe-International Data Corporation, izinkampani ezitshala imali kumawele edijithali zizobona ukwehliswa ngamaphesenti angama-30 esikhathini somjikelezo wezinqubo ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa nokugcinwa.  

Okungokoqobo okungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona kumshayeli wendiza

Enye yezinto ezintsha ezibalulekile eminyakeni yamuva kube ukuthuthukiswa imibukiso nezinzwa abashayeli bezindiza. I-NASA kanye nososayensi baseYurophu bazama lokhu ngomzamo wokusiza abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi babone futhi bagweme izinkinga nezinsongo. Isibonisi besesivele sifakiwe kusigqoko somshayeli wendiza F-35 Lockheed Martinkanye ne-Thales kanye ne-Elbit Systems bakha amamodeli abashayeli bezindiza zezentengiselwano, ikakhulukazi izindiza ezincane. Uhlelo lwale nkampani yokugcina lwe-SkyLens maduze luzosetshenziswa ezindizeni ze-ATR.

I-SkyLens evela ku-Elbit Systems

Ezokwenziwa nezicwengisisiwe sezivele zisetshenziswa kabanzi kumajethi ebhizinisi amakhulu. izinhlelo zombono wezobuchwepheshe (SVS/EVS), evumela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi bahlale ngaphansi kwezimo eziphansi ezingabonakali. Ziya ngokuya zihlangana zibe izinhlelo zombono wezobuchwepheshe ezihlanganisiwe (CVS), okuhloswe ngayo ukuthuthukisa ukuqwashisa kwesimo somshayeli nokuthembeka kwamashejuli endiza. Uhlelo lwe-EVS lusebenzisa inzwa ye-infrared (IR) ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala futhi ngokuvamile lufinyelelwa ngesibonisi se-HUD (). I-Elbit Systems system yona inama-sensor ayisithupha, okuhlanganisa ukukhanya kwe-infrared nokubonakalayo. Ilokhu inwetshwa ukuze kutholakale izinsongo ezihlukahlukene njengomlotha wentaba-mlilo emkhathini.

Izikrini zokuthintaasevele efakiwe kuma-cockpits ezindiza zebhizinisi, athuthela endizeni enezibonisi ze-Rockwell Collins ze-Boeing 777-X entsha. Abakhiqizi be-Avionics nabo bafuna ochwepheshe bokuqaphela inkulumo njengesinye isinyathelo esibheke ekunciphiseni umthwalo ekhabetheni. U-Honeywell uyazama ukuqapha umsebenzi wobuchopho Ukunquma lapho umshayeli enomsebenzi omningi okufanele awenze noma ukunaka kwakhe kuzulazula ndawana thize “emafwini” - okungenzeka futhi mayelana nekhono lokulawula imisebenzi ye-cockpit.

Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe endaweni yabashayeli akusizi ngalutho uma abashayeli bezindiza bevele bekhathele. UMike Sinnett, iphini likamongameli we-Boeing wokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, usanda kutshela abeReuters ukuthi uhlela "imisebenzi engu-41 izodingeka eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo." izindiza zejethi zezentengiselwano. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuzodingeka abantu abangaphezu kwe-600. abashayeli bezindiza abasha abengeziwe. Ngingazitholaphi? Uhlelo lokuxazulula le nkinga, okungenani e-Boeing, ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Le nkampani isivele idalule izinhlelo zokwakhiwa kwayo i-cockpit ngaphandle kwabashayeli bezindiza. Kodwa-ke, uSinnett ukholelwa ukuthi cishe ngeke zibe ngokoqobo kuze kube ngu-2040.

Awekho amawindi?

Amakhabethe abagibeli ayindawo yokuqanjwa kabusha lapho kuningi okwenzekayo. Ama-Oscar aklonyeliswa ngisho kule ndawo - Imiklomelo ye-Crystal Cabin, i.e. imiklomelo eya kubasunguli nabaklami abakha izinhlelo ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezindawo zangaphakathi zezindiza kubo bobabili abagibeli nabasebenzi. Konke okwenza ukuphila kube lula, okwandisa ukunethezeka nokudala ukonga kuyaklonyeliswa lapha - kusukela endlini yangasese engaphakathi ebhodini kuya kumalokha omthwalo wesandla.

Ngaleso sikhathi, uTimothy Clark, uMongameli we-Emirates Airlines, uyamemezela: izindiza ezingenamafasitelaokungaba ngisho nengxenye yesisindo sezakhiwo ezikhona, okusho ngokushesha, okushibhile futhi okunobungani bemvelo ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni. Ekilasini lokuqala le-Boeing 777-300ER entsha, amafasitela asevele ashintshiwe ngezikrini, ngenxa yamakhamera nokuxhumeka kwe-fiber optic, angabonisa ukubuka kwangaphandle ngaphandle kokungafani okubonakala ngeso lenyama. Kubonakala sengathi umnotho ngeke uvumele ukwakhiwa kwezindiza “eziyingilazi” abaningi abaphupha ngazo. Kunalokho, maningi amathuba okuba sibe nama-projections ezindongeni, ophahleni, noma ezihlalweni eziphambi kwethu.

Umqondo wekhabethe elinophahla olubona isibhakabhaka ngeso lengqondo

Ngonyaka odlule, i-Boeing yaqala ukuhlola uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula lwe-vCabin, oluvumela abagibeli ukuthi balungise izinga lokukhanya endaweni yabo eseduze, bashayele abalindi bendiza, ba-oda ukudla futhi bahlole ukuthi indlu yangasese imahhala yini. Khonamanjalo, amafoni ashintshiwe ukuze afake izinto zangaphakathi ezifana nesihlalo sebhizinisi se-Recaro CL6710, esiklanyelwe ukuvumela izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphathwayo ukuthi zitshekisele isihlalo siye phambili nangemuva.

Kusukela ngo-2013, abalawuli baseMelika bebezama ukususa ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa komakhalekhukhwini ezindizeni, beveza ukuthi ubungozi bokuthi baphazamise uhlelo lwezokuxhumana ebhodini manje sebuphansi futhi buphansi. Ukuphumelela kule ndawo kuzovumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ngesikhathi sendiza.

Siphinde sibona ukuzenzela okuqhubekayo kokuphatha phansi. I-Delta Airlines e-US izama ukusebenzisa i-biometrics yokubhaliswa kwabagibeli. Ezinye izikhumulo zezindiza emhlabeni wonke sezivele zihlola noma ubuchwepheshe bokubona ubuso bokuzama ukufanisa izithombe zepasipoti nalezo zamakhasimende azo ngokuqinisekiswa komazisi, okuthiwa kuvumela abahambi ukuthi bahlolwe kabili ngehora. NgoJuni 2017, i-JetBlue yahlangana ne-U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) kanye nenkampani ye-IT yomhlaba wonke i-SITA ukuhlola uhlelo olusebenzisa i-biometrics kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubona ubuso ukuze bahlole amakhasimende lapho egibela khona.

Ngo-Okthoba odlule, i-International Air Transport Association yabikezela ukuthi isibalo sabahambi sizophindeka kabili siye ku-2035 billion ngo-7,2. Ngakho-ke kunesizathu nokuthi ubani okufanele asebenzele emisha nasekuthuthukisweni.

Ukundiza kwekusasa:

Ukugqwayiza kokusebenza kwesistimu ye-BLI: 

Upopayi Wokungena Kwesendlalelo Somngcele | NASA Glenn Research Center