I-Tankettes - isiqephu esikhohliwe ekuthuthukiseni amabutho ahlomile

I-Morris-Martel One Man Tankette yokuqala yakhiwe ngamakhophi ayisishiyagalombili. Ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kwanqanyulwa kuvumela umklamo ofanayo weCarden-Loyd.

I-tankette imoto encane yokulwa, ngokuvamile ehlome ngezibhamu zemishini kuphela. Ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa leli ithangi elincane, elilula kunamathangi akhanyayo. Nokho, empeleni lona bekuwumzamo wokuqala wokulungisa amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, ewanikeza imoto ewavumela ukuba aphelezele amathange ekuhlaseleni. Kodwa-ke, emazweni amaningi kuzanywa ukusebenzisa lezi zimoto ngokushintshana namathangi akhanyayo - nomonakalo othile. Ngakho-ke, lesi siqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwama-wedges sashiywa ngokushesha. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwale mishini endimeni ehlukile kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku.

Indawo yokuzalwa ye-tankette yi-Great Britain, indawo yokuzalwa ye-tank, eyavela ezinkundleni zempi yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-1916. I-Great Britain ingaphezu kwephakathi nesikhathi se-interwar, i.e. kuze kube ngu-1931-1933 izinqubo zemishini yamandla aphansi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yokusetshenziswa kwamandla ezikhali kanye nesivinini. Kamuva, ngeminyaka yama-XNUMX, futhi ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yesibili yeshumi leminyaka, yadlulwa yiJalimane ne-USSR.

I-Carden-Loyd One Man Tankette iyimodeli yokuqala ye-tankette enesihlalo esisodwa, elungiswe ngu-John Carden no-Vivian Loyd (amakhophi amabili akhiwe, ahlukene ngemininingwane).

Ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, iBrithani yayinezigaba ezinhlanu zamasosha ahamba ngezinyawo (amabutho amathathu ahamba ngezinyawo kanye nezikhali ezihlukanisayo ngalinye), amabutho angamashumi amabili amahhashi (okuhlanganisa ayisithupha azimele, ayisithupha akha amabutho amathathu agibela amahhashi kanye namanye ayisishiyagalombili amiswe ngaphandle kweBritish Isles) kanye namathangi ama-battalion amane. Kodwa-ke, kakade eminyakeni yama-XNUMXs bekunezingxoxo ezibanzi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwemishini yamabutho aphansi. Igama elithi "mechanization" laliqondwa kabanzi - njengokwethulwa kwezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ebuthweni, kokubili ngesimo sezimoto futhi, isibonelo, ama-chainsaws kubunjiniyela noma ama-generator amandla kadizili. Konke lokhu kwakufanele kukhuphule ukusebenza kahle kwamasosha futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukwandisa ukuhamba kwabo enkundleni yempi. Ukuqondisa, naphezu kokuhlangenwe nakho okudabukisayo kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kuthathwe njengokunquma impumelelo yanoma yisiphi isenzo ezingeni lamaqhinga, ukusebenza noma ngisho namasu. Umuntu angasho ukuthi "naphezu", kodwa futhi angasho ukuthi kwakungenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ukuthi indima yokuqondisa ekulweni yathatha indawo evelele. Kutholakale ukuthi impi yezikhundla, okuyimpi yokucekela phansi kanye nokuqedwa kwezinsiza, futhi ngokombono womuntu, umsele nje "ongcolile", awuholeli esixazululweni esiwujuqu sengxabano. IGreat Britain yayingeke ikwazi ukulwa impi yokuqothula (okungukuthi, isikhundla), njengoba izimbangi zezwekazi laseBritish zazinezinsizakusebenza eziningi kanye nabasebenzi, okusho ukuthi imithombo yaseBrithani yayizophela ngaphambili.

Ngakho-ke, ukuqondisa kwakudingeka, futhi kwakudingeka ngazo zonke izindlela ukuthola izindlela zokuyiphoqelela esitheni esingase sibe khona. Kwakudingekile ukuthuthukisa imiqondo yendima (ukuphoqelela) yezenzo zokuqondisa kanye nomqondo wokuqondisa impi ngokwayo. E-UK, kuye kwenziwa umsebenzi omningi wethiyori nowenziwa ngalolu daba. Ngo-September 1925, ngokokuqala ngqá kusukela ngo-1914, kwenziwa amasu amakhulu amazwe amabili ahlanganisa izigaba eziningana. Phakathi nalezi zindlela, kwathuthukiswa isakhiwo esikhulu semishini esibizwa ngokuthi i-Mobile Force, esihlanganisa amabutho amabili agibela amahhashi kanye namasosha ahamba ngamaloli. Indlela abagibeli bamahhashi namasosha ahamba ngayo yahluka kakhulu kangangokuthi nakuba amasosha ahamba ngamaloli aqhubekela phambili, esikhathini esizayo kwakudingeka aqhunyiswe kude kakhulu nenkundla yempi. Ngenxa yalokho, amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo afika enkundleni yempi isiphelile.

I-Carden-Loyd Mk III tankette, inguquko ye-Mk II enamasondo okudonsela phansi engeziwe njenge-Mk I* (eyakhiwe).

