Ama-Supercapacitors - super ngisho ne-Ultra
Udaba lokusebenza kahle kwebhethri, isivinini, amandla kanye nokuphepha manje sekuba enye yezinkinga ezinkulu zomhlaba. Ngomqondo wokuthi ukuntuleka kwentuthuko kule ndawo kusongela ukumisa yonke impucuko yethu yobuchwepheshe.
Sisanda kubhala mayelana nokuqhuma kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion kumafoni. Umthamo wabo ongagculisi kanye nokushaja kancane kumcasule u-Elon Musk nanoma yimuphi omunye umthandi wezimoto zikagesi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi sizwa ngamasu ahlukahlukene kule ndawo, kodwa namanje akukabi bikho impumelelo enganikeza okuthile okungcono ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi eside manje sekunezinkulumo eziningi mayelana neqiniso lokuthi amabhethri angashintshwa ngama-capacitor ashaja ngokushesha, noma kunalokho inguqulo yabo "ye-super".
Kungani ama-capacitor ajwayelekile engenathemba lokuphumelela? Impendulo ilula. Ikhilogremu kaphethiloli cishe amahora angu-4 kilowatt wamandla. Ibhethri ekwimodeli ye-Tesla inamandla aphindwe izikhathi ezingama-30. Ikhilogremu yesisindo se-capacitor ingu-0,1 kWh kuphela. Asikho isidingo sokuchaza ukuthi kungani ama-capacitor ajwayelekile engafanele indima entsha. Amandla ebhethri ye-lithium-ion yesimanje kufanele abe mkhulu ngokuphindwe kangamakhulu ambalwa.
I-supercapacitor noma i-ultracapacitor iwuhlobo lwe-electrolytic capacitor okuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-electrolytic capacitor akudala, inamandla kagesi aphezulu kakhulu (ngokuhleleka kwezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zama-farad), ne-voltage yokusebenza engu-2-3 V. Inzuzo enkulu yama-supercapacitor ukushaja nokukhipha izikhathi ezimfushane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amathuluzi okugcina amandla (isb. amabhethri). Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ukhuphule ukunikezwa kwamandla 10 kW ngekhilogremu yesisindo se-capacitor.
Enye yamamodeli ama-ultracapacitor atholakala emakethe.
Izimpumelelo kulabhorethri
Izinyanga zakamuva zilethe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nama-prototypes amasha we-supercapacitor. Ekupheleni kuka-2016, sifunde, isibonelo, ukuthi iqembu lososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseCentral Florida lakha inqubo entsha yokwakha ama-supercapacitor, yonga amandla engeziwe futhi imelana nangaphezulu kuka-30 XNUMX. imijikelezo yokushaja/yokukhipha. Uma singashintsha amabhethri ngalawa ma-supercapacitor, ngeke nje sikwazi ukushaja i-smartphone ngemizuzwana, kodwa lokho bekuyokwanela isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto lokusetshenziswa, uNitin Chowdhary, ilungu lethimba locwaningo, utshele abezindaba. . . Ososayensi baseFlorida benza ama-supercapacitor asuka ezigidini zama-microwire ambozwe ngento enezinhlangothi ezimbili. Izintambo zekhebula zingabaqhubi abahle kakhulu bakagesi, okuvumela ukushaja okusheshayo nokukhipha i-capacitor, futhi izinto ezimbili ezimboziwe ezizimboza zivumela ukugcinwa kwamandla amakhulu.
Ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseTehran e-Iran, abakhiqiza izakhiwo zethusi ezinama-porous kuzixazululo ze-ammonia njengempahla ye-electrode, banamathela emcabangweni othize ofanayo. AbaseBrithani bona bakhetha amajeli afana nalawo asetshenziswa kuma-contact lens. Omunye uthathe ama-polymer waya nawo eshabhu. Ucwaningo nemiqondo ayipheli emhlabeni jikelele.
Ososayensi abahilelekile iphrojekthi ELECTROGRAPH (Ama-Electrodes Asekelwe Nge-Graphene Wezicelo Ze-Supercapacitor), exhaswe yi-EU, ibisebenzela ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bezinto zokwenziwa kogesi ze-graphene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-electrolyte oketshezi e-ionic angangeni endaweni ekamelweni. Ososayensi bakulindele lokho I-graphene izongena esikhundleni sekhabhoni ecushiwe (AC) isetshenziswa kuma-electrode ama-supercapacitor.
Abacwaningi bakhiqize ama-graphite oxides lapha, bawahlukanise abe amashidi e-graphene, base beshumeka amashidi ku-supercapacitor. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-electrode asekelwe ku-AC, ama-electrode e-graphene anezinto zokunamathela ezingcono kanye nomthamo wokugcina amandla.
Abagibeli abagibelayo - ithilamu iyashaja
Izikhungo zesayensi zenza ucwaningo kanye ne-prototyping, futhi amaShayina asebenzise ama-supercapacitor. Idolobha laseZhuzhou, eSifundazweni saseHunan, lisanda kwethula ithilamu yokuqala eyenziwe eShayina esebenza ngama-supercapacitor (2), okusho ukuthi ayidingi ulayini ongaphezulu. Ithilamu inikwa amandla ama-pantographs afakwe ezitobhini. Ukushaja okuphelele kuthatha cishe imizuzwana engama-30, ngakho kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokugibela nokwehliswa kwabagibeli. Lokhu kuvumela imoto ukuhamba 3-5 km ngaphandle kwamandla angaphandle, okwanele ukufika esitobhini esilandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithola amandla afinyelela ku-85% uma ibhuleka.
Amathuba okusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwama-supercapacitor maningi - kusuka ezinhlelweni zamandla, amaseli kaphethiloli, amaseli elanga kuya ezimotweni zikagesi. Muva nje, ukunaka kochwepheshe kuye kwagxiliswa ekusetshenzisweni kwama-supercapacitor ezimotweni zikagesi eziyingxubevange. I-polymer diaphragm fuel cell ishaja i-supercapacitor, ebese igcina amandla kagesi asetshenziswa ukunika injini amandla. Imijikelezo esheshayo yokushaja/yokukhipha ye-SC ingasetshenziswa ukuze kubushelelezi amandla aphezulu adingekayo we-fuel cell, inikeze ukusebenza okucishe kufane.
Kubonakala sengathi sesivele sisemngceleni we-supercapacitor revolution. Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa, nokho, ukuthi kuwufanele ukuvimbela ukweqisa komdlandla ukuze ungadideki futhi ungashiywa nebhethri elidala elilahliwe ezandleni zakho.
