I-Supermarine Seafire ch.1
I-NAS 899 igibele i-HMS Indomitable ilungiselela i-Operation Husky; I-Scapa Flow, ngoJuni 1943. Okuphawulekayo yi-elevator ekhulisiwe, eyavumela umkhumbi ukuba ugibele indiza enamaphiko angasongi.
I-Seafire yayingenye yezinhlobo ezimbalwa zokulwa ezisetshenziswe ngempumelelo noma kancane yi-FAA (Fleet Air Arm) ezithwala izindiza zeRoyal Navy phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Umlando umahlulele kakhulu. Ingabe kufanelekile?
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Seafire ngokungangabazeki kwathonywa yiqiniso lokuthi akekho omunye umshicileli we-FAA obekulindeleke ukuthi aphumelele njengendiza, okuyinto enguqulweni yasekuqaleni kwakuyi-adaptation elula ye-Spitfire edumile. Ukufaneleka nodumo lwalaba bamuva, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi YaseBrithani ngo-1940, kwakukhulu kangangokuthi i-Seafire yabonakala "izophumelela". Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwavela ukuthi indiza, okuyi-interceptor enhle kakhulu esekelwe phansi, ayisebenzi kangako ekuhlinzekeni abathwali bezindiza, ngoba umklamo wayo awuzange ucabangele izidingo ezithile zezindiza zezindiza. Izinto zokuqala kuqala…
funda emaphutheni
Umbutho Wamasosha Asolwandle WaseBrithani waya empini unombono oyiphutha mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwendiza yawo ehamba emoyeni. Abathwali bezindiza zeRoyal Navy bekufanele basebenze kude ngokwanele nezinkundla zezindiza zesitha ukuze bangabikho ohlwini lwezindiza zabo eziningi. Kunalokho, ama-FAA fighters bekulindeleke ukuthi avimbe izikebhe ezindizayo, noma mhlawumbe izindiza zokuhlola zebanga elide, ezazizozama ukulandelela ukunyakaza kwemikhumbi ye-Royal Navy.
Kwakubonakala sengathi lapho ubhekene nesitha esinjalo, isivinini esiphezulu, ukuhambahamba noma izinga eliphezulu lokukhuphuka kwakuwukunethezeka okungadingekile. Kwasetshenziswa izindiza ezinezikhathi ezinde zokundiza, okwavumela ukugada okuqhubekayo amahora amaningana eduze kwemikhumbi. Kodwa-ke, kwaqashelwa ukuthi itilosi lalidingeka, lithwesa i-fighter nelungu lesibili leqembu (isipiliyoni saseMelika nesiJapane kuphela mayelana nalokhu saqinisekisa amaBrithani ukuthi i-fighter airborne yayikwazi ukuhamba yedwa). Njengokungathi lokho akwanele, kwasetshenziswa imiqondo emibili eyiphutha ngokuphelele.
Ngokusho kweyokuqala, umphumela wayo kwakuyindiza yeBlackburn Roc, i-fighter ayizange idinge izikhali eziqondile, ngoba i-turret ebekwe ngemuva kwayo izonikeza amathuba amakhulu2. Ngokusho komqondo wesibili, obangele indiza yeBlackburn Skua, i-airborne fighter ingaba "indawo yonke", okungukuthi, ingenza futhi indima yebhomu lokudonsa.
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindiza aziphumelelanga ngokuphelele njengezilwi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungaqhubi kahle kwazo - esimweni seSkua, umphumela wokuyekethisa okuningi kakhulu3. I-Admiralty yaqaphela lokhu kuphela lapho, ngomhla zingama-26 kuSepthemba 1939, i-Skua eyisishiyagalolunye evela endizeni ethwala indiza i-Ark Royal ishayisana nezikebhe ezintathu zaseJalimane i-Dornier Do 18 phezu koLwandle Olusenyakatho. Futhi lapho ngonyaka olandelayo (June 18, 13) phakathi nomkhankaso waseNorway, u-Skua wagibela phezu kweTrondheim ukuze aqhumise umkhumbi wezempi waseScharnhorst futhi wazithela phezu kwezilwi zeLuftwaffe lapho, abashayeli bezindiza baseJalimane badubula abayisishiyagalombili babo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa.
