Ukwakheka kanye nenjongo yesistimu yokuthambisa yenjini yemoto

Ingxenye eyimishini yenjini yemoto, ngaphandle kwamayunithi agingqiwe, ngokuvamile ayinawo ama-bearings agingqikayo. Umgomo wokugcotshwa kwamapheya e-sliding friction asekelwe ekuwanikezeni ngamafutha awuketshezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi noma ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yinkungu kawoyela, lapho amaconsi alenga kumagesi e-crankcase enikezwa phezulu.

Imishini yesistimu yokugcoba

Uwoyela ogciniwe ugcinwa kukhrankcase yenjini, lapho kufanele uphakanyiswe futhi ulethwe kuwo wonke amayunithi agcotshisiwe. Kulokhu, izindlela ezilandelayo nezingxenye zisetshenziswa:

• iphampu kawoyela eqhutshwa yi-crankshaft;
• iketango, igiya noma i-direct oil pump drive;
• izihlungi zikawoyela ezimahhadlahhadla nezinhle, muva nje imisebenzi yazo ihlanganiswe kusihlungi sokugeleza okugcwele, futhi i-mesh yensimbi ifakwe endaweni yokungena kwesamukeli samafutha ukuze ibambe izinhlayiya ezinkulu;
• ama-bypass kanye nama-valve okunciphisa ingcindezi alawula ukucindezela kwepompo;
• imigudu nemigqa yokuhlinzeka ngokuthambisa kumapheya ashayisanayo;
• izimbobo ezengeziwe ezilinganisiwe ezidala inkungu yamafutha ezindaweni ezidingekayo;
• amaphiko okupholisa ama-crankcase noma i-cooler ehlukene kawoyela ezinjinini ezilayishwe kakhulu.

Izinjini eziningi zisebenzisa uwoyela njengoketshezi olusebenzisa amanzi. Ilawula ama-valve clearance hydraulic compensators, zonke izinhlobo zama-tensioner kanye nezilawuli. Ukusebenza kwephampu kukhuphuka ngokulinganayo.

Izinhlobo zezinhlelo

Ngokwesisekelo esandisiwe, zonke izixazululo zokuklama zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlelo ezine-sump eyomile kanye nokugeza kwamafutha. Ezimotweni ezivamile, kwanele ukusebenzisa idrayivu ngendlela ye-pan kawoyela yenjini. Uwoyela ofeze imisebenzi yawo ugeleza lapho, upholiswe kancane bese ugibela ngesamukeli samafutha futhi ungene epompo.

Kodwa lolu hlelo lunezinto eziningi ezimbi. Imoto ayihlali iqondiswe ngokucacile ngokuphathelene ne-gravitational vector, ikakhulukazi ku-dynamics. Uwoyela ungahlehla kumabhampu, usuke lapho udonsa khona lapho umzimba utsheka noma ugcwala kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusheshisa, ukubhuleka, kanye nokujika okubukhali. Lokhu kuholela ekuvezweni kwegridi kanye nokubanjwa kwamagesi e-crankcase ngepompo, okungukuthi, ukushaywa umoya kwemigqa. Umoya unokucindezelwa, ngakho-ke ingcindezi iba engazinzile, kungase kube neziphazamiso ekuhlinzekeni, okungamukeleki. Ama-bearings angenalutho awo wonke ama-shafts amakhulu, futhi ikakhulukazi ama-turbines ezinjini ezishajwe kakhulu, azoshisa kakhulu endaweni futhi awe.

Isixazululo senkinga ukufaka isistimu ye-sump eyomile. Akomile ngomqondo ongokoqobo wegama, nje amafutha afika lapho athathwa ngokushesha ngamaphampu, okungenzeka kube khona amaningana, akhululwe ekufakweni kwegesi, aqoqwe ngevolumu ehlukile bese ehamba ngokungazelelwe kuma-bearings. Uhlelo olunjalo luyinkimbinkimbi ngokwesakhiwo, lubiza kakhulu, kodwa ayikho enye indlela yokuphuma kwezemidlalo noma izinjini eziphoqelelwe.

Izindlela zokunikeza amafutha kumanodi

Kunomehluko phakathi kwe-pressure feed kanye nokuthambisa kwe-splash. Ngokwehlukana, azisetshenziswa, ngakho-ke singakhuluma ngendlela ehlanganisiwe.

Izingxenye eziyinhloko ezidinga ukugcotshwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yi-crankshaft, i-camshaft kanye ne-balancer shaft bearings, kanye nokushayela kwemishini eyengeziwe, ikakhulukazi, iphampu yamafutha ngokwayo. Amashafti azungeza emibhedeni eyakhiwe ukubhoreka kwezakhi zomzimba wenjini, futhi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungqubuzana okuncane nokugcinwa, omalayini abashintshwayo abenziwe ngezinto ezivimbela ukukhushulwa atholakala phakathi kweshaft nombhede. Uwoyela uphonswa eziteshini ungene ezikhaleni zesigaba esilinganisiwe, esigcina ama-shafts ezimeni zokungqubuzana koketshezi.

