Isithwali sabasebenzi abahlomile abamaphakathi (Sonderkraftfahrzeug 251, Sd.Kfz.251)

Okuqukethwe Umshini okhethekile 251 Izinketho ezikhethekile Sd.Kfz. 251/10 - Sd.Kfz. 251/23 Eminyuziyamu emhlabeni jikelele Inkampani yenethiwekhi yezisebenzi ezihlomile ezimaphakathi (Imoto ekhethekile 251, Sd.Kfz.251) Isithwali sabasebenzi abahlomile abaphakathi sathuthukiswa ngo-1940 yinkampani yeGanomag. I-chassis ye-half-track kagandaganda wamathani amathathu yasetshenziswa njengesisekelo. Njengoba kwenzeka isithwali sabasebenzi esihlomile esilula, enqoleni yangaphansi kwasetshenziswa izibungu ezinamajoyinti enaliti namaphedi enjoloba angaphandle, ilungiselelo elintengantengayo lamasondo omgwaqo kanye ne-asi yangaphambili enamasondo esiteringi. Ugearbox usebenzisa ugearbox ojwayelekile onamagiya amane. Kusukela ngo-1943, izicabha zokugibela zafakwa ngemuva kwesikebhe. Izimpahla ezithwala izikhali ezihlomile ezimaphakathi zakhiqizwa ngokuguqulwa okungu-23 kuye ngezikhali nenjongo. Isibonelo, kwakhiqizwa izithwali zezisebenzi ezihlomile ezihlomele ukukhweza i-howitzer engu-75 mm, isibhamu esilwa nethangi esingu-37 mm, udaka lwe-8 mm, isibhamu esilwa nendiza esingu-20 mm, isibani se-infrared, i-flamethrower, njll. Izinkampani ezithwala izikhali zalolu hlobo zazinokunyakaza okulinganiselwe kanye nokungakwazi ukuhamba kahle phansi. Kusukela ngo-1940, zisetshenziswe kumayunithi ahamba ngezimoto, izinkampani ze-sapper kanye nakwamanye amayunithi amaningi ethangi nezigaba zezimoto. (Bheka futhi “Isithwali sabasebenzi esihlomile esilula (imoto ekhethekile 250)”) Kusukela emlandweni wendalo Ithangi lakhiwa ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala njengendlela yokunqamula izivikelo zesikhathi eside eWestern Front. Kwadingeka agqekeze umugqa wokuzivikela, kanjalo evulela amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo indlela. Amathangi angakwenza lokhu, kodwa awakwazanga ukuhlanganisa impumelelo yawo ngenxa yejubane eliphansi lokunyakaza kanye nokwethenjwa okubi kwengxenye yomshini. Isitha ngokuvamile sasiba nesikhathi sokudlulisa izinqolobane endaweni yempumelelo futhi sivale igebe eselidalekile. Ngenxa yejubane elifanayo eliphansi lamathangi, izinsana ekuhlaselweni zihamba nazo kalula, kodwa zahlala zisengozini yomlilo wezikhali ezincane, ama-mortars nezinye izikhali. Amayunithi ezingane alahlekelwe kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, abaseBrithani beza nomthwali we-Mk.IX, oklanyelwe ukuthutha izinsana eziyishumi nambili enkundleni yempi ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwezikhali, nokho, kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi bakwazi ukwakha i-prototype kuphela, ngaphandle kokuyihlola ekulweni. izimo. Eminyakeni yezimpi, amathangi emabuthweni amaningi emazweni athuthukile aphuma phambili. Kodwa imibono yokusetshenziswa kwezimoto zokulwa empini yayihluke kakhulu. Ngama-30s, izikole eziningi eziqhuba izimpi zamathangi zavela emhlabeni jikelele. EBrithani, bazama kakhulu ngamayunithi amathangi, amaFulentshi abheka amathangi njengendlela yokusekela izinsana. Isikole saseJalimane, ummeleli wakhe ovelele kwakunguHeinz Guderian, wakhetha amabutho ahlomile, okwakuyinhlanganisela yamathangi, izinsana ezinemoto kanye namayunithi okusekela. Amandla anjalo kwakufanele abhodloze izivikelo zesitha futhi akhe ukuhlasela ngemuva kwaso esijulile. Ngokwemvelo, amayunithi abeyingxenye yamandla kwakufanele ahambe ngesivinini esifanayo futhi, ngokufanelekile, abe nekhono elifanayo langaphandle komgwaqo. Okungcono nakakhulu, uma amayunithi okusekela - ama-sappers, ama-artillery, izinsana - nazo