Ngaphansi kokwakhiwa kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu ahleliwe. Izinto ezinkulu nezimba eqolo ezizomangaza umhlaba

Sezadlula izinsuku lapho amaphrojekthi abiza izigidi ahlatshwa umxhwele. Ngisho namakhulu ezigidi zabantu awasanyakazi. Namuhla, lokhu kudinga izigidigidi, futhi izindleko zamaphrojekthi amakhulu zifinyelela emakhulwini ezigidigidi. Ukwehla kwamandla emali ngokwezinga elithile kuyimbangela yalokhu, kodwa akusona isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu salezi zibalo ezinkulu. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu nezinhlelo zekhulu lesi-XNUMX zimane nje zinkulu kakhulu.

Indawo yendabuko yama-megaprojects imibono yamabhuloho amakhulu nemigudu. Inqwaba yezakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele zalolu hlobo sezakhiwe futhi zakhiwa emhlabeni, njengoba iYoung Technician abhala ngayo izikhathi eziningi. Amaphupho, nokho, awanelisekile. Abadwebi amaphrojekthi awasekho "mega", kodwa "giga". Omunye umbono onjalo, ngokwesibonelo, ibhuloho eliwela iBering Strait (1), okungukuthi izixhumanisi zomgwaqo phakathi kweNyakatho Melika ne-Asia, kancane kancane kodwa namanje ibhuloho lokufuna ukudlula i-Isthmus yaseDarien phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu Melika, okwamanje okungeke kukwazi ukuhanjwa nganoma iyiphi imoto futhi kufanele ihanjiswe olwandle, ibhuloho nomhubhe phakathi kweGibraltar ne-Afrika, umhubhe ohlanganisa iSweden neFinland ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusebenzisa isikebhe noma ukudlula iGulf of Bothnia, imigudu ehlanganisa iJapane neKorea, iChina iya eTaiwan, i-Egypt ukuya eSaudi Arabia ngaphansi koLwandle Olubomvu, kanye Nomhubhe waseSakhalin-Hokkaido ohlanganisa iJapane neRussia. .

Lawa amaphrojekthi angahlukaniswa njenge-giga. Okwamanje iningi labo lingamaphupho. Izilinganiso ezincane, i.e. iqoqo leziqhingi zokwenziwa elakhiwe e-Azerbaijan, iphrojekthi enkulu yaseTurkey yokubuyisela e-Istanbul kanye nokwakhiwa kwendlu yamaSulumane entsha eMecca Masjid al-Haram eSaudi Arabia kudlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Naphezu kwezinkinga eziningi ngokuqaliswa kwale mibono enesibindi uhlu lwama-megaprojects kunalokho, izoba yinde futhi ibe yinde. Kunezizathu eziningi ezahlukene zokuthi kungani zamukelwe.

Omunye wabo ngu ukukhula kwedolobha elikhulu. Njengoba abantu besuka ezindaweni zasemakhaya beya emadolobheni kanye nezikhungo zabantu zikhula, isidingo sokutshala izimali ezinkulu kwingqalasizinda siyakhula. Kufanele babhekane nezokuthutha nezokuxhumana, ukuphathwa kwamanzi, ukuthuthwa kwendle, ukuphakelwa kukagesi. Izidingo zabantu abagxile emadolobheni zidlula kakhulu izidingo zabantu abahlakazeke ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Akukhona kuphela ngezidingo eziyisisekelo, kodwa futhi mayelana nezifiso, izimpawu zedolobha elikhulu. Kunesifiso esikhulayo sokugqama futhi sihlabe umxhwele umhlaba wonke. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu baba umthombo wokuziqhenya ngobuzwe kanye nophawu lwesimo somnotho osathuthuka. Ngokuyisisekelo, lena inhlabathi evundile yamabhizinisi amakhulu.

Yebo, kukhona futhi iqembu lezisusa zomnotho ezinengqondo. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu asho imisebenzi eminingi emisha. Ukubhekana nezinkinga zokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu abaningi kubalulekileukuthuthukisa izindawo zokuphephela. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwemigudu, amabhuloho, amadamu, imigwaqo emikhulu, izikhumulo zezindiza, izibhedlela, izakhiwo eziphakeme, amapulazi omoya, izinsimbi zikawoyela ezingasogwini, izincibilikisi ze-aluminium, izinhlelo zokuxhumana, iMidlalo Yama-Olympic, ohambweni lwasemoyeni nasemkhathini, izisheshisi zezinhlayiyana, amadolobha amasha sha, namanye amaphrojekthi amaningi. . gqugquzela umnotho wonke.

Ngakho-ke, u-2021 unyaka wokuqhubeka nochungechunge lokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu njengephrojekthi yaseLondon Crossrail, ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwesistimu ye-metro ekhona, iphrojekthi yokwakha enkulu kunazo zonke eyake yenziwa eYurophu, ukunwetshwa kwe-LNG eQatar, iphrojekthi enkulu ye-LNG e-Qatar. umhlaba onamandla okuthwala amathani ayizigidi ezingama-32 ngonyaka, kanye nokwethulwa kwenani lemiklamo emikhulu, njengokwakhiwa ngo-2021 kwesikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sokususa usawoti emanzini olwandle edolobheni lase-Agadir, eMorocco.

