I-Supermarine Spitfire I-RAF fighter edumile.

Ikhophi yesimanje ye-Supermarine 300 fighter prototype yokuqala, ebizwa nangokuthi F.37/34 noma F.10/35 kuya ku-Air Ministry, noma inombolo yokubhalisa engu-K5054 kuya ku-RAF.

I-Supermarine Spitfire ingenye yezindiza ezidume kakhulu ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, esebenza kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube usuku lokugcina lwengxabano, isengenye yezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezindiza ze-RAF fighter. Amaqembu ayisishiyagalombili kwayishumi nanhlanu e-Polish Air Force e-UK nawo andiza i-Spitfires, ngakho-ke bekuwuhlobo oluningi kakhulu endizeni yethu. Iyini imfihlo yale mpumelelo? I-Spitfire yehluke kanjani kweminye imiklamo yezindiza? Noma mhlawumbe kube yingozi?

I-Royal Air Force (RAF) ngeminyaka yama-30s kanye nengxenye yokuqala yawo-1930 yathonywa kakhulu umbono kaGulio Due wokucekela phansi isitha ngeziteleka zomoya ezinkulu. Umgqugquzeli oyinhloko wokusetshenziswa okucasulayo kwendiza ukuze kucekelwe phansi isitha ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu emoyeni kwaba yiNhloko yokuqala Yabasebenzi beRoyal Air Force, uGeneral Hugh Montagu Trenchard, kamuva uViscount kanye noMphathi Wamaphoyisa aseLondon. UTrenchard wasebenza kwaze kwaba nguJanuwari 1933, lapho ethathelwa khona uJenene John Maitland Salmond, owayenemibono efanayo. Walandelwa ngoMeyi XNUMX nguGeneral Edward Leonard Ellington, imibono yakhe ngokusetshenziswa kweRoyal Air Force yayingahlukile kweyabangaphambi kwakhe. Nguye owakhetha ukunwetshwa kwe-RAF esuka eziqenjini ezinhlanu zamabhomu eya eziqenjini ezimbili zokulwa. Umqondo "wokulwa emoyeni" wawuwuchungechunge lweziteleka ezibhekiswe ezinkundleni zezindiza zesitha eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa izindiza zesitha phansi lapho kwaziwa ukuthi ikhaya lazo liyini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Fighters kwakudingeka abheke emoyeni, ngezinye izikhathi, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, kwakufana nokubheka inaliti esigxotsheni sotshani. Ngaleso sikhathi, akekho owabona kusengaphambili ukufika kwe-radar, okwakuzoshintsha ngokuphelele lesi simo.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yeminyaka yawo-30, kwakukhona izigaba ezimbili zama-fighters e-UK: ama- area fighters kanye nama-interceptor fighters. Abokuqala babezoba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela umoya wendawo ethile imini nobusuku, futhi izikhala ezibukwayo ezitholakala endaweni yaseBrithani kwakumelwe ziqondiswe kuzo. Ngakho-ke, lezi zindiza zazifakwe imisakazo futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zazinejubane elilinganiselwe lokufika ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile ebusuku.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-fighter-interceptor kwakudingeka isebenze eduze nogu, ihlose ezindaweni ezihlosiwe zomoya ngokusho kwezinkomba zemishini yokulalela, bese izitholela lezi zinhloso ngokuzimela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lokhu bekwenzeka emini kuphela. Zazingekho nezidingo zokufakwa kwesiteshi somsakazo, ngoba zazingekho izikhala zokubukela olwandle. I-fighter-interceptor ayizange idinge ibanga elide, uhla lokutholwa kwezindiza zesitha zisebenzisa amadivaysi okulalela aluzange ludlule i-50 km. Esikhundleni salokho, babedinga izinga eliphezulu lokukhuphuka kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokukhuphuka ukuze bakwazi ukuhlasela amabhomu ezitha ngisho nangaphambi kosebe lapho ama-zone fighters ayeqaliswe khona, ngokuvamile ngemva kwesikrini somlilo ovimbela indiza otshalwe ogwini.

Ngawo-30s, i-Bristol Bulldog fighter yayithathwa njenge-fighter yendawo, kanye ne-Hawker Fury njenge-interceptor fighter. Ababhali abaningi bezindiza zaseBrithani abahlukanisi phakathi kwalezi zigaba zama-fighters, okwenza kube nomuzwa wokuthi i-United Kingdom, ngesizathu esingaziwa, yayisebenzisa izinhlobo eziningana zama-fighters ngokufanayo.

Sibhale ngalezi zimfundiso ezicashile izikhathi eziningi, ngakho-ke sinqume ukuxoxa indaba ye-Supermarine Spitfire fighter ngendlela ehlukile, siqala ngabantu ababa negalelo elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwale ndiza engavamile.

