I-Speedometer. Izinhlobo nedivayisi. Ukunemba kanye nezici

Cishe ngokukhiqizwa kokuqala kwezimoto, baqala ukufakelwa izinsimbi ezidingekayo, phakathi kwazo kukhona umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane. Izinsimbi zezimoto zisiza ukulawula izinqubo ezidingekayo, isimo sobuchwepheshe, izinga kanye nokushisa koketshezi.

Yini umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane lemoto?

I-speedometer iyithuluzi lokulinganisa elikhombisa isivinini sangempela semoto. Ezimotweni, kusetshenziswa umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane elenzelwa umshini kanye nogesi, futhi ijubane likhonjiswa kumamayela noma amakhilomitha ngehora. I-speedometer itholakala kudeshibhodi, imvamisa iphambi komshayeli, futhi ihlanganiswe ne-odometer. Kukhona nezinketho lapho iphaneli yethuluzi ligudliselwa enkabeni ye-torpedo futhi ibheke kumshayeli.

Iyini umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane?

Le divayisi isiza umshayeli ngesikhathi sangempela ukuthi afunde ngalokhu:

• ukuqina kwezimoto;
• ijubane lokuhamba;
• ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngejubane elithile.

Ngendlela, imvamisa kuma-speedometer isibalo esiphezulu sejubane siphezulu kancane kunaleso esiboniswe kuzimpawu zemoto.

Umlando wendalo

I-speedometer yokuqala efakwe emotweni yabagibeli yavela ngo-1901, futhi ngaleyo ndlela imoto kwakungu-Oldsmobile. Kodwa-ke, kukhona umbono ku-Intanethi ukuthi i-analogue yokuqala ye-speedometer yasungulwa yingcweti yaseRussia u-Yegor Kuznetsov. Ngokokuqala ngqa, umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane waba inketho ephoqelekile ngo-1910. I-OS Autometer ibingumkhiqizi wokuqala ukukhipha ama-speedometer ezimoto.

Ngo-1916, uNikola Tesla wasungula umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane ngomklamo wawo, okuyisisekelo esisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.

Kusukela ngo-1908 kuya ku-1915, kwakhiqizwa ama-speedometer wesigubhu kanye nesikhombi. Kamuva baqala ukusebenzisa i-digital ne-pointer. Ngendlela, bonke abenzi bezimoto bakhethe izilinganiso zokudayela ngenxa yokufundeka kalula kokufundwayo.

Kusukela kuma-50s kuye kuma-80s wekhulu elidlule, kwasetshenziswa ama-speedometer ebhande, imvamisa ezimotweni zaseMelika, njengezigubhu. Lezi zinhlobo ze-speedometer zashiywa ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwemininingwane ephansi, okungaholela ezimweni eziyingozi emgwaqeni.

Ngama-80s, amaJapane ethula kancane kancane ama-speedometer edijithali, kepha lokhu akuzange kutholakale ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okuthile. Kwavela ukuthi izinkomba ze-analog ziyafundeka kangcono. Ama-speedometer edijithali athole indlela yawo yokuhamba ngezithuthuthu zezemidlalo, lapho kukhombise ukuthi kulula ngempela.

Izinhlobo

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi kunokuhlukahluka okuningi kuma-speedometer, ahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili:

• iyiphi indlela yokukala esetshenziswayo;
• hlobo luni lwenkomba.

Izinhlobonhlobo zehlukaniswe ngezigaba ezi-3:

• ngomshini;
• i-electromechanical;
• ngogesi.

Ukuze siqonde ijubane lokunyakaza okuguquguqukayo kwemoto, eboniswa yi-speedometer, nokuthi isilinganiso sinikezwa kanjani, sizocubungula ngokuningiliziwe imininingwane yomsebenzi kanye nokucubungula idatha.