Heha ukunaka

Ngokusho kukasomaqhinga womhlaba wase-India-American, Paraga Khanna, sesiba impucuko exhunywe umhlaba wonkengoba yilokho esikwakhayo. "Siphila ngezinsizakusebenza zengqalasizinda eyenzelwe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu njengoba inani labantu bethu lisondela ezigidini eziyisishiyagalolunye," kusho uHanna engxoxweni. "Empeleni, kufanele sichithe cishe isigidintathu samadola kwingqalasizinda eyisisekelo kuwo wonke amabhiliyoni abantu emhlabeni."

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi njengoba wonke amaphrojekthi amakhulu ahleliwe njengamanje futhi aqalisiwe, cishe sizosebenzisa imali eningi kungqalasizinda eminyakeni engama-40 ezayo kunakule minyaka emine edlule.

Izibonelo zemibono egqamile zitholakala kalula. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu njenge I-Grand Canal eNicaragua, I-Tokyo-Osaka Magnetic Railway e-Japan, Okwamazwe ngamazwe I-reactor ye-fusion yokuhlola [ITER] eFrance, isakhiwo eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni e-Azerbaijan, i-Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor e-India, ne-King Abdullah City e-Saudi Arabia. Omunye umbuzo - nini futhi kuziphi izimo - ingabe le mibono izofezeka nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa ukumenyezelwa nje kwephrojekthi enkulu kuba nomthelela omkhulu wenkulumo-ze kanye nomthelela obonakalayo wezomnotho ovela ekukhuleni kwentshisekelo ekugxilweni kokunaka kwabezindaba edolobheni, esifundeni nasesifundazweni.

Ngethemba lokuheha ukunaka, cishe i-India yaqala eminyakeni eminingi edlule ukwakha isifanekiso eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni, isithombe esingamamitha angu-182 sika-Sardar Patel, owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezasekhaya wokuqala kanye nePhini likaNdunankulu wase-India ezimele. Uma kuqhathaniswa, umfanekiso weChief Crazy Horse eNingizimu Dakota, osekungamashumi eminyaka wakhiwa, kufanele ube ngaphezudlwana kwamamitha ayi-170 ubude. Zombili lezi zakhiwo ziyaziwa emhlabeni futhi kukhulunywa ngazo ezincwadini eziningi. Ngakho ngezinye izikhathi isithombe esikhulu sanele, futhi akudingekile ukusiqeda.

Ngokusho I-Bent Flivbjerg, uprofesa wokuphatha eNyuvesi yase-Oxford, isabelo somnotho esihilelekile kumaphrojekthi amakhulu okwamanje singu-8% wesamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya emhlabeni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi okuningi amaphrojekthi amakhulu idlula izindleko, futhi iningi lazo lithatha isikhathi eside ukwakha kunesihleliwe, ziyingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho wanamuhla womhlaba.

U-Flivbjerg uphinde waphawula ukuthi abaphathi bephrojekthi bathambekele ekucabangeni ngokweqile izinzuzo ezilindelekile, bathathe kancane izindleko, futhi benze ihaba izinzuzo zezenhlalo nezomnotho zesikhathi esizayo. Nokho, ngisho nalapho izinto zingahambi kahle, ngokuvamile abantu abanandaba. Abanandaba nezimangalo zezindleko zenzuzo ezingabaliwe, imali emoshiwe, noma ukulwa kwezombusazwe okudingekayo ukuze bathole ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Bafuna nje okuthile okunenjongo okwenzeka emphakathini noma endaweni yabo, into edonsa amehlo emhlabeni.

Kodwa-ke, i-megalomania engenalutho kule ndawo iyancipha kancane kancane. Ngokomlando megaprojectsnjengamaphiramidi aseGibhithe kanye noDonga Olukhulu LwaseShayina bebelokhu bebekezelela ubufakazi bokuphumelela komuntu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobuningi obumangalisayo bomsebenzi womuntu owenziwe ekudalweni kwabo. Namuhla kungaphezu nje kobukhulu, imali nokubaluleka komsebenzi. Amaphrojekthi amakhulu ngokuya anomkhakha wezomnotho wangempela. Uma umhlaba unyusa ukusetshenziswa kwezimali kungqalasizinda ku-$9 trillion ngonyaka, njengoba kuphakanyiswe uParag Khanna okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, ukubaluleka kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu emnothweni kuzokwenyuka kusuka ku-8% wamanje. I-GDP yomhlaba icishe ibe ngama-24%, kucatshangelwa yonke imiphumela engemihle. Ngakho-ke, ukuqaliswa kwemibono emihle kungafaka cishe ingxenye yesine yomnotho wezwe.

Kungenzeka ukwengeza ezinye, ngaphandle kwezinzuzo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo, okungezona ezezomnotho kusukela ekuqalisweni kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu. Lona umkhakha wonke wokugqugquzelwa kwezobuchwepheshe okuvela emisha, ukulinganisa, njll. Konjiniyela kumaphrojekthi alolu hlobo, kukhona indawo yokuziqhayisa, ukuphusha ngobuciko imingcele yamakhono ezobuchwepheshe kanye nolwazi. Akufanele kukhohlwe ukuthi eminingi yale mizamo emikhulu iholela ekudalweni kwezinto ezinhle, ifa elihlala njalo lesiko lomuntu wezinto ezibonakalayo.