Isiphetho sokuzivocavoca sasilula kakhulu: amabutho aseBrithani ayenezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuqondisa ngemishini, kodwa ukungabi nalwazi ekusebenziseni izindlela zobuchwepheshe (ngokuhambisana nokudonsa okudonswa amahhashi) kwakusho ukuthi ukuhamba ngokubunjwa kwamasosha akuzange kuphumelele. Kwakudingekile ukuthuthukisa ukuzivocavoca ekuhambeni kwamasosha ngomgwaqo, ukuze lokhu kuhamba kahle futhi amayunithi aphakanyiswe asondele enkundleni yempi ngendlela efanele, abe nazo zonke izindlela ezidingekayo zokulwa nesembozo sokulwa. Enye inkinga ukuvumelanisa ukuqondisa kwamaqembu ezinsana ngezikhali (kanye ne-sapper, ezokuxhumana, ukwazisa, izakhi ezilwa nezindiza, njll.), nezakhiwo ezihlomile ezihamba ngamathrekhi, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ziphuma emigwaqweni efinyeleleka ezimotweni ezinamasondo. Iziphetho ezinjalo zafinyelelwa ezenzweni ezinkulu zika-1925. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, kwenziwa umsebenzi wokucabanga mayelana nokuhamba kwamasosha ngesikhathi sokwenza imishini yawo.

I-Carden-Loyd Mk IV iyi-tankette yabantu ababili esekelwe kumamodeli wangaphambilini, ngaphandle kophahla noma i-turret, enamasondo omgwaqo amane ohlangothini ngalunye kanye namasondo okudonsa engeziwe.

Ngo-May 1927, kwasungulwa ibutho lokuqala emhlabeni elinemishini eGreat Britain. Yakhiwa ngesisekelo se-7th Infantry Brigade, lapho - njengengxenye yezimoto ezihamba ngezinyawo - ibutho lesibili le-Cheshire Regiment lavinjelwa. Amabutho asele e-brigade: I-Flanking Reconnaissance Group (iqembu le-wing reconnaissance) elihlanganisa izinkampani ezimbili zezimoto ezihlomile ezivela ebheshini le-2rd Battalion yeRoyal Tank Corps (RTK); Iqembu eliyinhloko lokuthola ulwazi yizinkampani ezimbili, enye inama-tankette angu-3 eCarden Loyd kanti enye inama-tankette angu-8 kaMorris-Martel avela ku-8rd RTC battalion; Ibutho lesihlanu le-RTC elinamathangi e-Vickers Medium Mark I angama-3; Ibutho Lomshini Wesibhamu Esiwumshini - Ibutho lesibili le-Somerset Light Infantry Battalion elinomshini osindayo we-Vickers, lithuthwe ngama-half-track e-Crossley-Kégresse namaloli angu-Morris anamasondo angu-5; I-48th Field Brigade, iRoyal Artillery, enamabhethri amathathu ezibhamu eziyi-2-pounder QF kanye nama-Howitzers angu-6 mm, amabili awo adonsa ngogandaganda be-Dragon kanti eyodwa idonswa ama-half-track akwaCrossley-Kégresse; Ibhethri lama-9, i-18th Field Brigade, i-Royal Artillery - ibhethri yokuhlola i-Brich Gun; ibhethri elilula lama-114,3 mm ama-howitzers asezintabeni athwalwa ngogandaganda baseBurford-Kégresse abayisigamu sethrekhi; Inkampani yasensimini eyenziwe ngomshini yeRoyal Engineers ezimotweni ezingu-20 zakwaMorris. Umkhuzi waleli butho lemishini kwakunguColonel Robert J. Collins, owayephinde abe umkhuzi we-9th Infantry Brigade emiswe ekamu elifanayo eCamp Tidworth eSalisbury Plain.

I-Carden-Loyd Mk VI iyi-tankette yokuqala eyimpumelelo ukuba idizayini yakudala ekilasini layo elandelwe abanye.

Ukuzivocavoca kokuqala kokubunjwa okusha ku-3rd Infantry Division, ngaphansi komyalo ka-Major W. John Burnett-Stewart, kubonise imiphumela exubile. Kwakunzima ukuvumelanisa ukuhamba kwezinto ezihlukahlukene ngezimoto ezinezakhiwo ezahlukene.

Izenzo zamasosha anolwazi ngomshini zibonise ukuthi imizamo yokumane ifake ukwakheka kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwa, kanye nezikhali ezixhunywe kuzo kanye namandla okusekela ngendlela yamayunithi okuhlola, ama-sappers, ezokuxhumana kanye nezinsizakalo, akulethi imiphumela emihle. Amasosha anemishini kufanele akhiwe ngezimiso ezintsha futhi aphathwe ngendlela efanele amandla okulwa ahlangene amabutho amathangi, amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo anezimoto, izikhali zemishini, nezinkonzo zezimoto, kodwa ngamanani ahambisana ngokwanele nezidingo zempi yeselula.

Kusuka ku-Carden-Loyd tankettes kuza isithwali sezikhali esilula esilandelwayo i-Universal Carrier, okwakuyimoto ehlomile eminingi kakhulu ye-Allied eMpini Yezwe II.