Indlela yokukala

Kulesi sigaba, ama-speedometer ezimoto ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

• okulandelana kwesikhathi. Ukusebenza kusekelwe ku-odometer nokufundwa kwewashi - ibanga elihlukaniswa nesikhathi esidlulile. Indlela incike emithethweni ye-physics;
• centrifugal. Le ndlela isuselwa emsebenzini wamandla we-centrifugal, lapho ikhafu yengalo yomlawuli elungiswe entwasahlobo ihamba ezinhlangothini ngenxa yamandla we-centrifugal. Ibanga le-offset lilingana nokuqina kwethrafikhi;
• kudlidliza. Ngenxa yokuphakama kokudlidlizela kokuthwala noma ifreyimu, ukwenziwa kokudlidliza okulinganiswe nenani lokujikeleza kwesondo kuyadalwa;
• lokungeniswa. Umsebenzi kazibuthe uthathwa njengesisekelo. Kusetshenziswa odonsa abangahlali othini lokuphotha, lapho kwenziwa khona i-eddy current lapho isondo lizungeza. Idiski enentwasahlobo iyabandakanyeka ekuhambeni, okunesibopho sokufundwa okulungile komcibisholo wesivinini;
• kagesi. Inzwa yejubane, lapho ihamba, ithumela amasiginali, inani lawo elilingana nenombolo yokuhamba kwe-sensor drive;
• ngogesi. Lapha, ingxenye yemishini ihlinzekwa yimidumba yamanje edluliswa lapho ujikelezisa uthi lokuphotha. Imininingwane itholwa yi-counter, enquma imvamisa yesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Imininingwane iguqulwa ibe amakhilomitha ngehora futhi iboniswe kudeshibhodi.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ukwethulwa okukhulu kwama-speedometer wokukhanda kwaqala ngo-1923, kusukela lapho ukwakheka kwawo kushintshile kancane esikhathini sethu. Amamitha wokuqala we-elekthronikhi avela kuma-70s, kepha asabalala ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20.

Ngohlobo lwenkomba

Ngokwenkomba, umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane uhlukaniswe waba yi-analog nedijithali. Owokuqala usebenza ngokudlulisa i-torque ngenxa yokushintshaniswa kuka-gearbox, oxhunywe ku-gearbox noma ku-gearbox we-axle.

I-speedometer ye-elekthronikhi iwina ngokunemba kwezinkomba, ne-odometer ye-elekthronikhi ikhombisa njalo imayela eliqondile, mileage yansuku zonke, futhi iphinde ixwayise ngokulungiswa okuyimpoqo kumayela othile. 

Isebenza kanjani idivayisi yomshini, inqubo yokusebenza

Imitha lesivinini semishini liqukethe izinto eziyinhloko ezilandelayo:

• inzwa yesivinini semoto yegiya;
• shaft eguquguqukayo ehambisa imininingwane kuphaneli yensimbi;
• umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane uqobo;
• ibanga elihamba ibanga (i-node).

Umhlangano wokungeniswa kazibuthe, othathwe njengesisekelo sejubane lomshini, ufaka uzibuthe onomphela oxhunywe kushaft yokushayela, kanye nekhoyili ye-aluminium eyindilinga. Isikhungo sisekelwa yi-a bearing. Ukuvikela amaphutha ekufundweni, ingaphezulu lekhoyili limbozwe ngesikrini se-aluminium esivikela emiphumeleni yamagnetic field. 

Ku-gearbox kukhona igiya lepulasitiki, noma iqoqo lamagiya, elixhumana nelinye lamagiya ka-gearbox, bese lidlulisa imininingwane eyinhloko ngekhebula. 

I-speedometer isebenza kanjena: lapho ikhoyili ijikeleza, kwakhiwa imisinga ye-eddy, ngenxa yayo eqala ukuphambuka nge-engeli ethile, yona yona encike esivinini semoto.

I-speedometer iqhutshwa ngokudlulisa i-torque ngenzwa nange-shaft eguquguqukayo kwiqoqo lamagiya. Iphutha elincane lokufunda linikezwa ngokuxhumeka okuqondile ngokujikeleza kwamasondo okushayela.

Ukusebenza kwe-Electromechanical speedometer

Lolu hlobo lwemitha yejubane luthandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimotweni ezikhiqizwa ekhaya. Ingqikithi yomsebenzi iphambana nomshini, kepha yehlukile ekusetshenzisweni kwenqubo. 