U-Perfectionist uHenry Royce

Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko yempumelelo ye-Spitfire kwakuyisikhungo sayo samandla, injini ye-Rolls-Royce Merlin edumile, eyakhiwe ekuqaleni komuntu ovelele njengoSir Henry Royce, owathi, nokho, akazange alinde impumelelo. "yengane" yakhe.

UFrederick Henry Royce wazalwa ngo-1863 endaweni evamile yamaNgisi eduze kwasePeterborough, cishe amakhilomitha angu-150 enyakatho yeLondon. Uyise wayephethe umshini wokugaya, kodwa lapho efa, umndeni wathuthela eLondon ukuze uthole isinkwa. Lapha, ngo-1872, uyise kaF. Henry Royce washona, futhi ngemva konyaka owodwa kuphela efunda, uHenry oneminyaka engu-9 kwadingeka aziphilise. Wayethengisa amaphephandaba emgwaqeni futhi alethe ama-telegrams ngemali encane. Ngo-1878, lapho eneminyaka engu-15, isimo sakhe saba ngcono njengoba esebenza njengomfundi ezinkundleni zokucobelelana ngolwazi ze-Great Northern Railway e-Peterborough futhi, ngenxa yosizo lwezimali luka-anti wakhe, wabuyela esikoleni iminyaka emibili. Ukusebenza kula ma-workshop kwamnikeza ulwazi lwemishini, okwamthakazelisa kakhulu. Ubunjiniyela bemishini baba uthando lwakhe. Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe, waqala ukusebenza efektri yamathuluzi eLeeds ngaphambi kokuba abuyele eLondon lapho ajoyina khona i-Electric Light and Power Company.

Ngo-1884, wancenga umngane wakhe ukuba avule ngokuhlanganyela indawo yokusebenzela ukuze kufakwe ukukhanya kukagesi ezindlini, nakuba yena ngokwakhe wayenopondo we-20 kuphela wokutshala (ngaleso sikhathi kwakuningi kakhulu). Ishabhu, ebhaliswe njenge-FH Royce & Company eManchester, yaqala ukuthuthuka kahle kakhulu. Ngokushesha le workshop yaqala ukukhiqiza ama-dynamos amabhayisikili nezinye izakhi zikagesi. Ngo-1899, kwakungaseyona indawo yokusebenzela, kodwa kwavulwa imboni encane eManchester, ebhaliswe njengeRoyce Ltd. Iphinde yakhiqiza ama-cranes kagesi nezinye izinto zikagesi. Nokho, ukwanda kokuncintisana okuvela ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe kwashukumisela uHenry Royce ukuba ashintshe embonini kagesi aye embonini yemishini, ayeyazi kangcono. Kwaba ukuphenduka kwezinjini nezimoto, lapho abantu baqala ukucabanga ngokujulile.

Ngo-1902, uHenry Royce wathenga imoto encane yaseFrance iDecauville ukuze ayisebenzisele yena siqu, efakwe injini evuthayo yangaphakathi engu-2 hp 10-cylinder. Yiqiniso, uRoyce wayenokuphawula okuningi ngale moto, ngakho wayidiliza, wayihlolisisa, wayenza kabusha futhi esikhundleni sayo wafaka ezintsha eziningana ngokuvumelana nombono wakhe. Kusukela ngo-1903, ekhoneni lesitezi sefektri, yena nabasizi bakhe ababili bakha imishini emibili efanayo ehlanganiswe ezingxenyeni ezigaywe kabusha zaseRoyce. Omunye wabo wadluliselwa kumlingani kaRoyce nongumnikazi kanye naye u-Ernest Claremont, kanti omunye wathengwa omunye wabaqondisi benkampani, uHenry Edmunds. Wayijabulela kakhulu imoto futhi wanquma ukuhlangana noHenry Royce kanye nomngane wakhe, umshayeli wemijaho, umdayisi wezimoto kanye nomshisekeli wezindiza uCharles Rolls. Umhlangano waba ngoMeyi 1904, kwathi ngoZibandlela kwasayinwa isivumelwano lapho uCharles Rolls wayezodayisa izimoto ezakhiwa uHenry Royce, ngemibandela yokuthi zibizwe ngokuthi yiRolls-Royce.

Ngo-March 1906, kwasungulwa i-Rolls-Royce Limited (engazimele emabhizinisini okuqala e-Royce neNkampani), okwakhiwa yona ifekthri entsha eDerby, maphakathi neNgilandi. Ngo-1908, kwavela imodeli entsha, enkulu kakhulu ye-Rolls-Royce 40/50, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Silver Ghost. Kube yimpumelelo enkulu kule nkampani, futhi umshini, opholishwe kahle nguHenry Royce, udayiswe kahle naphezu kwenani lawo eliphezulu.