Ukungenelela kukaChurchill
Isidingo sokuthola ngokushesha ozongena esikhundleni sendiza i-Roc ne-Skua siholele ekujwayelweni kwebhomu le-P.4 / 34 prototype dive light, elinqatshwe i-RAF, ngezidingo ze-FAA. Ngakho, i-Failey Fulmar yazalwa. Yayinokwakhiwa okuqinile (okufiseleka ngokukhethekile enkonzweni yendiza) kanye nesikhathi esihle kakhulu sokundiza kwabalwi bangaleso sikhathi (ngaphezu kwamahora amane). Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayehlome ngezibhamu eziyisishiyagalombili eziwumugqa oqondile ezinenani eliphindwe kabili leSiphepho, ngenxa yalokho ayekwazi nokuqhuba izimpi ezimbalwa endaweni eyodwa yokugada isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, bekuyi-fighter enezihlalo ezimbili esekelwe ekwakhiweni kwebhomu elikhanyayo le-Fairey Battle, ngakho-ke isivinini esiphezulu, uphahla, ukuhamba kahle nezinga lokukhuphuka nakho kwakungafani nabalwi besihlalo esisodwa.
Unalokhu engqondweni, kusukela ngoDisemba 1939, i-FAA yaya kuSupermarine ngesicelo sokuthi i-Spitfire ishintshwe ukuze isebenze emoyeni. Kwathi ngo-February 1940, i-Admiralty yafaka isicelo kuMnyango Wezomoya ukuze ithole imvume yokwakha ama-Spitfires angu-50 "asolwandle". Nokho, isikhathi salokhu sasingesihle neze. Impi yaqhubeka futhi i-RAF ayikwazanga ukukhawulela ukunikezwa kweqhawe layo elingcono kakhulu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwalezi zilwi ze-50 ze-FAA, ngenxa yomklamo wazo oyinkimbinkimbi (amaphiko asongekile), kuzonciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-Spitfires ngamakhophi angama-200. Ekugcineni, ekupheleni kuka-March 1940, uWinston Churchill, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyiNkosi YokuQala Yombuso Wombuso, waphoqeleka ukuba asule.
kusuka kule phrojekthi.
Ngesikhathi amaFulmarians engena enkonzweni entwasahlobo ka-1940, i-FAA yayisithole inqwaba yama-biplane fighters e-Sea Gladiator. Kodwa-ke, bona, njengesibonelo sabo esisekelwe emhlabeni esiphelelwe yisikhathi, babenamandla amancane okulwa. Isikhundla sezindiza zezindiza zeRoyal Navy sithuthuke kakhulu ngokwamukelwa kwe "Martlets", njengoba amaBrithani ayebiza ngokuthi ama-American-made Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters, futhi phakathi no-1941 inguqulo "yasolwandle" yeSiphepho. Kodwa-ke, i-FAA ayizange iyeke ukuzama ukuthola "i-Spitfire" yabo.
I-Seafire yokuqala - i-Mk IB (BL676) - eyathathwa ngo-Ephreli 1942.
Sifire IB
Lesi sidingo seRoyal Navy sokuba nomuntu ogijima ngokushesha ebhodini sifakazele, nakuba sekwephuze kakhulu, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi sifanelekile. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza eMedithera, imikhumbi yaseBrithani yayiphakathi kwamabhomu namabhomu e-torpedo e-Luftwaffe kanye ne-Regia Aeronautica, lawo amasosha e-FAA angaleso sikhathi ayengakwazi ngisho nokuyithola!
Ekugcineni, ekwindla ka-1941, i-Admiralty yathengisa i-250 Spitfires ye-Air Ministry, kuhlanganise ne-48 ku-VB ehlukile kanye ne-202 VC. NgoJanuwari 1942, eyokuqala elungisiwe iSpitfire Mk VB (BL676), efakwe ihuku lokungena ngaphakathi ukuze ibambe imigqa yamabhuleki namahhuku e-crane ukuphakamisa indiza ebhodini, yenza uchungechunge lokusuka kokuhlola nokuhlalisa e-Illustrias. umthwali wendiza ehange e-Firth of Clyde ngasogwini lwaseScotland. Indiza entsha yaqanjwa ngokuthi "Seafire", efushanisiwe ngokuthi "Sea Spitfire" ukugwema ukungezwani okuhambisanayo.