UTankitki Martella noCarden-Loyda

Nokho, akuwona wonke umuntu owayefuna ukwenza ibutho ngomshini ngaleli fomu. Babekholelwa ukuthi ukubonakala kwethangi enkundleni yempi kushintsha ngokuphelele isithombe salo. Esinye sezikhulu ezikwaziyo kakhulu zeRoyal Mechanized Corps yakamuva, u-Giffard Le Quen Martel, ukapteni wama-sappers ngo-1916 (kamuva uLieutenant-General Sir G. C. Martel; 10 October 1889 - 3 September 1958), wayenombono ohluke ngokuphelele.

U-GQ Martel wayeyindodana kaBrigadier General Charles Philip Martel owayephethe zonke izimboni zokuvikela zikahulumeni kuhlanganise ne-ROF e-Woolwich. U-GQ Martel waphothula eRoyal Military Academy, e-Woolwich ngo-1908 futhi waba u-lieutenant wesibili wonjiniyela. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, walwa ebuthweni lonjiniyela-sapper, ehlanganyela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekwakhiweni kwezinqaba kanye nokunqoba kwabo ngamathangi. Ngo-1916, wabhala imemorandamu enesihloko esithi "Tank Army", lapho ehlongoza ukuhlomisa kabusha lonke ibutho ngezimoto armored. Ngo-1917-1918, uBrig. Igcwele lapho udweba amapulani okusetshenziswa kwamathangi ekuhlaseleni okulandelayo. Ngemva kwempi, wakhonza emabuthweni onjiniyela, kodwa isithakazelo emathangini sahlala. Eqenjini elihlola imishini eliseCamp Tidworth, wayala inkampani esebenza ngomshini yama-sappers. Kakade engxenyeni yokuqala ye-XNUMXs, wazama ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhuloho amathangi, kodwa wayesathanda amathangi. Njengoba ibutho linesabelomali esiqinile, u-Martel waphendukela ekuthuthukisweni kwama-tankette amancane, umuntu oyedwa angasetshenziselwa ukukhanda wonke amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo namahhashi.

Ama-prototypes ama-tannettes ase-Polish (kwesokunxele) i-TK-2 ne-TK-1 kanye ne-British Carden-Loyd Mk VI enenqola yangaphansi eshintshiwe ethengelwe ukuhlolwa kanye nomshini wokuqala walolu hlobo; mhlawumbe ngo-1930

Lapha kufanelekile ukubuyela kumemorandamu yango-1916 futhi ubone ukuthi i-GQ Martel yanikeza ini ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, wayenombono wokuthi wonke amabutho asemhlabeni kufanele aguqulwe abe ibutho elilodwa elikhulu elihlomile. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isosha elilodwa elingenazo izikhali lalingenalo ithuba lokusinda enkundleni yempi egcwele izibhamu nezikhali ezidubula ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, wanquma ukuthi i-warhead kufanele ifakwe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zamathangi. Wasebenzisa isifaniso sasolwandle - imikhumbi kuphela elwa olwandle, evame ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali, kodwa i-analogue ethile ye-infantry, i.e. ayengekho amasosha okubhukuda noma ezikebheni ezincane. Cishe zonke izimoto zokulwa zempi yasolwandle kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX ziye zanikezwa amandla ngomshini izilo zensimbi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene (ikakhulukazi isitimu ngenxa yobukhulu bazo).

Ngakho-ke, u-GQ Martel wanquma ukuthi enkathini yeziqhumane ezidubulayo ezisheshayo ezivela ezimbayinjini kanye nezibhamu ezidubula ngokushesha, wonke amandla angaphansi komhlaba kufanele ashintshele ezimotweni ezifana nemikhumbi.

I-GQ Martel inikeza izigaba ezintathu zezimoto zokulwa: amathangi abhubhisayo, amathangi emikhumbi yempi namathangi e-torpedo (amathangi ahamba ngomkhumbi).

Isigaba sezimoto ezingezona ezokulwa kufanele sifake amathangi okuhlinzeka, i.e. izimoto ezihlomile zokuthutha izinhlamvu, uphethiloli, izingxenye eziyisipele nezinye izinto eziya enkundleni yempi.

Mayelana namathangi empi, ubuningi obukhulu bekufanele kube amathangi okulwa. Yiqiniso, kwakungafanele babe ababhubhisi bamathangi, njengoba negama lingase lisikisele - kuwumfanekiso nje wempi yasolwandle. Bekufanele kube ithangi elilula elihlome ngezibhamu zemishini, empeleni elisetshenziselwa ukukhanda izingane. Amayunithi okubhubhisa amathangi bekufanele athathe isikhundla samasosha ahamba phambili nabagibeli bamahhashi futhi enze le misebenzi elandelayo: endaweni "yamahhashi" - ukubuyiswa kabusha, ukumboza iphiko nokwenza izidumbu ngemuva kwemigqa yesitha, endaweni "yezingane" - ukuthatha indawo futhi ukuzulazula ezindaweni ezihlala abantu, ukulwa nohlobo olufanayo lokwakheka kwesitha, ukuvinjwa nokugcinwa kwezinto ezibalulekile zendawo, izisekelo kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla zesitha, kanye nokumboza amathangi emikhumbi yempi.