Amaphupho kusukela ekujuleni kolwandle kuya emkhathini ojulile

Ngaphezu kwamabhuloho amakhulu, imigudu, izakhiwo eziphakeme, izakhiwo ezikhula zize zifinyelele esikalini samadolobha amasha, kusakazwa abezindaba namuhla. design Futuristicezingenawo umkhawulo ochaziwe. Zisekelwe kumqondo othize wezobuchwepheshe njengokuthi amaphrojekthi amaningi wokwakha ujantshi emhubheni we-Hyperloop vacuumlokhu kuvame ukucatshangelwa endabeni yokuthutha abagibeli. Bagqugquzela imibono emisha njengenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yokudlulisa nokusabalalisa iposi, amaphasela namaphasela. Amasistimu wokuposa we-pneumatic ayesevele aziwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Kuthiwani uma, ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-e-commerce, ukwakha ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha yomhlaba wonke?

2. Umbono wekheshi emkhathini

Zitholakala Imibono Yezombusazwe. Umholi waseChina uXi Jinping umemezele lo msebenzi cishe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Silk Road, okufanele ichaze kabusha imizila yezohwebo yaseShayina namazwe ase-Eurasia, lapho kuhlala khona cishe isigamu senani labantu emhlabeni. Umgwaqo omdala kasilika wakhiwa ngezikhathi zamaRoma phakathi kweShayina namazwe aseNtshonalanga. Le phrojekthi entsha ibhekwa njengenye yemiklamo emikhulu yengqalasizinda enezindleko ezilinganiselwa ku-$900 billion. Nokho, ayikho iphrojekthi eyodwa engabizwa ngokuthi Umgwaqo Omusha Kasilika. Kunalokho kuyinkimbinkimbi yonke yokutshalwa kwezimali okuholela ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, kuthathwa njengohlelo lwezepolitiki ngaphezu kwephrojekthi yengqalasizinda echazwe kahle.

Kunezifiso nezikhombisi-ndlela ezijwayelekile, hhayi amaphrojekthi athile imibono emkhathini yekusasa. Ama-Space megaprojects ahlala endaweni yezingxoxo, hhayi ukuqaliswa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, isibonelo, izindawo zokungcebeleka zasemkhathini, izimayini kuma-asteroids, izitshalo zamandla e-orbital, ama-orbital lifts (2), uhambo lwamaplanethi, njll. Kunzima ukukhuluma ngalezi zinhlelo njengento engenzeka. Kunalokho, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezifundo ezehlukene zesayensi, kunemiphumela edala izimo ezingaba khona ukuze kufezwe le mibono yasemsebenzini. Isibonelo, izambulo zakamuva mayelana nokudluliswa okuyimpumelelo kwamandla kusuka kuhlelo oluzungezayo lwelanga ukuya eMhlabeni.

3. Umqondo wesakhiwo sokuhlala esintantayo esintantayo esivela ku-Zaha Hadid Architects.

Emkhakheni wokukhangayo, kodwa kuze kube manje kuphela ukubonwa imibono ehlukahlukene yamanzi (3) kanye ngaphansi kwamanzi, iziqhingi ezintantayo - izindawo zokungcebeleka zezivakashi, amapulazi antantayo ezitshalo zasemhlabeni kanye ne-ocean aquaculture, i.e. ukutshalwa kwezitshalo nezilwane zasolwandle ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukuhamba ngomkhumbi noma izindawo zokuhlala ezingaphansi kwamanzi, amadolobha kanye namazwe wonke.

Emkhakheni we-futurism, kukhona futhi amaphrojekthi we-megaclimate nesimo sezuluisibonelo, ukulawula izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi njengeziphepho neziphepho, isichotho nesivunguvungu, nokulawulwa kokuzamazama komhlaba. Esikhundleni salokho, senza amaphrojekthi amakhulu “wokuphatha” ukuphenduka ugwadule, njengoba kuvezwe i-Great Green Wall e-sub-Saharan Africa (4). Lona wuhlelo osekuyiminyaka eminingi ukhona. Kunamiphi imiphumela?

4. I-Great Green Wall Project e-Afrika

Amazwe ayishumi nanye asongelwa ukwanda kweSahara - I-Djibouti, i-Eritrea, i-Ethiopia, i-Sudan, i-Chad, i-Niger, i-Nigeria, i-Mali, i-Burkina Faso, i-Mauritania ne-Senegal ivumile ukutshala izihlahla ukuze kunqandwe ukulahleka kwendawo elimekayo.

Ngo-2007, iNhlangano Yamazwe ase-Afrika yabeka phambili isiphakamiso sokwakha umgoqo ocishe ube amakhilomitha ayinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa ezwenikazi lonke. Lo msebenzi bekumele udale amathuba emisebenzi angaphezu kuka-350. imisebenzi futhi yonge amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-18 omhlaba. Nokho, intuthuko ibihamba kancane. Ngonyaka wesi-2020, amazwe aseSahel ayeseqede amaphesenti angu-4 kuphela. iphrojekthi. Lokhu kuhle kakhulu e-Ethiopia, lapho kutshalwe khona izithombo eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-5,5. Izitshalo nezithombo eziyizigidi eziyi-16,6 kuphela ezatshalwa eBurkina Faso, kanti ziyizigidi ezingama-1,1 kuphela ezatshalwa eChad. Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, cishe amaphesenti angu-80 ezihlahla ezitshaliwe cishe zafa.

Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amazwe abambe iqhaza kule phrojekthi enkulu ampofu futhi avame ukungena ezingxabanweni zezikhali, lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela imibono edukisa ngayo ngesimo sezulu somhlaba kanye namaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela bemvelo. Isikali esisodwa nombono olula akwanele, ngoba imvelo nemvelo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuphatha izinhlelo. Kungakho, lapho kubhekwa amaphrojekthi amakhulu emvelo athuthukiswe ngentshiseko, kufanele kuvinjwe.

I-Skyscraper Brake Race

Ngokuvamile kubhekwa kanjalo ama-megaprojects anamuhla kakhulu, eseyakhiwe kakade noma ihleliwe futhi isakhiwa, itholakala e-Asia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi noma eMpumalanga Ekude. Kukhona iqiniso kulokhu, kodwa imibono enesibindi izalwa kwenye indawo. Isibonelo - umqondo wokwakha isiqhingi sekristalu, i-mega-structure enkulu enomlingisi wombhoshongo omude futhi obanzi onendawo ephelele engu-2 m² e-Moscow (500). Ngobude obungu-000 m, izoba ngesinye sezakhiwo ezinde kakhulu emhlabeni. Akuyona nje i-skyscraper. Le phrojekthi ithathwa njengedolobha elizimele ngaphakathi kwedolobha, elinamamnyuziyamu, amathiyetha namasinema. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lena inhliziyo ephilayo, ecwebezelayo yaseMoscow.

5. Umbono weCrystal Island eMoscow

Kungase kube nephrojekthi yesiRashiya. Mhlawumbe akunjalo. Isibonelo seSaudi Arabia, ekugcineni okuyisakhiwo esingaphezu kwekhilomitha ubude emhlabeni ngaphambili ebesaziwa ngokuthi i-Kingdom Tower, sibonisa ukuthi singahluka, ngisho noma ukwakhiwa sekuqalile kakade. Okwamanje, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwama-Arabhu endaweni ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni kumisiwe. Ngokwale phrojekthi, i-skyscraper yayizodlula i-1 km futhi ibe nendawo esebenzisekayo engu-243 m². Inhloso enkulu yalesi sakhiwo bekuwukuba ihhotela iFour Seasons. Kwahlelwa nendawo yamahhovisi kanye namakhondomu kanokusho. Lo mbhoshongo bekufanele ube nendawo ephakeme kakhulu (yasemhlabeni) yokubuka izinkanyezi.

Inesimo senye yezinto ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu, kodwa isangaphansi kwemiklamo yokwakha. I-Falcon City of Wonders E-Dubai. Iqiniso elithokozisayo ukuthi i-12 m² yebhizinisi nezokuzijabulisa izoba nezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zomhlaba, kuhlanganisa. I-Eiffel Tower, Taj Mahal, amaphiramidi, umbhoshongo oncike e-pisa, Izingadi Ezilengayo zaseBhabhiloni, iWall of China enkulu (6). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzoba nenxanxathela yezitolo, ipaki letimu, izikhungo zemindeni, izikhungo zezemidlalo, izikhungo zemfundo, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezingaphezu kwezi-5 ezihluka ngokwakhiwa, indawo nobukhulu.

6. Ukuqoqwa kwezimangaliso zomhlaba kuphrojekthi ye-Falcon City of Wonders e-Dubai

Okwamanje isakhiwa Burj KhalifaNaphezu kwezimemezelo ezinomsindo, umjaho wokuphakama okuphezulu wehle kancane. Izakhiwo ezinikezwe amandla eminyakeni yamuva, ngisho naseShayina, manje eseyisiyingi esitezi enkabeni yomhlaba, ziphansi kancane. isibonelo, i-Shanghai Tower esanda kugunyazwa, okuyisitezi esikhulu esinde kunazo zonke hhayi e-Shanghai kuphela, kodwa kulo lonke elaseShayina, inobude obungamamitha angu-632 kanye nendawo ephelele engu-380 m². Enhloko-dolobha endala yezakhiwo eziphakeme, eNew York, eminyakeni eyisikhombisa edlule, i-000st World Trade Center (eyayiyiFreedom Tower) yakhiwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-1 endaweni yeWorld Trade Center eyacekelwa phansi ngo-541. Futhi akukho okuphakeme okwakhiwe e-USA.

I-Gigantomania ukusuka komunye umkhawulo womhlaba kuya komunye

Balawula izinhlu zamaphrojekthi amakhulu ngokwemali esetshenziswe kuwo. amaphrojekthi engqalasizinda. Kubhekwa njengomsebenzi wokwakha omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni oqhubekayo njengamanje. I-Al Maktoum International Airport eDubai (7). Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwaso, isikhumulo sezindiza sizokwazi ukwamukela ngesikhathi esisodwa izindiza ezinomzimba obanzi ezingama-200. Izindleko zesigaba sesibili sokunwetshwa kwesikhumulo sezindiza sisodwa zilinganiselwa ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-32 zamaRandi. Ukwakhiwa kwakuhlelelwe ukuthi kuqedwe ngo-2018, nokho isigaba sokugcina sokunwetshwa sibambezelekile futhi alukho usuku oluqondile lokuphothula.

7. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo i-Al Maktoum Airport enkulu eDubai.

Yakhelwe endaweni engumakhelwane yaseSaudi Arabia. Jabayl II iphrojekthi yezimboni yethulwa ngo-2014. Lapho usuphothuliwe, le phrojekthi izohlanganisa ama-cubic metres angu-800 emboni yokukhipha usawoti emanzini, okungenani izimboni zezimboni ezingu-100, nendawo yokuhluza uwoyela enamandla okukhiqiza okungenani ama-cubic metres angu-350. imiphongolo ngosuku, kanye namamayela ojantshi, imigwaqo nemigwaqo emikhulu. Yonke iphrojekthi kulindeleke ukuthi iqedwe ngo-2024.

Kuvela endaweni efanayo yomhlaba Indawo yokuzilibazisa nokuzijabulisa eDubailand. Lo msebenzi obiza izigidigidi ezingama-64 utholakala endaweni engu-278 km2 futhi uzoba nezingxenye eziyisithupha: amapaki, izikhungo zemidlalo, i-ecotourism, izikhungo zezokwelapha, izindawo eziheha isayensi namahhotela. Lesi sakhiwo sizohlanganisa nehhotela elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elinamagumbi angu-6,5 kanye nenxanxathela yezitolo ehlanganisa cishe ama-square metres ayisigidi. Ukuphothulwa kwephrojekthi kuhlelelwe u-2025.

I-China yengeza ohlwini lwayo olude lwamaphrojekthi wezakhiwo kanye nengqalasizinda eqhubekayo Iphrojekthi Eqhubekayo Yokudluliswa Kwamanzi AseNingizimu-Nyakatho (8), e-China. U-50% wabantu uhlala enyakatho yeChina. labantu bakuleli zwe, kodwa lesi sibalo sabantu sikhonzwa ngamaphesenti angu-20 kuphela. Imithombo yamanzi yaseChina. Ukuze ithole amanzi lapho edingeka khona, iShayina yakha imisele emithathu emikhulu, ecishe ibe ngamakhilomitha angu-48 ubude, ukuze ilethe amanzi enyakatho yemifula emikhulu yezwe. Lo msebenzi kulindeleke ukuthi uphothulwe phakathi neminyaka engama-44,8 futhi uzohlinzeka ngamanzi angama-cubic metres angu-XNUMX billion njalo ngonyaka.

8. Iphrojekthi yamaShayina eNyakatho neNingizimu

Iyakhiwa futhi eChina. isikhumulo sezindiza esikhulu. Uma sesiqediwe, isikhumulo sezindiza i-Beijing International Airport kulindeleke ukuba sidlule i-Dubai Al Maktoum International Airport, nayo esazokwakhiwa ngokwezindleko zokwakha, indawo yaphansi, izinombolo zabagibeli nezindiza. Isigaba sokuqala salo msebenzi saqedwa ngo-2008, kanti okunye ukunwetshwa kuhlelwe ukuthi kuqedwe ngo-2025.

Kubonakala sengathi amanye amazwe ase-Asia anomona ngesilinganiso esimangalisa kangaka seNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia kanye neChina futhi aqala amaphrojekthi amakhulu. I-Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor ikulolu phiko, inezifunda zezimboni ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili, amadolobha ahlakaniphile ayisishiyagalombili, izikhumulo zezindiza ezimbili, amaphrojekthi kagesi amahlanu, izinhlelo ezimbili zokuthutha ezisheshayo kanye namahabhu okuthutha amabili azokwakhiwa. Isigaba sokuqala salo msebenzi, umhubhe wezimpahla oxhumanisa amadolobha amabili amakhulu aseNdiya, ubambezelekile futhi kungenzeka ungalungeli kuze kube u-2030, kanti isigaba sokugcina sihlelelwe ukuqedwa ngo-2040.

Omncane naye ubambe iqhaza kulo mqhudelwano esigabeni semisebenzi emikhulu. I-Sri Lanka. I-Colombo izokwakhiwa eduze nenhloko-dolobha yezwe. Ichweba, isikhungo esisha sezimali esiqhudelana ne-Hong Kong ne-Dubai. Ukwakhiwa, okuxhaswe ngabatshalizimali baseShayina futhi okuhlelelwe ukuthi kuqedwe ngaphambi kuka-2041, kungadla imali efinyelela ku-$ 15 billion.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iJapane, osekuyisikhathi eside idume ngojantshi bayo besitimela abanesivinini esikhulu, yakha omunye omusha. I-Chuo Shinkansen Magnetic Railroadokuzokuvumela ukuthi uhambe ngokushesha okukhulu. Isitimela kulindeleke ukuthi sihambe ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-505 ngehora futhi sithathe abantu abasuka eTokyo baye eNagoya, noma amakhilomitha angu-286, ngemizuzu engu-40. Kuhlelelwe ukuphothula iphrojekthi ngo-2027. Cishe amaphesenti angu-86 oMzila Omusha weTokyo-Nagoya azosebenza ngaphansi komhlaba, okudinga ukwakhiwa kwemihubhe eminingi emisha emide.

