I-chemistry endala ngemibala emisha
Ekupheleni kuka-September 2020, i-ammonia yokuqala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (1) emhlabeni yathunyelwa eJapane isuka eSaudi Arabia, leyo, ngokwemibiko yabezindaba, yayizosetshenziswa ezikhungweni zikagesi ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi ngaphandle kokukhipha isikhutha. Kwabangakaziwa, lokhu kungase kubonakale kuyimfihlakalo. Ingabe kukhona isibaseli esisha esiyisimangaliso?
ISaudi Aramco, ngemuva kwezokuthutha, yakhiqizwa uphethiloli ngokuguqulwa kwe-hydrocarbon (okungukuthi imikhiqizo ethathwe ku-petroleum) ibe yi-hydrogen bese iguqulela umkhiqizo ube yi-ammonia, ithwebula i-carbon dioxide ngomkhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, i-ammonia igcina i-hydrogen, ebizwa nangokuthi i-hydrogen "eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", ngokuphambene ne-hydrogen "eluhlaza", ephuma emithonjeni evuselelekayo kunezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi. Ingase futhi ishiswe njengophethiloli ezitshalweni zamandla ashisayo, okubalulekile ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide.
Kungani kungcono ukugcina ithutha i-hydrogen eboshwe ku-ammonia kune-hydrogen emsulwa nje? "I-ammonia kulula ukuyicwilisa - incibilika ku-33 degrees Celsius - futhi iqukethe i-hydrogen ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-1,7 nge-cubic meter ngayinye kune-hydrogen eliquefied," ngokocwaningo lwebhange lokutshala izimali i-HSBC elisekela ubuchwepheshe obusha.
ISaudi Arabia, umkhiqizi kawoyela omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, utshala imali kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze kukhishwe i-hydrogen emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi futhi kuguqule umkhiqizo ube i-ammonia. Inkampani yaseMelika i-Air Products & Chemicals Inc. ehlobo usayine isivumelwano nenkampani yaseSaudi i-ACWA Power International kanye nezinhlangano ezibhekele ukwakhiwa kwedolobha lekusasa le-Neom (2), umbuso ofuna ukulakha ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano, kuzokwakhiwa imboni ye-ammonia eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu zamaRandi kusetshenziswa i-hydrogen enikwa amandla yimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.
2. Okunye kokubonwayo kwedolobha laseSaudi lekusasa leNeom.
I-hydrogen yaziwa njengophethiloli ohlanzekile okuthi uma ushisiwe ungakhiqizi lutho ngaphandle komhwamuko wamanzi. Ivame ukuvezwa njengomthombo omkhulu wamandla aluhlaza. Nokho, iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kancane. Ibhalansi yokukhishwa kwe-hydrogen ihlanzekile njengophethiloli osetshenziselwa ukuyikhiqiza. Uma kucatshangelwa ibhalansi yokukhishwa okuphelele, izinhlobo zegesi ezinjenge-hydrogen eluhlaza, i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ne-hydrogen empunga ziyakhishwa. I-hydrogen eluhlaza ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo nengenayo i-carbon kuphela. I-hydrogen empunga, okuwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-hydrogen emnothweni, ikhiqizwa kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, okusho ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-carbon hydrogen ephansi kakhulu kuphazanyiswa inqubo yokukhiqiza. I-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka igama elinikezwa i-hydrogen elisuselwa kugesi yemvelo kuphela, enokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ephansi futhi ihlanzekile kunezinye izinto eziningi zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.
I-ammonia iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali equkethe ama-molecule amathathu e-hydrogen ne-molecule eyodwa ye-nitrogen. Ngalo mqondo, "igcina" i-hydrogen futhi ingasetshenziswa njengesitoko sokukhiqiza "i-hydrogen eqhubekayo". I-ammonia ngokwayo, njenge-hydrogen, ayikhiphi isikhutha lapho ishiswa esikhungweni samandla ashisayo. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka egameni kusho ukuthi ukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa igesi yemvelo (futhi kwezinye izimo, amalahle). Kubhekwa njengendlela eluhlaza yokukhiqiza amandla futhi ngenxa yekhono lokuthwebula kanye ne-sequester carbon dioxide (CCS) ngesikhathi senqubo yokuguqula. Okungenani yilokho inkampani i-Aramco, ekhiqiza okunjalo, eqinisekisayo.