Amathangi emikhumbi yempi kwakufanele akhe amandla amakhulu ashayayo futhi enze imisebenzi eyisici samabutho ahlomile, futhi ingxenye yezikhali. Kwakufanele zihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene: esindayo ngejubane eliphansi, kodwa izikhali ezinamandla nezikhali ngesimo sesibhamu esingu-152 mm, esiphakathi nezikhali ezibuthakathaka nezikhali, kodwa ngesivinini esikhulu, nokukhanya - ngokushesha, nakuba okungenani ongahlomile futhi uhlomile. Laba bokugcina bekufanele baqhube uphenyo ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwezikhali, kanye nokuphishekela nokubhubhisa ababhubhisi bamathangi ezitha. Futhi ekugcineni, "amathangi e-torpedo", okungukuthi, ababhubhisi bemikhumbi yempi, abanezikhali ezinzima, kodwa izikhali ezincane zejubane elikhulu. Amathangi e-torpedo kwakufanele abambe amathangi emikhumbi yempi, awabhubhise, futhi aphume uhla lwezikhali zawo ngaphambi kokuba wona abhujiswe. Ngakho, ezimpini zasolwandle, babeyoba abalingani abakude nabahamba ngesikebhe esindayo; empini yomhlaba, isifaniso sivela nomqondo wakamuva waseMelika wababhubhisi bamathangi. U-G.K. Martel ucabange ukuthi "ithangi le-torpedo" esikhathini esizayo lingase lihlome ngohlobo lwesiqalisi se-rocket, esingasebenza kangcono ekushayeni okuhlosiwe kwezikhali. Umqondo wokusebenzisa imishini egcwele yebutho ngomqondo wokuhlomisa amasosha kuphela ngezimoto zezikhali nawo waheha uColonel W. (kamuva owaba uGenerali) uJohn F. C. Fuller, umcabango odume kakhulu wokusetshenziswa kwamabutho ahlomile aseBrithani.

Phakathi nenkonzo yakhe yakamuva, uKaputeni futhi kamuva uMajor Giffard Le Ken Martel bakhuthaza inkolelo-mbono yokwakha ababhubhisi bamathangi, i.e. izimoto ezishibhile kakhulu, ezincane, ezinezihlalo ezingu-1/2 ezihlome ngezibhamu ezingomshini, okwakuzothatha indawo yamasosha ahamba ngezinyawo asendulo namahhashi. Lapho, ngo-1922, u-Herbert Austin ekhombisa wonke umuntu imoto yakhe encane eshibhile enenjini engu-7 hp. (kungakho igama elithi Austin Seven), u-GQ Martel waqala ukukhuthaza umqondo wethangi elinjalo.

Ngo-1924, waze wakha i-prototype yemoto enjalo egalaji lakhe, esebenzisa amapuleti ensimbi alula kanye nezingxenye zezimoto ezihlukahlukene. Yena ngokwakhe wayengumakhenikha omuhle futhi, njenge-sapper, wayenemfundo efanele yobunjiniyela. Ekuqaleni, wethula imoto yakhe kozakwabo bezempi ngokuzijabulisa kunokuthakasela, kodwa ngokushesha lo mbono wathola indawo evundile. NgoJanuwari 1924, ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, kwasungulwa uhulumeni we-Labour Party ephiko kwesokunxele eGreat Britain, eholwa nguRamsay MacDonald. Yiqiniso, uhulumeni wakhe waqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni konyaka, kodwa umshini waqala ukusebenza. Izinkampani ezimbili zezimoto - iMorris Motor Company yaseCowley, eholwa nguWilliam R. Morris, Lord Nuffield, kanye neCrossley Motors yaseGorton ngaphandle kwaseManchester - banikezwe umsebenzi wokwakha izimoto ngokusekelwe emcabangweni nasekuklanyweni kwe-GQ Martel.

Kwakhiwe amathangi ayisishiyagalombili eMorris-Martel, kusetshenziswa i-chassis elandelwa umkhondo wakwaRoadless Traction Ltd. kanye nenjini kaMorris enamandla angu-16 hp, okwavumela imoto ukuba ifinyelele isivinini esingama-45 km / h. Enguqulweni yesihlalo esisodwa, imoto bekufanele ihlome ngesibhamu somshini, futhi enguqulweni enezihlalo ezimbili, isibhamu esinemigqomo emifushane engu-47 mm sasihlelwe. Imoto yayivezwe phezulu futhi inomfanekiso ophakeme kakhulu. Okuwukuphela kwe-prototype ye-Crossley inikwe amandla yinjini engu-27 hp four-cylinder Crossley. futhi yayinezibungu ngaphansi kwesistimu ye-Kègresse. Lesi sibonelo sahoxiswa ngo-1932 futhi sanikezwa iRoyal Military College of Science njengombukiso. Nokho, ayikasinda kuze kube namuhla. Yomibili le mishini - yomibili iMorris kanye neCrossley - ibilandelelwe ngohhafu, njengoba yomibili inamasondo okushayela imoto ngemuva kwenqola elandelwa umkhondo. Lokhu kwenza ukwakheka kwemoto kwaba lula.