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala okusebhodini kwembule i-drawback esobala ye-Seafire - ukungaboni kahle kusuka ku-cockpit phambili. Lokhu kubangelwe ikhala lendiza elide uma kuqhathaniswa elimboze ideski yomkhumbi, kanye ne-DLCO4 lapho ihlala khona "amaphuzu amathathu" (ukuxhumana kanyekanye kwawo womathathu amasondo okuhlala phansi). Ngendlela efanele yokufika, umshayeli wendiza akazange alibone idekhi kumamitha okugcina angama-50 - uma ekwenzile, kwakusho ukuthi umsila wendiza wawuphakeme kakhulu futhi ihhuku ngeke ibambe intambo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abashayeli bezindiza belulekwa ukuba benze indlela yokufika egobile eqhubekayo. Ngendlela, abashayeli bezindiza be-FAA kamuva "bathambisa" ama-Vought F4U Corsair fighters amakhulu kakhulu futhi asindayo ngendlela efanayo, amaMelika ayengakwazi ukubhekana nayo.
Ngaphezu kokufaka izingwegwe zokuhlalisa nokuphakamisa (nokuqinisa i-airframe kulezi zindawo), ukuguqulwa kwe-Spitfire Mk VB kuya ku-Seafire Mk IB kufaka phakathi ukushintshwa kwesiteshi somsakazo, kanye nokufakwa kohlelo lokuqashelwa kombuso. i-transponder nomamukeli wezimpawu zokuqondisa ezivela ku-Type 72 beacons ezifakwe kubathwali bezindiza beRoyal Navy. Ngenxa yalokhu kuguqulwa, isisindo somgwaqo wendiza senyuke ngo-5% kuphela, okwathi, kuhlangene nokunyuka kokumelana komoya, kwaholela ekwehleni kwejubane elikhulu ngo-8-9 km / h. Ekugcineni i-166 Mk VB Spitfires yakhiwe kabusha ye-FAA.
I-Seafire Mk IB yokuqala yamukelwa esimweni se-FAA kuphela ngo-June 15, 1942. Ekuqaleni, izindiza zalolu hlobo, ngenxa yeminyaka yazo kanye nezinga lomsebenzi wazo, kwadingeka zihlale kumayunithi okuqeqesha - eziningi zazo ngaphambili zazakhiwe kabusha zaba i-Mk VB evamile kusukela ku-Mk I Spitfires endala nakakhulu! Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi, isidingo seRoyal Navy samasosha asemoyeni sasisikhulu kakhulu - ngaphandle kwama-convoys, usuku lokufika eNyakatho Afrika (Operation Torch) lwalusondela - kangangokuthi lonke iqembu le-801st NAS (Naval Air Squadron) lalihlome nge-Seafire Mk IB, ebekwe esiteshini sezindiza esithukuthele. Ukuntuleka kwamaphiko okugoqa nokunamathiselwe kwe-catapult kwakungeyona inkinga, njengoba iFurious yayihlome ngamakheshi amakhulu amise okwe-T, kodwa ama-catapults ayengekho.
Ngemva konyaka, lapho iningi lenguqulo entsha ye-Seafires ithunyelwa ukumboza indawo yokuhlala e-Salerno, ingxenye yeshumi nambili ye-Mk IBs endala yathathwa emaqenjini esikole. Banikezwa izidingo ze-842nd US Division, ezimiswe ku-Fencer yendiza ephelezelwayo, ehlanganisa ama-convoys eNyakatho ye-Atlantic nase-USSR.
Izikhali ze-Mk IB zazifana nalezo ze-Spitfire Mk VB: izibhamu ezimbili ezingama-20 mm Hispano Mk II ezinomagazini wesigubhu esingamarounds angu-60 ngasinye kanye nezibhamu ezine ezingu-7,7 mm Browning ezinezinhlamvu ezingu-350. Ngaphansi kwe-fuselage kwakungenzeka ukulenga ithangi likaphethiloli elengeziwe elinamandla angama-136 amalitha. Ama-speedometer omlilo wasolwandle ayalinganiswa ukuze abonise isivinini ngamafindo, hhayi amamayela ngehora.