I-speedometer ye-electromechanical isebenzisa izinzwa ezinjenge:

• igiya ngokusebenza kahle kwe-shaft yesibili nedrayivu yesondo langakwesokunxele;
• ishayela (inzwa yeHholo);
• kuhlangene;
• lokungeniswa.

Iyunithi yesivinini esishintshiwe isebenzisa inkomba yamadivayisi we-magnetoelectric. Ngokunemba kwezinkomba, kusetshenziswe i-milliammeter. Ukusebenza kohlelo olunjalo kuqinisekiswa yi-microcircuit ehambisa amasignali kuyunithi ye-elekthronikhi, edlulisa ukufundwa enalithini ye-speedometer. Amandla amanje alingana ngqo nejubane lemoto, ngakho-ke lapha umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane ukhombisa imininingwane ethembeke kakhulu.   

Ukusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi

Isivinini sejubane se-elekthronikhi sihlukile kunaleso esichazwe ngenhla ngokuthi sixhunyaniswe ngqo ne-odometer. Manje zonke izimoto sezihlome ngalolu hlelo, olungavumi ukuvumela izindlela ezilula zokulungisa i-mileage, "ekhishwe ngekhanda" ngamanye amayunithi wokulawula. 

Kungani aqamba amanga: iphutha elikhona

Kutholakele ukuthi ezimotweni eziningi, ezinamathuba amaningi, umshini wokubonisa isivinini ukhombisa isivinini esingalungile. Umehluko ka-10% uvunyelwe ngejubane lama-200 km / h, ku-100 km / h okweqile kuzoba cishe ngama-7%, futhi ku-60 km / h alikho iphutha.

Ngokuqondene nezizathu zangaphandle zephutha, kuneziningi zazo:

• ukufakwa kwamasondo namasondo obubanzi obukhulu;
• ukumiselela u-gearbox nge-pair eyodwa eyinhloko;
• ukushintshwa kuka-gearbox namanye amabhangqa amagiya.

Ukungasebenzi kahle okuyinhloko kwama-speedometer

Kunezinhlobo eziyisihlanu eziyinhloko zokungasebenzi kahle okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesikhathi eside semoto:

• ukugqokwa kwemvelo kwamagiya epulasitiki;
• ukwephuka kwekhebula ekuhlanganeni nengxenye ejikelezayo;
• oxhumana nabo abane-oxidized;
• izintambo zikagesi ezilimele;
• i-elekthronikhi enesici (idinga ukuxilongwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi inzwa yejubane).

Ezimweni eziningi zokuwohloka, awudingi ukuba nguchwepheshe, into esemqoka ukuthola kahle ukungasebenzi kahle bese uzihlomisa ngamathuluzi amancane ane-multimeter.

I-Mechanical Instrument Diagnostics ne-Troubleshooting

Ukuthola ukuxilongwa okulungile, sebenzisa i-algorithm yezenzo ezilandelayo:

1. Phakamisa uhlangothi lomgibeli wemoto usebenzisa i-jack. 
2. Sisebenzisa imiyalo yokulungiswa nokusebenza kwemoto yakho, siqaqa kahle iphaneli yensimbi.
3. Susa i-nut yokulungisa yekhebula le-speedometer, susa isihlangu, qala injini bese uhlanganisa igiya le-4.
4. Ku-casing evikelayo, ikhebula kufanele lijikeleze. Uma lokhu kwenzekile, jika ichopho lekhebula, uvule kabusha igiya lesi-4 injini isebenza futhi uhlole ukufundwa kusibonisi. Ukungasebenzi kahle kuzoboniswa ngokushintsha indawo yomcibisholo. 

Uma ikhebula lingaphenduki, khona-ke kufanele lihlakazwe ohlangothini lwebhokisi le-gearbox futhi uqiniseke ukuthi ukwakheka kwephuzu layo kuyisikwele. Zama ukudonsa ikhebula ngokwakho - ukujikeleza kufanele kufane kuzo zombili iziphetho, futhi uma kunjalo, inkinga isegiyeni. 