Amasosha ayengawuthandi umklamo we-Martel, ngakho ngahlala kulawa ma-wedges ayisishiyagalombili e-Morris-Martel. Umqondo ngokwawo, nokho, wawukhanga kakhulu ngenxa yentengo ephansi yezimoto ezifanayo. Lokhu kwanika ithemba lokuthi kuzongena inqwaba “yamathange” ngezindleko eziphansi zokuwanakekela nokuthenga. Nokho, isixazululo esithandwayo sahlongozwa umklami ochwepheshe, unjiniyela uJohn Valentine Cardin.

UJohn Valentine Cardin (1892-1935) wayengunjiniyela onesiphiwo sokuzifundisa. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, wasebenza ku-Guard Corps of the Army Corps, esebenzisa ogandaganda abalandela umkhondo baseHolt ababesetshenziswa iButho LaseBrithani ukudonsa izibhamu ezinzima nokuhlinzeka ngama-trailer. Phakathi nenkonzo yakhe yezempi, wakhuphukela esikhundleni sokuba ukaputeni. Ngemva kwempi, wadala inkampani yakhe ekhiqiza izimoto ezincane kakhulu ochungechungeni oluncane, kodwa kakade ngo-1922 (noma 1923) wahlangana noVivian Loyd, lapho banquma ukukhiqiza izimoto ezincane ezilandelwayo zebutho - njengogandaganda noma ezinye izinto. Ngo-1924 basungula iCarden-Loyd Tractors Ltd. eChertsey ohlangothini olusentshonalanga yeLondon, empumalanga yeFarnborough. Ngo-March 1928, uVickers-Armstrong, owayekhathazeke kakhulu, wathenga inkampani yabo, futhi uJohn Carden waba umqondisi wezobuchwepheshe we-Vickers Panzer Division. U-Vickers usevele une-tankette edume kakhulu nenkulu kakhulu ye-Carden-Loyd duo, uMk VI; Ithangi le-Vickers E elingamathani angu-6 nalo lakhiwe, elathunyelwa kabanzi emazweni amaningi futhi linelayisensi ePoland (intuthuko yalo yesikhathi eside i-7TP) noma e-USSR (T-26). Ukuthuthukiswa kwakamuva kuka-John Carden kwakuyimoto elandelwa ukukhanya kwe-VA D50, eyakhiwe ngokuqondile ngesisekelo se-Mk VI tankette futhi okwakuyisibonelo senkampani ethwala indiza ekhanyayo ye-Bren Carrier. Ngo-December 10, 1935, uJohn Cardin washona engozini yendiza yendiza yaseBelgium i-Sabena.

Uzakwabo uVivian Loyd (1894-1972) wayenemfundo yesibili futhi wasebenza ebuthweni lezempi laseBrithani phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngokushesha ngemva kwempi, wakha nezimoto ezincane ochungechungeni oluncane ngaphambi kokujoyina inkampani yakwaCarden-Loyd. Ubuye waba umakhi wamathangi eVickers. EnoCardin, wayengumdali womndeni wakwaBren Carrier futhi kamuva waba yi-Universal Carrier. Ngo-1938, wahamba wayosungula inkampani yakhe, i-Vivian Loyd & Co., eyakha ogandaganda abakhasa be-Loyd Carrier abakhudlwana; ezingaba ngu-26 zakhiwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II (ikakhulukazi ezinye izinkampani ezingaphansi kwelayisensi yakwaLoyd).

I-tankette yokuqala yakhiwa efektri yakwaCardin-Loyd ebusika bango-1925-1926. Kwakuyisakhiwo esinezikhali esincane esinenjini yangemuva ngemuva komshayeli, namathrekhi anamathiselwe emaceleni. Amasondo omgwaqo amancane ayengagudluzwanga, futhi ingaphezulu lesibungu lalishibilika kumaslayidi ensimbi. Isiteringi sinikezwe isondo elilodwa elifakwe ku-fuselage engemuva, phakathi kwamathrekhi. Kwakhiwe ama-prototypes amathathu, futhi ngokushesha umshini owodwa wakhiwa ngenguqulo ethuthukisiwe ye-Mk I *. Kule moto, kwakungenzeka ukufaka amasondo engeziwe ohlangothini, ayeshayelwa iketango elisuka ku-axle yangaphambili yokushayela. Ngenxa yabo, imoto yayikwazi ukuhamba ngamasondo amathathu - amasondo amabili okushayela ngaphambili nesiteringi esisodwa esincane ngemuva. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukugcina amathrekhi emigwaqweni lapho ushiya inkundla yempi futhi kwandise ukuhamba ezindleleni ezishayiwe. Eqinisweni, kwakuyithangi elilandelwa ngamasondo. I-Mk I kanye ne-Mk I* kwakuyizimoto ezinesihlalo esisodwa, ezifana ne-Mk II eyakhiwa ekupheleni kuka-1926, eyayibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwamasondo omgwaqo amisiwe ezingalweni ezimisiwe, ezimanziswe yiziphethu. Okuhlukile kwalo mshini okwazi ukufaka amasondo ngokohlelo lwe-Mk I * wawubizwa nge-Mk III. I-prototype yahlolwa kakhulu ngo-1927. Kodwa-ke, inguqulo ye-tankette enezihlalo ezimbili ene-hull ephansi yavela ngokushesha. Abasebenzi ababili bemoto babekwe nhlangothi zombili zenjini, ngenxa yokuthi imoto yathola isici, isimo esiyisikwele esinobude obufana nobubanzi bemoto. Ilungu elilodwa labasebenzi lalilawula i-tankette, kanti elinye lasebenzisa izikhali zalo njengesibhamu somshini. I-undercarriage efakwe ku-track ibicwebezekile, kodwa isiteringi besiseyisondo elilodwa ngemuva. Injini ibishayela amagiya angaphambili, abedlulisela ukudonsa kujantshi. Kwakungenzeka futhi ukunamathisela amasondo engeziwe ohlangothini, lapho amandla adluliselwa khona ngeketanga kusuka kumasondo okushayela angaphambili - ukushayela emigwaqweni engcolile. Imoto yavela ekupheleni kuka-1927, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-1928, izimoto eziyisishiyagalombili ze-Mk IV zangena enkampanini ye-3rd tank battalion, eyayiyingxenye ye-Experimental Mechanized Brigade. Lawa ama-wedges okuqala akwa-Carden-Loyd athengwe amasosha futhi afakwa emsebenzini.