I-Sapphire IIC
Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuguqulwa kwe-Mk VB Spitfire ku-Royal Navy, okunye okuhlukile kwe-Seafire okusekelwe ku-Spitfire Mk VC kwaqala ukukhiqizwa. Ukulethwa kwama-Mk IIC okuqala kwaqala ehlobo lika-1942, ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-Mk IBs okuqala.
I-Seafires entsha ayizange idalwe kusukela ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezindiza eziqediwe, njengasendabeni ye-Mk IB, kodwa ishiye isitolo sesivele sisekucushweni kokugcina. Kodwa zazingenamaphiko okugoqa - zazihluke kakhulu ku-Mk IB ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokubeka ama-catapult. Yiqiniso, nabo babenazo zonke izici ze-Spitfire Mk VC - babehlomile futhi babe namaphiko alungiselwe ukufakwa kwesibhamu sesibili (okuthiwa iphiko lohlobo lwe-C), elinesakhiwo esiqinisiwe sokuthwala amabhomu. Ngenhloso efanayo, i-chassis ye-Spitfire Mk VC yaqiniswa, eyabonakala iyisici esifiseleka kakhulu se-Seafire, evumela ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi kaphethiloli we-ventral amandla angu-205 amalitha.
ngehora lesithupha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Mk IB yayilula kune-Mk IIC - isisindo sayo sasingu-2681 no-2768 kg, ngokulandelanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Mk IIC ifakwe i-anti-resistance catapult. Njengoba zombili izindiza zinesikhungo samandla esifanayo (i-Rolls-Royce Merlin 45/46), lesi sakamuva sasisebenza kabi kakhulu. Ezingeni lolwandle, i-Seafire Mk IB yayinesivinini esiphezulu esingu-475 km/h, kanti i-Mk IIC ifinyelela ku-451 km/h kuphela. Ukwehla okufanayo kwabonakala ngezinga lokukhuphuka - 823 m no-686 m ngomzuzu, ngokulandelana. Nakuba i-Mk IB ingafinyelela ubude obungamamitha angu-6096 ngemizuzu eyisishiyagalombili, i-Mk IIC yathatha ngaphezu kweshumi.
Lokhu kwehla okubonakalayo kokusebenza kwaholela i-Admiralty ngokunqikaza ukushiya ithuba lokubuyisela kabusha i-Mk IIC ngesibhamu sesibili. Uhlobo lwesinxephezelo kwakuyisethulo sakamuva sokuphakela izibhamu kusukela ku-tape, hhayi esigubhini, esasiphindaphinda kabili umthwalo wezinhlamvu kubo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinjini ze-Seafire Mk IB kanye ne-IIC zikhuphule umfutho wazo omkhulu wokukhuphula waba ngu-1,13 atm, okwandisa isivinini sezinga lokundiza nokukhuphuka.
Ngendlela, kusukela emibhobho ejection, eyanciphisa isivinini esiphezulu se-Mk IIC nge-11 km / h, ekuqaleni kwakungekho mqondo omncane. Abathwali bezindiza zaseBrithani ngaleso sikhathi, ngaphandle kwezintsha kakhulu (ezifana ne-Illustrious), zazingenazo izisetshenziswa ezinjalo, futhi ama-catapults phakathi kwezindiza ezithwala izindiza eziphelezelwa eMelika (ezadluliselwa eBritish ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokubolekwa kwemali) azihambisani. ngezinamathiselo ze-Seafire.
Kwenziwa imizamo yokuxazulula inkinga yokunciphisa ukugasela ngokufakwa kokuhlolwa kwalokho okuthiwa. I-RATOG (idivayisi yokukhumula indiza). Amarokhethi aqinile afakwa ngamabili ezitsheni ezibekwe phansi kwamaphiko womabili.
Uhlelo lwaba nzima kakhulu ukulusebenzisa futhi luyingozi - kulula ukucabanga ngemiphumela yokudubula umcibisholo ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Ekugcineni, kwakhethwa isixazululo esilula kakhulu. I-Seafire, njenge-Spitfire, yayinezindawo ezimbili kuphela ze-flap: ephambukile (cishe i-engeli engakwesokudla) ukuze ihlale noma ihoxiswe. Ukuze uwabeke endaweni ekahle yokusuka engama-degree angu-18, amaweji okhuni afakwa phakathi kwama-flap kanye nephiko, umshayeli wendiza awaphonsa olwandle ngemva kokusuka, ehlisa ama-flap isikhashana.