Kusukela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya kokuluhlaza
Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi inqubo echazwe ngenhla iyisinyathelo sesikhashana kuphela, futhi umgomo uwukufeza ukukhiqizwa okuphumelelayo kwe-ammonia eluhlaza. Yiqiniso, lena ngeke ihluke ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali, njengoba nje i-blue ayihlukani nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kunoma iyiphi enye i-ammonia. Iphuzu liwukuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza yenguqulo eluhlaza izoba i-emission-free ngokuphelele futhi ngeke ihlanganise lutho nezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Lokhu kungaba, isibonelo, isitshalo sokukhiqiza i-hydrogen evuselelekayo, eguqulwa ibe i-ammonia ukuze kube lula ukugcinwa nokuthutha.
NgoZibandlela wezi-2018, umbiko wanyatheliswa yi-British Energy Transition Commission, "umfelandawonye wabaholi bebhizinisi, bezezimali kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezivela kuzo zonke izimboni ezikhiqiza futhi zisebenzisa amandla." Inhloso Engenzeka. Ngokusho kwababhali, i-decarbonization ephelele ye-ammonia ngo-2050 ingenzeka ngobuchwepheshe nangokwezomnotho, kodwa i-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngeke ibe nandaba emashumini ambalwa eminyaka. Lizogcina libuse ammonia eluhlaza. Lokhu kungenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zokuthatha i-CO yokugcina ye-10-20%, kusho umbiko.2 ohlelweni lokukhiqiza. Nokho, abanye abahlaziyi baveze ukuthi lezi zibikezelo zisekelwe esimweni sobuciko. Khonamanjalo, ucwaningo lwezindlela ezintsha zokwenza i-ammonia lusaqhubeka.
Isibonelo Matteo Masanti, unjiniyela e-Casale SA (ilungu le-Ammonia Energy Association), wethule inqubo entsha enegunya lobunikazi "yokuguqula igesi yemvelo ibe i-ammonia ukuze kwehliswe ukukhishwa kwe-COXNUMX".2 emkhathini kuze kufike ku-80% maqondana nobuchwepheshe obutholakalayo obungcono kakhulu”. Kalula nje, uhlongoza ukufaka esikhundleni seyunithi ye-CDR (i-carbon dioxide ukususwa) esetshenziselwa ukuthwebula i-carbon dioxide emagesini aphumayo ngemva kokusha "ngesu lokuqothula ngaphambi kokushisa".
Kuneminye imibono eminingi emisha. Inkampani yaseMelika i-Monolith Materials ihlongoza "inqubo entsha kagesi yokuguqula igesi yemvelo ibe yikhabhoni ngendlela ye-soot ne-hydrogen esebenza kahle kakhulu." Amalahle awawona udoti lapha, kodwa ayinto engathatha isimo sempahla eyigugu ethengiswayo. Le nkampani ifuna ukugcina i-hydrogen hhayi kuphela ngesimo se-ammonia, kodwa futhi, isibonelo, ku-methanol. Kukhona ne-eSMR, indlela eyakhiwe ngu-Haldor Topsoe waseDenmark esekelwe ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okhiqizwa emithonjeni evuselelekayo njengomthombo owengeziwe wokushisa kwenqubo esigabeni sokuguqulwa kwesitimu se-methane ekukhiqizeni i-hydrogen esitshalweni se-ammonia. Ukukhishwa kwe-CO encishisiwe kuyabikezelwa2 ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia cishe ngama-30%.
Njengoba wazi, i-Orlen yethu iphinde ibambe iqhaza ekukhiqizeni i-hydrogen. Ukhulume ngokukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia eluhlaza njengendawo yokugcina amandla e-Polish Chemical Congress ngoSepthemba 2020, i.e. ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuhamba kwezokuthutha okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla ukuya eJapane, UJacek Mendelevsky, ilungu lebhodi lika-Anwil eqenjini le-PKN Orlen. Eqinisweni, kwakungenzeka i-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhakangokwezigaba ezingenhla. Akucaci kulesi sitatimende ukuthi lo mkhiqizo usuvele ukhiqizwa ngu-Anwil, kodwa kungacatshangwa ukuthi kunezinhlelo ePoland zokukhiqiza okungenani i-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