I-prototype ye-Mk V yango-1928 yaba ngeyokugcina ukwakhiwa ngabakwaCarden-Loyd Tractors Ltd. Ihluke ezimotweni zangaphambilini ezinesondo elikhulu nesiteringi esinwetshiwe. Nokho, ayizange ithengwe amasosha.

UCarden-Loyd ngaphansi komkhiqizo wakwaVickers

U-Vickers usevele wenze i-tankette prototype entsha, i-Mk V*. Umehluko omkhulu kwaba ushintsho olukhulu ekumisweni. Kusetshenziswe amasondo amakhulu omgwaqo ezimbotsheni zenjoloba, alengiswa ngababili kuma-bogies anomuncwa ovamile wokushaqeka ngesiphethu samaqabunga avundlile. Lesi sixazululo sibonakale silula futhi sisebenza ngempumelelo. Imoto yakhiwe ngamakhophi ayisishiyagalolunye, kodwa inguqulo elandelayo yaba impumelelo. Esikhundleni sesiteringi ngemuva, isebenzisa ama-clutch aseceleni ukuze inikeze amandla okudlulisa okuhlukile kumathrekhi. Ngakho-ke, ukujika komshini kwenziwa njengasezimotweni zokulwa ezilandelwa umkhondo wesimanje - ngenxa yejubane elihlukile lawo womabili amathrekhi noma ngokumisa ithrekhi eyodwa. Inqola yayingakwazi ukuhamba ngamasondo, kwakukhona uhlobo lwesibungu kuphela. Idrayivu yayiyinjini yeFord enokwethenjelwa kakhulu, etholakala kuModel T odumile, enamandla angu-22,5 hp. Uphethiloli ethangini wawungamalitha angu-45, owanele ukuhamba amakhilomitha angu-160. Isivinini esiphezulu sasingu-50 km / h. Isibhamu semoto sasingakwesokudla: kwakuyisibhamu sikaLewis esipholile emoyeni esingu-7,7 mm noma isibhamu seVickers esipholile ngamanzi.

izinga elifanayo.

Yilo mshini owangena ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi. Emaqoqweni amabili amakhulu amakhophi angu-162 kanye nayi-104, ingqikithi yezimoto ezingu-266 zalethwa ngohlobo oluyisisekelo olunama-prototypes kanye nezinketho ezikhethekile, kwakhiqizwa ezingu-325. Ezinye zalezi zimoto zakhiqizwa imboni yombuso i-Woolwich Arsenal. U-Vickers uthengise amaweji e-Mk VI eyodwa ngelayisensi yokukhiqiza emazweni amaningi (i-Fiat Ansaldo e-Italy, i-Polskie Zakłady Inżynieryjne e-Poland, imboni yesifunda sase-USSR, i-Škoda e-Czechoslovakia, i-Latil e-France). Umamukeli omkhulu wangaphandle wezimoto ezakhiwe eBrithani kwakuyiThailand, ethole izimoto ezingama-30 Mk VI nezingu-30 Mk VIb. I-Bolivia, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Japan ne-Portugal ngayinye ithenge izimoto ezi-5 ezakhiwe e-UK.

Ithangi elisindayo laseSoviet i-T-35 lizungezwe amathangi (amathangi angenandaba alula) T-27. Kuthathelwe indawo amathangi e-T-37 kanye ne-T-38 amphibious reconnaissance anezikhali ezibekwe ku-turret ejikelezayo.

E-UK, amathangi e-Vickers Carden-Loyd Mk VI asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko kumayunithi wokuhlola. Kodwa-ke, ngesisekelo sabo, kwadalwa ithangi elikhanyayo uMk I, lakhiwe ngezinguqulo ezalandela ngawo-1682. Yayinokumiswa kwe-tankette okuthuthukiswe njengomlandeli we-Mk VI lapho i-Scout Carrier, i-Bren Carrier kanye nemindeni ye-Universal Carrier yezinkampani ezithwala izikhali zehla, i-top hull evaliwe kanye ne-turret ejikelezayo nesibhamu somshini noma isibhamu somshini. isibhamu esisindayo. Okuhlukile kokugcina kwethangi elikhanyayo le-Mk VI lakhiwe ngenani lezimoto eziyi-XNUMX ezasetshenziswa ekulweni phakathi nesigaba sokuqala seMpi Yezwe II.