I-Seafire L.IIC kanye ne-LR.IIC
I-debut yokulwa ye-Sifires, eyenzeka oLwandle iMedithera ekupheleni kuka-1942, yafakazela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwabo. I-Junkers Ju 88, isitha esesabekayo kakhulu seRoyal Navy, yayinesivinini esicishe sifane (470 km/h) njenge-Seafire Mk IB futhi ngokuqinisekile yayishesha kakhulu kune-Mk IIC. Okubi nakakhulu, ukuklanywa kwe-Spitfire (ngakho-ke i-Seafire) yayiguquguquka kangangokuthi ukuhlala ngokuphindaphindiwe "okuqinile" esiphathini sendiza kubangele ukuguquguquka kwamaphaneli enjini ye-cowling kanye nesembozo zama-racks ezinhlamvu, ama-hatches obuchwepheshe, njll. ukumelana komoya, okuholela ekutheni ukwehla okwengeziwe ekusebenzeni.
Izibani zasolwandle ezinenjini ye-Merlin 45 zakha isivinini esiphezulu esingamamitha angu-5902, futhi imikhumbi enenjini ye-Merlin 46 endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-6096. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimpi eziningi zomoya zasolwandle zenziwa ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-3000. i-Admiralty yaba nesithakazelo enjinini ye-Merlin 32, ethuthukisa amandla amakhulu ekuphakameni kwe-1942 m. kuze kufike ku-1,27 HP Ukuze isetshenziswe ngokugcwele, kwafakwa uphephela onezinsimbi ezine.
Umphumela wawumangalisa. I-Seafire entsha, eqokwe i-L.IIC, ingafinyelela isivinini esingu-508 km/h ezingeni lolwandle. Ngemva kokuvuka ngesivinini esingu-1006 m ngomzuzu, ngemizuzu engu-1524 nje kwafinyelelwa ku-1,7 m. Ngalesi sikhathi sokuphakama okufanelekile, wayekwazi ukusheshisa ku-539 km / h. Nge-throttle egcwele, izinga lokukhuphuka lenyuka laya kumamitha angu-1402 ngomzuzu. Ukwengeza, i-L.IIC ibe nogu olufushane phansi ngisho nangaphandle kwama-flap anwetshiwe kune-Seafires yangaphambilini ene-18 degree flap enwetshiwe. Ngakho-ke, isinqumo senziwe sokushintsha zonke izinjini ze-Merlin 46 ku-Seafire Mk IIC nge-Merlin 32. Ukushintshela ezingeni le-L.IIC kwaqala ekuqaleni kuka-March 1943. Iqembu lokuqala (807th NAS) lithole isethi yendiza yenguqulo entsha maphakathi noMeyi.
Ngokulandela isibonelo se-RAF, eyasusa izimpiko zezinye ze-Mk VC Spitfires yazo, inani le-L.IIC Seafires lalungiswa ngendlela efanayo. Inzuzo yalesi sixazululo kwaba isivinini sokugoqa esiphezulu kanye nesivinini esithe ukuba phezulu kancane (ngo-8 km/h) endizeni esezingeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindiza ezinezimpiko ezisusiwe, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinezinhlamvu ezigcwele kanye nethangi likaphethiloli langaphandle, zazikwazi ukumelana nesiteringi futhi zingazinzi kangako emoyeni, okwakumane kukhathaze ukundiza. Njengoba lokhu kuguqulwa kwakungenziwa kalula yizisebenzi zangaphansi, isinqumo sokundiza namacebiso noma ngaphandle kwaso sashiywa ekuboneni kwabaholi beqembu.
Kwakhiwe izindiza ezingama-372 ze-Seafire IIC kanye ne-L.IIC - i-Vickers-Armstrong (Supermarine) ikhiqize amayunithi angama-262 kanye ne-Westland Aircraft amayunithi ayi-110. Ama-IIC ajwayelekile ahlala esebenza kwaze kwaba ngoMashi 1944, kanye nama-IIC ajwayelekile kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwalowo nyaka. Cishe ama-Seafire L.IIC angu-30 athuthukisiwe ngamakhamera amabili e-F.24 (afakwe ku-fuselage, eyodwa ime mpo, enye ngokudayagonali), kwakha inguqulo yokuhlola izithombe, eqokiwe i-LR.IIC.