zihamba ngaphansi kwesembozo sezikhali zabo ngendlela efanayo yempi. Lo mbono bekunzima ukuwusebenzisa. Imboni yaseJalimane yabhekana nobunzima obukhulu ngokukhululwa kwamathangi amasha ngobuningi futhi ayikwazanga ukuphazanyiswa ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba yabathwali bezisebenzi ezihlomile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-Wehrmacht yokuqala yokukhanya kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwethangi yayinezimoto ezinamasondo, ezihloswe esikhundleni sezinkampani ze-armored "zezinkolelo" zokuthutha izingane. Kuphela ngaphambi kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II, ibutho laqala ukwamukela abantu abathwala izikhali ngenani elibonakalayo. Kodwa ngisho nasekupheleni kwempi, inani labathwali bezisebenzi ezihlomile lalinenele ukuhlomisa ibutho elilodwa lezingane esigabeni ngasinye sethangi nabo. Imboni yaseJalimane ngokuvamile ayikwazanga ukukhiqiza abathwali bezisebenzi abahlome ngezikhali abalandelwa ngokugcwele ngamanani aphawulekayo, futhi izimoto ezinamasondo azizange zihlangabezane nezimfuneko zokukhushulwa kwekhono lokunqamula izwe eliqhathaniswa nekhono lokunqamula izwe lamathangi. Kodwa amaJalimane ayenolwazi olucebile ekuthuthukisweni kwezimoto ezilandelwa isigamu, ogandaganda bokuqala bezikhali abalandelwa isigamu bakhiwa eJalimane kusukela ngo-1928. Ukuhlolwa kwezimoto ezilandelwa uhhafu kwaqhutshekwa ngo-1934 no-1935, lapho ama-prototypes of armored half- kwavela izimoto ezilandelwayo ezihlome ngo-37 mm kanye no-75 mm. Le mishini yayibhekwa njengendlela yokulwa namathangi ezitha. Izimoto ezithakazelisayo, okuyinto, nokho, ayizange ingene ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi. njengoba kwanqunywa ukugxilisa imizamo yemboni ekukhiqizeni amathangi. Isidingo se-Wehrmacht samathangi sasibucayi kakhulu. Ugandaganda ongamathani ama-3 we-half-track ekuqaleni wasungulwa ngu-Hansa-Lloyd-Goliath Werke AG waseBremen ngo-1933. I-prototype yokuqala yemodeli yango-1934 yayinenjini ye-Borgward engamasilinda ayisithupha enamandla angu-3,5 litre, ugandaganda waqokwa. I-HL KI 2 Ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial kagandaganda kwaqala ngo-1936, ngesimo se-HL KI 5 okuhlukile, kwakhiwe ogandaganda abangu-505 ekupheleni konyaka. Kwakhiwe nezinye izibonelo zogandaganda abangama-half-track, okuhlanganisa nezimoto ezinesizinda sokuphehla ugesi ngemuva - njengenkundla yokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezihlomile. Ngo-1938, kwavela inguqulo yokugcina kagandaganda - HL KI 6 enenjini yeMaybach: lo mshini wathola igama elithi Sd.Kfz.251. Le nketho ibilungile njengesisekelo sokudala inkampani yenkampani yezempi eklanyelwe ukuthutha iqembu lamasosha ahamba ngezinyawo. I-Hanomag yase-Hanover yavuma ukubuyekeza idizayini yokuqala yokufakwa kwe-armored hull, umklamo nokukhiqizwa kwayo okwenziwe ngu-Büssing-NAG wase-Berlin-Obershönevelde. Ngemva kokuphothula wonke umsebenzi odingekayo ngo-1938, kwavela i-prototype yokuqala ye-"Gepanzerte Mannschafts Transportwagen" - imoto yokuthutha ehlomile. Izithwali zezisebenzi zokuqala ze-Sd.Kfz.251 zatholwa entwasahlobo ka-1939 yi-1st Panzer Division emi e-Weimar. Izimoto zazenele ukuqedela inkampani eyodwa kuphela embuthweni wamasosha ahamba ngezinyawo. Ngo-1939, imboni ye-Reich yakhiqiza izithwali zabasebenzi abangu-232 Sd.Kfz.251, ngo-1940 umthamo wokukhiqiza wawusuvele unezimoto ezingu-337. Ngo-1942, ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke kwabathwali bezisebenzi ezihlomile kwafinyelela uphawu lwezingcezu eziyi-1000 futhi kwafinyelela inani eliphakeme ngo-1944 - 7785 