Ama-tankette ohlobo lwama-94 aseJapane asetshenziswa phakathi neMpi YamaSino-Japanese kanye nesikhathi sokuqala seMpi Yezwe II. Yathathelwa indawo i-Type 97 ngesibhamu esingu-37 mm, esakhiqizwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1942.

Isifinyezo

Emazweni amaningi, ukukhiqizwa okunelayisensi kwama-wedges akuzange kwenziwe ngokuqondile, kodwa ukuguqulwa kwabo siqu kwethulwa, ngokuvamile kuvame ukushintsha kakhulu umklamo womshini. AmaNtaliyane akha izimoto ezingu-25 ngokufana ncamashí nezinhlelo zikaCarden-Loyd ngaphansi kwegama elithi CV 29, kulandele izimoto ezibalelwa ku-2700 CV 33 kanye nezimoto ezithuthukisiwe ezingama-CV 35 - eyakamuva inezibhamu ezimbili. Ngemva kokuthenga imishini emihlanu ye-Carden-Loyd Mk VI, i-Japan yanquma ukusungula umklamo wayo ofanayo. Le moto yathuthukiswa i-Ishikawajima Motorcar Manufacturing Company (manje eyi-Isuzu Motors), eyabe yakha ama-Type 167 angu-92 isebenzisa izingxenye eziningi ze-Carden-Loyd. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kwakuwumshini onomkhumbi omboziwe kanye ne-turret eyodwa enesibhamu esisodwa esingu-6,5 mm esakhiwe yi-Hino Motors njengoHlobo lwe-94; 823 izingcezu zakhiwe.

E-Czechoslovakia ngo-1932, inkampani yakwa-ČKD (Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk) yasePrague yayenza imoto ngaphansi kwelayisensi yakwaCarden-Loyd. Imoto eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Tančík vz. 33 (wedge wz. 33). Ngemva kokuhlola i-Carden-Loyd Mk VI ethengiwe, amaCzech afinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi kufanele kwenziwe izinguquko eziningi emishinini. Izibonelo ezine ze-vz ethuthukisiwe. 33 enama-30 hp ePrague izinjini. zahlolwa ngo-1932, kwathi ngo-1933 kwaqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bemishini engu-70 yalolu hlobo. Zasetshenziswa phakathi neMpi Yezwe II

ibutho laseSlovak.

E-Poland, kusukela ngo-August 1931, ibutho waqala ukuthola TK-3 wedges. Zandulelwe ama-prototypes amabili, i-TK-1 ne-TK-2, ehlobene kakhulu ne-Carden-Loyd yasekuqaleni. I-TK-3 isivele inegumbi lokulwa elimboziwe kanye nokunye okuningi okuthuthukisiwe okwethulwe ezweni lethu. Sekukonke, ngo-1933 kwakhiwa izimoto ezingaba ngu-300 zalolu hlobo (kuhlanganise 18 TKF, kanye prototypes TKV kanye TKD self-propelled anti-tank gun), bese, ngo-1934-1936, ngokuphawulekayo 280 izimoto modified. zalethwa eButhweni Lezempi YasePoland TKS ngezikhali ezithuthukisiwe kanye nesikhungo samandla esisesimweni senjini ye-Polish Fiat 122B enama-46 hp.

Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini emikhulu esekelwe ku-Carden-Loyd izixazululo zenziwa e-USSR ngaphansi kwegama elithi T-27 - nakuba kungaphezu nje kokukhiqizwa e-Italy hhayi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. E-USSR, umklamo wokuqala wabuye washintshwa ngokwandisa imoto, ukuthuthukisa ukudluliswa kwamandla kanye nokwethula injini yayo ye-40 hp GAZ AA. Izikhali zazihlanganisa isibhamu esisodwa esingu-7,62 mm DT. Ukukhiqizwa kwenziwa ngo-1931-1933 esitshalweni No. 37 eMoscow nase-GAZ plant e-Gorki; Ingqikithi yezimoto ezingu-3155 ze-T-27 zakhiwe kanye ne-187 eyengeziwe ekuhlukeni kwe-ChT-27, lapho isibhamu somshini sashintshwa khona nge-flamethrower. Lawa amaloli ahlala esebenza kwaze kwaqala ukubamba iqhaza kwe-USSR eMpini Yezwe II, okungukuthi, kwaze kwaba sehlobo nasekwindla ka-1941. Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi zazisetshenziswa kakhulu njengogandaganda bokwenza izibhamu ezincane kanye nezimoto zokuxhumana.