Ukulungiswa nokuxilongwa kwe-speedometer ye-elektroniki

Lapha, ukulungiswa kuyinkimbinkimbi yiqiniso lokuthi kudingekile ukuba okungenani ube nenkomba, njengesilinganiso esiphezulu, i-oscilloscope noma isithwebuli sokufunda ukusebenza kwezinjini nge-injection kaphethiloli kagesi. Impela zonke izimoto ezakhiwe kwamanye amazwe ngemuva kuka-2000 zinekhompiyutha esebhodini eyenza ukuzihlola ngaphambi kokuqala imoto. Uma kunephutha, ikhodi yayo ingacaciswa ngokubhekisela kuthebula lamakhodi amaphutha ohlobo oluthile lwemoto. 

Uma kunephutha elihlobene nokuntuleka kokusebenza kwe-speedometer, khona-ke ngosizo lwe-oscilloscope sixhuma koxhumana naye ophakathi wenzwa yejubane, bese siphonsa “+” ebhetri. Lapho-ke imoto iyaqala futhi igiya liyabandakanyeka. Imvamisa yenzwa yokusebenza iyahluka kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-6 Hz, futhi i-voltage okungenani ingu-9 volts.  

 Izici zokusebenza

Okubi kakhulu okuswele amanye amadivayisi ukunganembi. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla, ukunemba kokufundwa kwejubane kuncike ekuphazanyisweni kwangaphandle kuvidiyo yokufakwa kwamasondo amakhulu namayunithi wokudlulisa anezilinganiso ezihlukile zamagiya. Endabeni yokugqoka okubucayi kwamagiya, ukufundwa kwe-speedometer "kuhamba" ngomunye u-10%. 

Izinzwa ze-elekthronikhi zingabonisa isivinini nemayela ngaphandle kwephutha, inqobo nje uma imithetho yokusebenza ilandelwa futhi ingadluli ubukhulu besondo obuvumelekile. 

Uma i-speedometer ingasebenzi, akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa imoto, ngokungasebenzi kahle okunjalo, ngokwemithetho yomgwaqo.

Umehluko: umshini wokubonisa izinga lejubane kanye ne-odometer

I-odometer iyinzwa efunda ingqikithi nemayela lansuku zonke lemoto. I-odometer ikhombisa i-mileage, i-speedometer ikhombisa isivinini. Ngaphambili, ama-odometers ayenziwa ngomshini, futhi amamayela ayesongwa ngenkuthalo ngabathengisi bezimoto abangathembekile. Izibali zamamayela zama-elekthronikhi nazo zifunde ukuhlela, kodwa maningi amayunithi okulawula emotweni aqopha imayela. Futhi iyunithi yokulawula injini, enkumbulweni yayo, ilungisa wonke amaphutha okwenzeka kwimayela elithile.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Lithini igama le-speedometer emotweni? Abanye abashayeli bezimoto babiza i-odometer ngokuthi i-speedometer. Eqinisweni, i-speedometer ikala ijubane lemoto, futhi i-odometer ikala ibanga elihanjiwe.

Isho ukuthini i-speedometer yesibili emotweni? Kulungile ukuyibiza ngokuthi i-odometer. Ikala isamba semayela lemoto. idijithi yesibili ye-odometer iyikhawunta yansuku zonke yamakhilomitha. Eyokuqala ayilahlwa, kanti eyesibili ingalahlwa.

Ngazi kanjani isivinini esiqondile semoto? Ukuze wenze lokhu, kukhona i-speedometer emotweni. Ezimotweni eziningi, egiyeni 1, imoto ishesha ukuya ku-23-35 km / h, eyesibili - 2-35 km / h, 50rd - 3-50 km / h, 60 - 4-60 km / h, 80 th - 5-80 km / h. kodwa kuya ngosayizi bamasondo kanye ne-gear ratio ka-gearbox.

Lithini igama lesivinini esikalwa nge-speedometer? I-speedometer ikala ukuthi imoto ihamba ngesivinini esingakanani ngesikhathi esithile. Kumamodeli aseMelika, inkomba inikeza amamayela ngehora, kokunye - amakhilomitha ngehora.