abathwali bezisebenzi zezikhali. Nokho, izimoto ezithwala izikhali zazihlale ziyindlala. Amafemu amaningi axhunywe ekukhiqizeni kwe-serial kwemishini ye-Sd.Kfz.251 - "Schutzenpanzerwagen", njengoba yayibizwa ngokusemthethweni. I-chassis yakhiqizwa ngu-Adler, Auto-Union kanye no-Skoda, ama-armored hulls akhiqizwa nguFerrum, Scheler und Beckmann, Steinmuller. Umhlangano wokugcina wenziwa ezimbonini ze-Wesserhütte, Vumag kanye no-F. Shihau." Phakathi neminyaka yempi, ingqikithi yabathwali bezisebenzi zezikhali ze-15252 zezinguquko ezine (Ausfuhrung) kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-23 zakhiwe. I-Sd.Kfz.251 isithwali sabasebenzi bezikhali sibe imodeli enkulu kakhulu yezimoto zezikhali zaseJalimane. Le mishini yasebenza kuyo yonke impi nakuyo yonke imikhakha, yenza umnikelo omkhulu ekuqhumeni kwempi yempi yeminyaka yokuqala. Ngokuvamile, i-Germany ayizange ithumele izithwali zezisebenzi zezikhali ze-Sd.Kfz.251 kumadlelandawonye ayo. Nokho, ezinye zazo, ikakhulukazi ukuguqulwa D, zamukelwa Romania. Izimoto ezihlukene zaphelela emabuthweni aseHungary naseFinnish, kodwa alukho ulwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwazo empini. Kusetshenziswe isigamu sezingoma ezithathiwe Sd.Kfz. 251 kanye namaMelika. Bajwayele ukufaka izibhamu ezingu-12,7-mm Browning M2 ezimotweni ezithathwe ngesikhathi kuliwa. Izinkampani eziningi zezinkampani ezithwala izikhali zazihlonyiswe ngeziqhumane ze-T34 "Calliope", ezazihlanganisa amashubhu omhlahlandlela angu-60 okudubula amarokhethi angaqondisiwe. I-Sd.Kfz.251 yakhiqizwa amabhizinisi ahlukahlukene, kokubili eJalimane nasemazweni athathwayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo lokubambisana lwathuthukiswa kabanzi, amanye amafemu ahlanganyela kuphela ekuhlanganiseni imishini, kanti amanye akhiqiza izingxenye ezisele, kanye nezingxenye ezilungiselelwe kanye nemihlangano yazo. Ngemva kokuphela kwempi, ukukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi abathwala izikhali kwaqhutshekwa eCzechoslovakia nguSkoda noTatra ngaphansi kwegama elithi OT-810. Le mishini yayinezinjini zikadizili eziyi-8-cylinder Tatra, futhi imibhoshongo yazo yayivalwe ngokuphelele. Kusukela emlandweni wendalo  Isithwali sabasebenzi abahlomile Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf. A Ukulungiswa kokuqala kwesiphathi sezisebenzi zezikhali ze-Sd.Kfz.251. I-Ausf.A, yayinesisindo esingamathani angu-7,81. Ngokwesakhiwo, imoto yayiwuhlaka oluqinile olushiselwe, lapho ipuleti lezivikelo lalishiselwe kusukela ngezansi. I-armored hull, eyenziwe ngokuyinhloko nge-welding, yahlanganiswa kusukela ezingxenyeni ezimbili, umugqa wokuhlukanisa udlule ngemuva kwegumbi lokulawula. Amasondo angaphambili ayelengiswe eziphethwini ezisaqanda. Amarimu amasondo ensimbi anesitembu ayefakwe izipikhi zenjoloba, amasondo angaphambili ayengenawo amabhuleki. Isibungu esinyakazayo sasinamasondo omgwaqo ensimbi ayishumi nambili (amarola ayisithupha ohlangothini ngalunye), wonke amasondo omgwaqo ayefakwe amathayi enjoloba. Ukumiswa kwamasondo omgwaqo - torsion bar. Amasondo okushayela wendawo yangaphambili, ukungezwani kwamathrekhi kwakulawulwa ngokuhambisa ama-sloth endaweni yangemuva endizeni enezingqimba. Amathrekhi ukuze kuncishiswe isisindo samathrekhi ayenziwe ngomklamo oxubile - i-rubber-metal. Ithrekhi ngayinye yayinezinyo elilodwa lomhlahlandlela endaweni engaphakathi, kanye nephedi yenjoloba endaweni engaphandle. Amathrekhi ayexhunywe omunye komunye ngokusebenzisa amabhere agcotshiwe. Umzimba wawushiselwe kusuka kumapuleti ezikhali anogqinsi luka-6 mm (phansi) kuya ku-14,5 mm (ebunzini). I-hatch