Umshisekeli wezokundiza uCharles Rolls wagcizelela izikhathi eziningana ukuthi inkampani ingene ekukhiqizeni izinjini zezindiza nezindiza, kodwa u-Henry Royce othanda ukuphelela wayengafuni ukuphazanyiswa futhi agxile ezinjinini zezimoto nezimoto ezakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo sazo. Icala lavalwa lapho uCharles Rolls efa ngo-July 12, 1910 eneminyaka engu-32 kuphela ubudala. Wayengumuntu wokuqala waseBrithani owashona engozini yendiza. Naphezu kokushona kwakhe, inkampani yagcina igama elithi Rolls-Royce.

Lapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe I ngo-1914, uhulumeni wayala uHenry Royce ukuba aqale ukukhiqiza izinjini zezindiza. I-State Royal Aircraft Factory yayala injini yolayini engu-200 hp enkampanini. Ephendula, u-Henry Royce wakha injini yoKhozi, eyasebenzisa ishumi nambili (i-V-twin esikhundleni se-in-line) esikhundleni samasilinda ayisithupha, esebenzisa izixazululo ezivela enjini yemoto ye-Silver Ghost. Umphumela weyunithi yamandla kusukela ekuqaleni wakha i-225 hp, idlula izidingo, futhi ngemva kokwandisa isivinini senjini kusuka ku-1600 kuya ku-2000 rpm, injini ekugcineni yakhiqiza i-300 hp. Ukukhiqizwa kwale yunithi yamandla kwaqala engxenyeni yesibili ka-1915, ngesikhathi lapho amandla ezinjini eziningi zezindiza engazange afinyelele ku-100 hp! Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokhu, kwavela inguqulo encane yama-fighters, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Falcon, eyathuthukisa i-14 hp. ngamandla angu-190 amalitha. Lezi zinjini zisetshenziswe njengesikhungo samandla se-Bristol F2B fighter edumile. Ngokwesisekelo sale yunithi yamandla, kwadalwa injini engu-6-cylinder in-line 7-litre enamandla angu-105 hp. — Uklebe. Ngo-1918, inguqulo yoKhozi eyandisiwe, engamalitha angama-35 yadalwa, yafinyelela amandla angakaze abonwe we-675 hp ngaleso sikhathi. I-Rolls-Royce yazithola isisendimeni yezinjini zezindiza.

Phakathi nenkathi yezimpi, uRolls-Royce, ngaphezu kokwenza izimoto, wahlala ebhizinisini lezimoto. UHenry Royce akagcinanga nje ngokudala izixazululo eziphelele zezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ngokwakhe, kodwa futhi ukhulise abaklami abanamakhono afanayo. Omunye kwakungu-Ernest W. Hyves, owathi, ngaphansi kokuqondisa nokugadwa eduze kukaHenry Royce, waklama izinjini zoKhozi nezinto eziphuma kuzo kuze kufike emndenini wakwa-R, omunye kwakungu-A. Cyril Lawsey, umklami omkhulu weMerlin edumile. Uphinde waphumelela ukuletha unjiniyela u-Arthur J. Rowledge, unjiniyela omkhulu weNapier Lion. Uchwepheshe we-aluminium block die-cast waxabana nabaphathi baka-Napier futhi wathuthela e-Rolls-Royce ngawo-20, lapho abamba khona indima ebalulekile ekwakheni injini ephambili yenkampani yama-20s kanye nama-30s, injini engu-12-cylinder V-twin. Kestrel . injini. Bekuyinjini yokuqala ye-Rolls-Royce ukusebenzisa ibhulokhi ye-aluminium evamile kumasilinda ayisithupha ngokulandelana. Kamuva, naye waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umndeni wakwaMerlin.

I-Kestrel yayiyinjini ephumelele kakhulu - injini engu-12-cylinder 60-degree V-twin ene-aluminium cylinder block, ukususwa okungama-21,5 amalitha nesisindo esingama-435 kg, enamandla angu-700 hp. ezinguqulweni eziguquliwe. I-Kestrel yayishajwe kakhulu ngesiteji esisodwa, i-compressor yesivinini esisodwa, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwayo lokupholisa lwacindezelwa ukuze lwandise ukusebenza kahle, ukuze amanzi emazingeni okushisa afika ku-150 ° C angashintshi abe isitimu. Ngesisekelo salo, inguqulo ekhulisiwe ye-Buzzard yadalwa, enevolumu yamalitha angu-36,7 nesisindo esingama-520 kg, eyathuthukisa amandla angu-800 hp. Le njini ayizange iphumelele futhi imbalwa ekhiqizwayo. Nokho, ngesisekelo Buzzard kwakhiwa izinjini R-uhlobo, eyenzelwe racing izindiza (R for Race). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lawa kwakungama-powertrains akhethekile anama-rev aphezulu, ukucindezela okuphezulu nokusebenza okuphezulu, "okujikelezayo", kodwa ngenxa yokuqina.