Stuletnia Kommuna
Umkhumbi wokuhlenga wemikhumbi-ngwenya "I-Commune" embukisweni wefulegi. Isithombe sesimanje. Isithombe ngu-Vitaly Vladimirovich Kostrichenko
Kulo Julayi kugujwe iminyaka eyi-100 kwaqalwa ukusebenza komkhumbi wokuhlenga ongaphansi kwamanzi ongaphansi kwamanzi iCommune, phambilini owawaziwa ngeVolkhov. Indaba yakhe iyamangalisa ngezindlela eziningi - wasinda ezimpini ezimbili zezwe, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, nokuwa kombuso wama-tsarist nomlandeli wawo, iSoviet Union. Ngokungafani nemikhumbi eminingi emisha, yesimanje esheshe yachithwa, le ngqalabutho isasebenza, iwukuphela kweyunithi eyisizayo esele yemikhumbi ye-Tsarist. Akukho nowodwa umkhumbi emhlabeni ongaqhosha ngokuba nento enjalo.
Ukuhoxa kweFrance ezinhlakeni zamasosha e-NATO ngo-1966 kwasheshisa izenzo ezaholela ekutholeni inkululeko emkhakheni wokuvikela izwe ekuhlaselweni yi-USSR. Ngaleso sikhathi, kakade ngo-1956, umsebenzi wezikhali zenuzi waqiniswa, owenziwa yi-Civil Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA - ikomidi lamandla e-athomu elikhona kusukela ngo-1945). Umphumela waba ukuqhunyiswa ngempumelelo “kwedivayisi” enkulu yenuzi iGerboise Bleue e-Algiers ngo-1960. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMongameli Jikelele uCharles de Gaulle wanquma ukudala i-Force de Frappe (ngokwezwi nezwi, ibutho lesiteleka, okufanele liqondwe njengamandla okuvimbela). Umongo wabo kwakuwukuthola inkululeko kunqubomgomo evamile elandelwa yi-NATO. Ngo-1962, kwaqalwa uhlelo lwe-Coelacanthe, inhloso yalo kwakuwukwakha umkhumbi-ngwenya ocitshwayo owaziwa ngokuthi i-Sous-marin Nucléaire Lanceur d'Engins (SNLE). Lawa mayunithi ayezoba umnyombo wegatsha elisha lezempi - i-Force Océanique Stratégique, noma amabutho olwandle ahlakaniphile, ayeyingxenye ebalulekile ye-Force de Frappe. Isithelo sikaCoelacanthe kwakuyiLe Redoutable okukhulunywe ngayo ekuqaleni. Nokho, ngaphambi kwalokho, ukufakwa komkhumbi-ngwenya wenuzi kwenziwa eFrance.
Ngo-1954, kwaqalwa ukuklanywa komkhumbi wokuqala wokuhlasela onesikhungo samandla esinjalo (i-SNA - Sous-marin Nucleaire d'Attaque). Kwakufanele ibe nobude obungamamitha angu-120 kanye nokufuduka okungamathani angu-4000. NgoJanuwari 2, 1955, ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaqalwa e-Arsenal eCherbourg ngaphansi kwegama elithi Q 244. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wokulungisa i-reactor waqhubeka kancane. Ukungakwazi ukuthola i-uranium ecebile kwaholela esidingweni sokusebenzisa i-reactor yamanzi esindayo ku-uranium yemvelo. Nokho, lesi sixazululo sasingamukeleki ngenxa yobukhulu bokufakwa, obedlula umthamo wecala. Izingxoxo nabaseMelika ukuthola ubuchwepheshe obufanele, noma i-uranium ecetshiswe kakhulu, azizange ziphumelele. Kulesi simo, ngo-March 1958, iphrojekthi "yahlehliswa". Mayelana nokwethulwa kohlelo olushiwo ngenhla lwe-Coelacanthe, kunqunywe ukuthi kuqedelwe i-Q 244 njengendawo yokuhlola yokuhlola imicibisholo ecitshwayo. Kwasetshenziswa uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuphehla futhi kwafakwa i-superstructure phakathi kwemikhumbi emboza iziqongo zamarokhethi ezine, ezimbili zazo okwakungama-prototypes afakwe ku-Le Redouable. Umsebenzi waqala kabusha ngo-1963 ngaphansi kwegama elisha elithi Q 251. I-keel yabekwa ngo-17 March. I-Gymnot yethulwa ngonyaka owodwa kamuva, ngoMashi 17, 1964. Yasetshenziswa ngo-Okthoba 17, 1966, yasetshenziselwa ukwethula imicibisholo i-M-1, M-2, M-20 kanye nerokhethi yokuqala yezigaba ezintathu zesizukulwane esisha. imicibisholo - M-4.
Impumelelo ye-Le Redoutable yayisekelwe, ngokwengxenye, ekuthuthukisweni kwangaphambili kwe-reactor yamanzi acindezelwe yokuqala esekelwe emhlabathini enomoya ohamba ngaphansi kolwandle. I-prototype yayo i-PAT 1 (i-Prototype Terre 1) idalwe ngenxa yemizamo ehlanganyelwe yochwepheshe be-CEA kanye ne-Marine Nationale endaweni yokuhlola ye-Cadarache eduze kwase-Marseille. Umsebenzi waqala ngaphambi kokuba kwethulwe i-Coelacanthe kuqedwe ngo-April 1962, futhi esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka kamuva, i-PAT 1 yathola imihlangano kaphethiloli. Ukuqala kokuqala kokufakwa kwenzeka phakathi no-1964. Esikhathini kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuDisemba, uhlelo lwalusebenza ngokuqhubekayo, oluhambisana nokugijima okungaba ngu-10 km. mm ezimweni zangempela. Ukuhlolwa okuyimpumelelo kwe-RAT 1 kanye nolwazi oluqoqiwe lwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha ukufakwa okuhlosiwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwavula indlela eya ekudalweni kwe-SNLE yokuqala, bese kuba yi-SNA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasiza ukuqeqesha ochwepheshe bokusebenza kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi emikhunjini.