enkulu ephindwe kabili yayihlelwe eshidini eliphezulu le-hood ukuze kufinyeleleke enjini. Izikebhe zokungenisa umoya zenziwe ezinhlangothini zehood ku-Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.A. I-hatch yesokunxele yayingavulwa ngesicici esikhethekile somshayeli ephuma ngqo etekisini. Indawo yokulwa yavulwa phezulu, izihlalo zomshayeli nezakhomanda kuphela bezimbozwe ngophahla. Ukungena nokuphuma endaweni yokulwa kwanikezwa ngomnyango ophindwe kabili odongeni olungemuva lwesikebhe. Ekamelweni lokulwa, kulo lonke ubude balo, kwakubekwe amabhentshi amabili ezinhlangothini. Izimbobo zokubuka ezimbili zazihlelwe odongeni olungaphambili lwendlu yomphathi kanye nomshayeli onamabhulokhi okubuka ashintshashintshayo. Ezinhlangothini zekhomishana yokulawula, kwahlelwa imbobo eyodwa encane yokubuka. Ngaphakathi kwegumbi lokulwa kwakunamaphiramidi ezikhali nama-racks enye impahla yomuntu siqu yezempi. Ukuze kuvikelwe esimweni sezulu, kwahlelwa ukuba kufakwe isisitho selanga phezu kwendawo yokulwa. Uhlangothi ngalunye lwalunemishini emithathu yokubuka, kuhlanganise neyomkhuzi neyomshayeli. Isiphathi sezisebenzi esihlomile sasifakwe injini engu-6-cylinder liquid-cooled ene-in-line ilungiselelo le-100 hp. ngesivinini se-shaft esingu-2800 rpm. Izinjini zakhiwe yiMaybach, Norddeutsche Motorenbau kanye ne-Auto-Union, eyayifakwe i-Solex-Duplex carburetor, ukuntanta okune kwaqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-carburetor kuma-gradients atsheke kakhulu emoto. I-radiator yenjini yafakwa phambi kwe-hood. Umoya wawunikezwa irediyetha ngamashutha epuleti le-armor elingaphezulu le-hood futhi ukhishwe ngezimbobo ezisezinhlangothini zehood. I-muffler enepayipi le-exhaust yayifakwe ngemuva kwesondo langaphambili kwesokunxele. I-torque esuka enjinini iye ku-transmission yayidluliselwa nge-clutch. I-transmission inikeze amasivinini amabili abuyela emuva nayisishiyagalombili aya phambili. Lo mshini ubufakwe i-hand brake yomshini kanye namabhuleki e-pneumatic servo afakwe ngaphakathi kwamasondo okushayela. I-compressor ye-pneumatic yabekwa kwesokunxele senjini, futhi amathangi omoya amiswa ngaphansi kwe-chassis. Ukuphenduka nge-radius enkulu kwenziwa ngokuphendula amasondo angaphambili ngokuphendula isondo lokuqondisa; ngokuphenduka nge-radii encane, amabhuleki amasondo okushayela axhunyiwe. Isiteringi besinophawu lokuma kwesondo langaphambili. Izikhali zemoto bezihlanganisa izibhamu ezimbili ezingu-7,92-mm Rheinmetall-Borzing MG-34, ebezifakwe ngaphambili nangemuva kwendawo yokulwa evulekile. Ngokuvamile, i-Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.Isiphathi sezisebenzi ezihlomile esilandelwa uhhafu sakhiqizwa ngezinguqulo ze-Sd.Kfz.251 / 1 - isithuthi sezingane. I-Sd.Kfz.251/4 - i-artillery tractor kanye ne-Sd.Kfz.251/6 - imoto yomyalo. Amanani amancane akhiqizwa ukulungiswa kwe-Sd.Kfz. I-251/3 - izimoto zokuxhumana kanye ne-Sd.Kfz 251/10 - abathwali bezisebenzi ezihlomile ezihlome ngenganono engu-37-mm. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial kwe-Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.A conveyors kwenziwa ezimbonini zase-Borgvard (Berlin-Borsigwalde, izinombolo ze-chassis ukusuka ku-320831 kuya ku-322039), i-Hanomag (796001-796030) kanye ne-Hansa-Lloyd-Goliath kuya ku-320285 (kufika ku-XNUMX) Isithwali sabasebenzi abahlomile Sd.Kfz. 251 Ausf.B Lokhu kuguqulwa kwangena ekukhiqizweni kwe-serial phakathi no-1939. Izithuthi, eziqokiwe Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.B, zakhiqizwa ngezinguqulo ezimbalwa. Umehluko wabo omkhulu kusukela ekulungisweni kwangaphambilini kwaba: ukuntuleka kwezindawo zokubuka eziseceleni zama-paratroopers, ushintsho endaweni ye-antenna yesiteshi somsakazo - yasuka ephikweni langaphambili lemoto yaya ohlangothini lwegumbi lokulwa. Imishini yochungechunge lokukhiqiza kamuva yathola ipuleti lezikhali zesibhamu somshini weMG-34. Ngenqubo yokukhiqizwa kwe-serial, izembozo zokungenisa umoya we-injini zaqala ukufakwa. Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yokuguqula i-Ausf.B kwaqedwa ekupheleni kuka-1940. Isiphathi sezisebenzi ezihlomile Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.S Uma kuqhathaniswa nokulungiswa kwe-Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.A kanye ne-Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.B, amamodeli e-Ausf.C abe nomehluko omningi, iningi lawo obekungenxa yesifiso sabaklami sokwenza lula ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bomshini. Izinguquko eziningi zenziwe ekwakhiweni okusekelwe kumuzwa wokulwa otholiwe. I-Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.C yenethiwekhi yabasebenzi bezikhali eyethulwa ekukhiqizweni kwe-serial yahlukaniswa ngedizayini eguquliwe yengxenye engaphambili ye-hull (indawo yenjini). Ipuleti le-armor elingaphambili elinesiqephu esisodwa linikeze ukuvikelwa kwenjini okuthembeke kakhulu. Ama-vents athuthelwe ezinhlangothini zekhompathimenti yenjini futhi ambozwe ngamakhava ahlomile. Amabhokisi ensimbi akhiyekayo anezingxenye eziyisipele, amathuluzi, njll. avele kuma-fender Amabhokisi ahanjiswa emuva futhi afika cishe ekupheleni kwezinsimbi. Isibhamu somshini iMG-34, esiphambi kwendawo yokulwa evulekile, sasinesivikelo sezikhali esasinikeza ukuvikelwa komdubuli. Izinkampani ezithwala izikhali zalokhu kuguqulwa ziye zakhiqizwa kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1940. Izimoto eziphuma ezindongeni zezitolo zomhlangano ngo-1941 zinezinombolo ze-chassis ezivela ku-322040 kuya ku-322450. Futhi ngo-1942 - kusukela ku-322451 kuya ku-323081. I-chassis yakhiwe ngu-Adler eFrankfurt, i-Auto-Union e-Chemnitz, i-Hanomag e-Hannover kanye ne-Skoda e-Pilsen. Kusukela ngo-1942, uStover eStettin kanye ne-MNH eHannover bajoyine ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto ezihlomile. Ukubhuka kwenziwe emabhizinisini e-HFK e-Katowice, u-Laurachütte-Scheler und Blackmann e-Hindenburg (Zabrze), uMürz Zuschlag-Bohemia ngesi-Czech Lipa nase-Steinmüller e-Gummersbach. Ukukhiqizwa komshini owodwa kwathatha i-6076 kg yensimbi. Izindleko ze-Sd.Kfz 251/1 Ausf.С zaziyi-22560 Reichsmarks (isibonelo: izindleko zethangi zazisukela ku-80000 kuya ku-300000 Reichsmarks). Isiphathi sezisebenzi ezihlomile Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.D Ukuguqulwa kwakamuva, okuhluke kakhulu kokwangaphambilini ekwakhiweni okuguquliwe kwengxenye ye-aft yemoto, kanye namabhokisi ezingxenye ezisele, angena ngokuphelele ku-armored hull. Kwakukhona amabhokisi anjalo amathathu ohlangothini ngalunye lomkhumbi othwala izikhali. Ezinye izinguquko zokuklama kwaba: ukushintshwa kwamayunithi okubuka ngezikhala zokubuka kanye noshintsho ekubunjweni kwamapayipi okukhipha umoya. Ushintsho oluyinhloko lwezobuchwepheshe lwaluwukuthi umzimba wesithwali sabasebenzi abahlomile waqala ukwenziwa ngokushisela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenza lula okuningi kwezobuchwepheshe kwenza kube lula ukusheshisa inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwe-serial yemishini. Kusukela ngo-1943, amayunithi angu-10602 e-Sd.Kfz.251 Ausf.D akhiqizwa ngezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene ukusuka ku-Sd.Kfz.251/1 kuya ku-Sd.Kfz.251/23 Emuva - Phambili >>