I-France iziqhayisa ngokukhiqizwa okukhulu kwama-tankette emhlabeni. Nalapha futhi, kwanqunywa ukuthi kuthuthukiswe imoto encane elandelwa ngomkhondo ngokusekelwe kuzixazululo zobuchwepheshe ze-Carden-Loyd. Kodwa-ke, kwanqunywa ukuklama imoto ukuze ingakhokhi amaNgisi ukuthola ilayisensi. KwaRenault, Citroen kanye noBrandt bangenela umncintiswano wemoto entsha, kodwa ekugcineni, ngo-1931, kwakhethwa umklamo weRenault UE one-trailer ye-Renault UT edonsa ngama-axle amabili ukuze ukhiqize ngobuningi. Inkinga, nokho, yayiwukuthi ngenkathi kuwo wonke amanye amazwe izinhlobo zomdabu ze-Carden-Loyd tankettes zaziphathwa njengezimoto zokulwa (ezihloselwe ikakhulukazi amayunithi wokuhlola, nakuba e-USSR nase-Italy zazibhekwa njengendlela eshibhile yokudala ukusekelwa kwezikhali zempi. izinsana), kwakuseFrance kusukela ekuqaleni lapho iRenault UE bekufanele ibe ugandaganda wezikhali kanye nemoto yokuthutha izinhlamvu. Kwakufanele kudonswe izibhamu ezilula nezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezingane, ikakhulukazi izibhamu ezilwa namathangi nezilwa nezindiza, kanye nodaka. Kuze kube ngu-1940, kwakhiwa engu-5168 yale mishini kanye neminye engu-126 ngaphansi kwelayisensi eRomania. Ngaphambi kokugqashuka kwezingxabano, kwakuyi-tankette enkulu kakhulu.

Kodwa-ke, imoto yaseBrithani, eyakhiwe ngokuqondile ngesisekelo se-Carden-Loyd tankettes, yaphula amarekhodi okuthandwa ngokuphelele. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukaputeni ekuqaleni wayemhlelele indima yakhe ngo-1916. I-Martela - okungukuthi, kwakuyimoto yokuthutha izinsana, noma kunalokho, yayisetshenziselwa umshini wezibhamu zomshini wezingane, nakuba yayisetshenziselwa izindima ezihlukahlukene: kusukela ekutholeni ulwazi kuya kugandaganda wezikhali ezilula, izimoto zokulwa, ukukhishwa kwezokwelapha. , ezokuxhumana, ukugada, njll. Ukuqala kwayo kubuyela ku-Vickers-Armstrong D50 prototype, eyakhiwe yinkampani ngokwayo. Kwakufanele abe ophethe isibhamu somshini wokusekela izinsana, futhi kule ndima - ngaphansi kwegama elithi Carrier, Machine-Gun No 1 Mark 1 - ibutho lahlola ama-prototypes awo. Izimoto zokuqala zokukhiqiza zangena emsebenzini namabutho aseBrithani ngo-1936: I-Machine Gun Carrier (noma i-Bren Carrier), i-Cavalry Carrier kanye ne-Scout Carrier. Umehluko omncane phakathi kwezimoto wachazwa injongo yazo - njengemoto yamayunithi omshini-isibhamu samasosha, njengesithuthi sabagibeli bamahhashi abalungisa imishini kanye nemoto yamayunithi okuhlola. Nokho, njengoba umklamo wale mishini wawucishe ufane, igama elithi Universal Carrier lavela ngo-1940.

Esikhathini esisukela ku-1934 kuya ku-1960, zifinyelela ku-113 zalezi zimoto zakhiwa emafektri amaningi ahlukene eGreat Britain naseCanada, okuyirekhodi eliphelele lezimoto ezihlomile emhlabeni emlandweni wazo wonke. Lezi kwakuyizinqola ezazisebenza ngomshini omkhulu amasosha; zazisetshenziselwa imisebenzi eminingi eyahlukene. Kusuka ezimotweni ezinjalo lapho impi yangemva kwempi, abathwali bezisebenzi abalandelwa umkhondo osindayo kakhulu basetshenziselwa ukuthutha amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo futhi bawasekele enkundleni yempi. Akufanele kukhohlwe ukuthi i-Universal Carrier empeleni bekuyinkampani yezikhali yokuqala elandelwa umkhondo emhlabeni. Abathuthi banamuhla, yiqiniso, bakhulu kakhulu futhi basinda, kodwa inhloso yabo iyafana - ukuthutha amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, ukuwavikela ngangokunokwenzeka emlilweni wesitha nokubanikeza ukusekelwa komlilo lapho beya empini ngaphandle kwemoto.

Kuyavunywa ngokujwayelekile ukuthi amaweji ayisiphetho esiqinile ekuthuthukisweni kwamasosha ahlomile nayimishini. Uma sibaphatha njengamathangi, njengengxenye eshibhile yemoto yokulwa (ama-tannettes ahlanganisa, isibonelo, amathangi okukhanya e-German Panzer I, inani lawo lokulwa laliphansi ngempela), yebo, kwaba ukuphela kokuphela ekuthuthukiseni izimoto zokulwa. Kodwa-ke, ama-tankette kwakungafanele abe amathangi ajwayelekile, ayekhohliwe amanye amabutho azama ukuwasebenzisa njengama-tank substitutes. Lezi bekumele kube yizimoto ezihamba ngezinyawo. Ngoba, ngokusho kukaFuller, uMartel noLiddell-Hart, amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo kwakudingeka ahambe futhi alwe ngezimoto ezihlomile. "Kwababhubhisi bamathangi" ngo-1916, kwakukhona imisebenzi manje eyenziwa amasosha ahamba ngezimoto ezimotweni zokulwa - ezicishe zifane ncamashi.

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