I-US, ngohlelo lwayo lwemigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezifunda, ifinyelela ngokungangabazeki phezulu ohlwini lwamaphrojekthi amakhulu abiza kakhulu, ibingakaziwa muva nje ngamaphrojekthi amakhulu kangaka. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi akukho okwenzekayo lapho. Ukwakhiwa kukajantshi wesitimela ohamba ngesivinini esiphezulu eCalifornia, owaqala ngo-2015 futhi okulindeleke ukuthi uqedwe ngo-2033, kufanele uxhume amadolobha ayisishiyagalombili kwayishumi amakhulu aseCalifornia, nakanjani akuligi.

Ukwakhiwa kuzokwenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili: isigaba sokuqala sizoxhuma i-Los Angeles ne-San Francisco, futhi isigaba sesibili sizokwengeza ujantshi eSan Diego naseSacramento. Izitimela zizoba zikagesi, okungajwayelekile e-US, futhi zizonikezwa amandla ngokuphelele ngemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo. Isivinini kufanele sifane nezitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu zaseYurophu, i.e. kufika ku-300 km/h. Isilinganiso sakamuva siwukuthi inethiwekhi entsha yezitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu yaseCalifornia izobiza u-$80,3 billion. Isikhathi sokuhamba ukusuka e-Los Angeles ukuya e-San Francisco sizoncishiswa sibe amahora amabili nemizuzu engama-40.

Izophinde yakhiwe e-UK. Megaproject Koleiova. Iphrojekthi ye-HS2 igunyazwe uhulumeni. Izobiza u-$125 billion. Isigaba sokuqala, okumele siqedwe ngo-2028-2031, sizoxhuma iLondon neBirmingham futhi sizodinga ukwakhiwa kwemigqa emisha engamakhilomitha angama-200, iziteshi eziningi ezintsha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kweziteshi ezikhona.

E-Afrika, iLibya ibisebenzisa iphrojekthi yeGreat Man Made River (GMR) kusukela ngo-1985. Empeleni, bekuyiphrojekthi yokunisela enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enisela ngaphezu kwamahektha ayi-140 omhlaba olimekayo futhi ikhulisa kakhulu ukutholakala kwamanzi okuphuza ezindaweni eziningi zasemadolobheni aseLibya. I-GMR ithola amanzi ayo ku-aquifer engaphansi komhlaba yaseNubian Sandstone. Lo msebenzi wawuhlelelwe ukuthi uphothulwe ngo-2030, kodwa njengoba ukulwa nezingxabano bekulokhu kuqhubeka eLibya kusukela ngo-2011, ikusasa lalo msebenzi alicaci.

E-Afrika, ezinye nazo ziyahlelwa noma zisakhiwa amaphrojekthi amakhulu amanziokuvame ukudala izingxabano, hhayi nje ezemvelo. Ukwakhiwa kweDamu LeRenaissance Elikhulu emfuleni iNayile e-Ethiopia kwaqala ngo-2011 futhi namuhla kubhekwa njengenye yamaphrojekthi amakhulu ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu e-Afrika. Lesi sikhungo esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi kulindeleke ukuthi siphehle cishe amagigawathi angu-2022 kagesi lapho umsebenzi usuphothuliwe ngo-6,45. Ukwakhiwa kwaleli damu kudle imali engango-$5 billion. Izinkinga zalolu hlelo azigcini nje ngokunxeshezelwa okwanele kwabantu bendawo abasuswa ezindaweni zabo, kodwa nasezinxushunxushwini zaseNayile, e-Egypt naseSudan, amazwe akhathazekile ngokuthi idamu lase-Ethiopia lisongela ukuphazamisa ukuphathwa kwamanzi.

Okunye okuphikisanayo iphrojekthi enkulu yamanzi yase-Afrika, iDamu le-Inga 3 eDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Uma lakhiwe, lizoba idamu elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Afrika. Kodwa-ke, kuphikisana kakhulu nezinhlangano zezemvelo kanye nabamele abantu bendawo, okuzodingeka bathuthelwe ukuze baqalise umsebenzi.

Ukulondolozwa kwamadolobha amadala - ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha amasha

Amaphrojekthi athokozisayo ngokwezinga lendawo ayenzeka ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa-ke, lezi kuvame ukuba yizibonelo zobunjiniyela obumangalisayo kanye nokuhlela okunesibindi okukhiqiza intshisekelo yomhlaba wonke. Izibonelo izakhiwo ezivikela iVenice ezikhukhuleni. Ukulwisana nalolu songo, umsebenzi waqala ngo-2003 kuMOSE, uhlelo olukhulu lokuvimbela amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6,1. Iphrojekthi enkulu, obekufanele yethulwe ngo-2011, ngeke iqedwe kuze kube ngu-2022.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomhlaba, iJakarta, inhloko-dolobha yase-Indonesia, inezinkinga zokucwila kancane kancane olwandle, okucishe kufane neVenice. NjengeVenice, idolobha lisabela kulolu songo olukhona ngokwakha izindonga ezinkulu. Le nkimbinkimbi, engamakhilomitha angu-35 ubude, ibizwa I-Garuda enkulu (9) kulindeleke ukuthi iqedwe ngo-2025 ngezindleko zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abavumelani ngokuthi le phrojekthi enkulu izoba namandla ngokwanele yini ukusindisa inhloko-dolobha yase-Indonesia emanzini olwandle…

9. Iphrojekthi ye-Garuda e-Jakarta

I-Garuda enkulu into efana nenhloko-dolobha entsha yase-Indonesia kufanele. I-Egypt nayo ifuna ukwakha inhloko-dolobha entsha. Amakhilomitha angamashumi amane empumalanga yeCairo enkulu futhi eminyene, kuzokwakhiwa idolobha elisha elihlanzekile ngo-2022 ngezindleko zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-45. Ihlelwe kahle futhi inikwa amandla amandla elanga, izohlaba umxhwele ngezakhiwo ezinde kakhulu, amafulethi enziwe ngendlela yaseParis, indawo eluhlaza emangalisayo ephindwe kabili ngobukhulu beCentral Park yaseNew York, kanye nepaki letimu eliphindwe kane kunobukhulu beDisneyland. Ngakolunye uhlangothi loLwandle Olubomvu, iSaudi Arabia ifuna ukwakha idolobha elisha elihlakaniphile elivuselelekayo ngo-2025% ngo-10 kuphrojekthi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Neom (XNUMX).

10. Idolobha elikhulu elihleliwe i-NEOM oLwandle Olubomvu

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-thermonuclear kanye nesibonakude esidlulele

Kusuka kuFr.Izitsha zesathelayithi ezidumayo ezilingana nesigodi, ezisekelweni ze-polar emaphethelweni oMhlaba kanye nokufakwa okuthuthuke kakhulu okusisiza ukuthi singene emkhathini - lena yindlela amaphrojekthi wesayensi ye-mega abukeka ngayo. Nasi isifinyezo samaphrojekthi esayensi aqhubekayo afanele igama elithi megaprojects.

Ake siqale ngephrojekthi yaseCalifornia Isibasi kazwelonke, okuyi-laser enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, isetshenziselwa ukushisa nokucindezela uphethiloli we-hydrogen, kuqalwe ukuhlangana kwe-nuclear fusion. Onjiniyela nosonkontileka bakhe lesi sikhungo phezu kwezinkundla zebhola ezintathu ngokumba umhlabathi ongama-cubic metres angu-160 55 futhi bagcwalisa indawo engaphezu kuka-2700 cubic metres. cubic metres kakhonkolo. Eminyakeni eyishumi yokusebenza kulesi sikhungo, kuye kwenziwa izivivinyo ezingaphezu kuka-XNUMX, ngenxa yalokho sesisondele kakhulu. ukuhlanganisa amandla ngendlela eyongayo.

Isikhungo esingu-$1,1 billion esisendaweni ephakeme ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha amathathu ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle oGwadule lwase-Atacama eChile siyakhiwa. Isibonakude esikhulu ngokwedlulele, I-ELT(11) iba isibonakude esikhulu se-opticalnjengoba selakhiwe.

Lo mshini uzokhiqiza izithombe ezibukhali ngokuphindwe kashumi nesithupha kunalezi. I-Extremely Large Telescope, esetshenziswa yi-European Southern Observatory, esevele isebenzisa enye yezinto zezinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni ku-Very Large Telescope (VLT), izofunda ngama-exoplanets. Lesi sakhiwo sizoba sikhulu kune-Roman Colosseum futhi sizodlula zonke izisetshenziswa zezinkanyezi ezikhona eMhlabeni. Isibuko sayo esikhulu, esakhiwe ngezibuko ezincane ezingu-798, sizoba nobubanzi obuyisimanga obungamamitha angu-39. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-2017 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuthathe iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Ukukhanya kokuqala okwamanje kuhlelelwe u-2025.

11 Isibonakude esikhulu kakhulu

Kusakhiwa futhi eFrance. ITERnoma I-International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Lena iphrojekthi enkulu ehlanganisa amazwe angama-35. Izindleko ezilinganiselwe zalo msebenzi zilinganiselwa ku-$20 billion. Lokhu kufanele kube impumelelo ekwakhiweni kwemithombo yamandla e-thermonuclear ephumelelayo.

I-European Split Source (ESS), eyakhiwe ngo-2014 eLund, eSweden, izoba isikhungo socwaningo esithuthuke kakhulu kulo mkhakha. ama-neutron emhlabeni uma isilungile ngo-2025. Umsebenzi wakhe uqhathaniswe nesibonakhulu esisebenza ngezinga le-subatomic. Imiphumela yocwaningo olwenziwe kwa-ESS kufanele itholakale kubo bonke abathintekayo - indawo izoba yingxenye yephrojekthi ye-European Open Science Cloud.

Kunzima ukungakhulumi ngephrojekthi elandelayo lapha I-Hadron Collider enkulu eGeneva, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Future Circular Collider, kanye nomklamo we-accelerator waseShayina I-Circular Electron Positron Collider iwubukhulu obuphindwe kathathu be-LHC. Eyokuqala kufanele iqedwe ngo-2036, kanti eyesibili ngo-2030. Kodwa-ke, lawa maphrojekthi amakhulu esayensi, ngokungafani nalawo achazwe ngenhla (futhi aseyakhiwa kakade), amelela ithemba elingacacile.

Ama-Megaprojects angashintshwa ngokungapheli, ngoba uhlu lwamaphupho, amapulani, amaphrojekthi wokwakha kanye nezinto ezakhiwe kakade, okuyinto, eqinisweni, evame ukuba nemisebenzi ewusizo, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke okuhlaba umxhwele, ikhula njalo. Futhi izoqhubeka ngoba izifiso zamazwe, amadolobha, osomabhizinisi nosopolitiki azipheli.

Amaphrojekthi e-mega abiza kakhulu emhlabeni wesikhathi sonke, omabili akhona nangakadalwa

(Qaphela: Izindleko zikuzintengo zamanje ze-US$)

• Umhubhe Wesiteshi, e-UK naseFrance. Yamukelwa ngo-1994. Izindleko: $ 12,1 billion.

• Isikhumulo Sezindiza Samazwe Ngamazwe sase-Kansai, e-Japan. Yamukelwa ngo-1994. Izindleko: $ 24 billion.

• I-Big Dig, iphrojekthi yomhubhe womgwaqo ngaphansi kwedolobha laseBoston, e-USA. Yamukelwa ngo-2007. Izindleko: $ 24,3 billion.

• I-Toei Oedo Line, ulayini omkhulu we-Tokyo Subway eneziteshi ezingama-38, e-Japan. Yamukelwa ngo-2000. Izindleko: $ 27,8 billion.

• I-Hinckley Point C, NPP, UK. Ekuthuthukiseni. Izindleko: kufika ku-$29,4 billion.

• Isikhumulo sezindiza saseHong Kong, eShayina. Yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1998. Izindleko: $ 32 billion.

• Isistimu yamapayipi e-Trans-Alaska, e-USA. Yamukelwa ngo-1977. Izindleko: $ 34,4 billion.

• Ukunwetshwa kwe-Dubai World Central Airport, United Arab Emirates. Ekuthuthukiseni. Izindleko: $ 36 billion

• Iphrojekthi Yenkasa Yomfula Owenziwe Ngabantu, eLibya. Isakhiwa. Izindleko: ngaphezulu kwe- $ 36 billion.

• Isifunda Sebhizinisi Samazwe Ngamazwe I-Smart City Songdo, eNingizimu Korea. Ekuthuthukiseni. Izindleko: $ 39 billion

• I-Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed ​​​​Railway, e-China. Yamukelwe ngo-2011 Izindleko: $40 billion

• I-Three Gorges Dam, eChina. Yamukelwe ngo-2012 Izindleko: $42,2 billion

• I-Itaipu Dam, Brazil/Paraguay. Yamukelwa ngo-1984. Izindleko: $ 49,1 billion.

• Amaphrojekthi wezokuthutha aseJalimane ahlanganisa ujantshi, imigwaqo kanye namanethiwekhi amanzi ngaphansi kwegama elivamile elithi Unity, Germany. Isakhiwa. Izindleko: $ 50 billion.

• Inkambu kawoyela yaseKashagan, eKazakhstan. Iqale ukusebenza ngo-2013. Izindleko: $ 50 billion.

• Inethiwekhi yezitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esiphezulu i-AVE, eSpain. Isakhula. Inani ngo-2015: $51,6 billion

• I-Seattle City Rail Expansion Project, Sound Transit 3, USA. Ekulungiseni. Izindleko: $ 53,8 billion

• Ipaki yetimu ye-Dubailand nesakhiwo sokuzijabulisa, United Arab Emirates. Ekulungiseni. Izindleko: $ 64,3 billion.

• Ibhuloho lase-Honshu-Shikoku, e-Japan. Yamukelwa ngo-1999. Izindleko: $ 75 billion.

• Iphrojekthi ye-California High-Speed ​​​​Rail Network, e-USA. Ekulungiseni. Izindleko: $ 77 billion.

• Iphrojekthi Yokudluliswa Kwamanzi AseNingizimu kuya Enyakatho, eShayina. Kuyaqhubeka. Izindleko: $ 79 billion.

• Iphrojekthi ye-Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, eNdiya. Ekulungiseni. Izindleko: $ 100 billion.

• I-King Abdullah Economic City, eSaudi Arabia. Ekuthuthukiseni. Izindleko: $ 100 billion

• Idolobha eliseziqhingini zokwenziwa i-Forest City, e-Malaysia. Ekulungiseni. Izindleko: $ 100 billion

• I-Great Mosque yaseMecca, Masjid al-Haram, Saudi Arabia. Kuyaqhubeka. Izindleko: $ 100 billion.

• I-London-Leeds High Speed ​​​​Rail, i-High Speed ​​​​2, UK. Ekulungiseni. Izindleko: $ 128 billion.

• I-International Space Station, iphrojekthi yamazwe ngamazwe. Izindleko: $ 165 billion

• Iphrojekthi yedolobha laseNeom oLwandle Olubomvu, eSaudi Arabia. Ekulungiseni. Izindleko: 230-500 amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane.

• I-Persian Gulf Railway, amazwe e-Gulf. Ekuthuthukiseni. Izindleko: $250 billion.

• I-Interstate Highway System, e-USA. Isakhula. Izindleko: $ 549 billion