Izikhala phakathi kwamapiston namasilinda zigcotshwa ngokuchaphazwa, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa imibhobho ehlukene, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ngokubhoboza izinti zokuxhuma noma nje ngenkungu kawoyela we-crankcase. Ezimweni zokugcina, ukuguga kuzoba kukhulu, ukukhwabanisa kungenzeka.

Kufanele kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile ngokugcotshwa kwamabheringi e-turbine. Lena i-node ebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba lapho umgodi ujikeleza ngesivinini esikhulu, untanta emafutheni ampontshiwe. Lapha, ukushisa kukhishwa ku-cartridge eshisa kakhulu ngenxa yokujikeleza okukhulu kwamafutha. Ukubambezeleka okuncane kuholela ekuqhekekeni okusheshayo.

Ukushintshwa kwamafutha enjini

Umjikelezo uqala ngokuthathwa koketshezi olusuka ku-crankcase noma ukuqoqwa kwamafutha angena lapho ngamaphampu ohlobo lwesistimu "eyomile". Ekungeneni kwesamukeli samafutha, kukhona ukuhlanzwa okuyinhloko kwezinto ezinkulu zangaphandle ezifike lapho ngezindlela ezihlukene ngenxa yokwephulwa kobuchwepheshe bokukhanda, ukungasebenzi kahle kwenjini noma ukugqokwa komkhiqizo wokugcoba ngokwawo. Ngokweqile kokungcola okunjalo, ukuvinjwa kwe-mesh eqinile kanye nendlala kawoyela endaweni yokungena yepompo kungenzeka.

Ukucindezela akulawulwa yipompo yamafutha ngokwayo, ngakho-ke ingase idlule inani eliphakeme elivumelekile. Isibonelo, ngenxa yokuphambuka kwe-viscosity. Ngakho-ke, i-valve yokunciphisa ingcindezi ibekwa ngokuhambisana nendlela yayo, ilahla okweqile ku-crankcase ezimeni eziphuthumayo.

Okulandelayo, uketshezi lungena kusihlungi esihle sokugeleza okuphelele, lapho ama-pores anosayizi we-micron. Kukhona ukuhlunga kahle ukuze izinhlayiya ezingabangela imihuzuko ekuhlikihleni kwendawo zingangeni ezikhaleni. Lapho isihlungi sigcwele ngokweqile, kuba nengozi yokuqhekeka kwekhethini lesihlungi saso, ngakho sifakwe ivalve yokudlula eqondisa ukugeleza okuzungeze isihlungi. Lesi isimo esingavamile, kodwa sikhulula kancane injini yokungcola okunqwabelene esihlungini.

Ngemigwaqo emikhulu eminingi, ukugeleza okuhlungiwe kuqondiswe kuwo wonke amanodi enjini. Ngokuphepha kwezikhala ezibaliwe, ukwehla kwengcindezi kungaphansi kokulawula, ubukhulu bawo buhlinzeka nge-throttling edingekayo yokugeleza. Umzila kawoyela uphetha ngokuphuma kwawo emuva ku-crankcase, lapho apholise khona kancane futhi alungele ukusebenza. Ngezinye izikhathi idluliswa ngesibandisi sikawoyela, lapho ingxenye yokushisa ikhishelwa emkhathini, noma ngesishintshi sokushisa ingene ohlelweni lokupholisa injini. Lokhu kugcina i-viscosity evumelekile, encike kakhulu ekushiseni, futhi kunciphisa izinga lokusabela kwe-oxidative.

Izici zokugcoba udizili nezinjini ezilayishwe kakhulu

Umehluko omkhulu usezicini ezishiwo zamafutha. Kunenombolo yezici zomkhiqizo ezibalulekile:

• i-viscosity, ikakhulukazi ukuncika kwayo ekushiseni;
• ukuqina ekugcineni izakhiwo, okungukuthi, ukuqina;
• izinto zokuhlanza nezokuhlakaza, ikhono lokuhlukanisa imikhiqizo yokungcola nokuyigcina ingekho emininingwaneni;
• i-acidity kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, ikakhulukazi njengoba uwoyela uguga;
• ukuba khona kwezinto eziyingozi, ikakhulukazi isibabule;
• ukulahlekelwa ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi, ikhono lokonga amandla.

Udizili ikakhulukazi udinga ukumelana nokungcola. Ukusebenza kuphethiloli osindayo onesilinganiso sokuminyanisa okuphezulu kunomthelela ekugxilweni komsizi ne-sulfuric acid ku-crankcase. Isimo sibhebhethekiswa wukuba khona kwe-turbocharging enjinini ngayinye yabagibeli kadizili. Ngakho-ke imiyalelo yokusetshenziswa kwamafutha akhethekile, lapho lokhu kucatshangelwa khona kwiphakheji elengeziwe. Futhi ukushintshwa okuvamile njengoba ukunqwabelana kokugqokwa akunakugwenywa noma kunjalo.

Amafutha aqukethe isisekelo sesisekelo kanye nephakheji elengeziwe. Kuyisiko ukwahlulela ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wezohwebo ngesisekelo sawo. Kungaba amaminerali noma okokwenziwa. Ngokuhlanganiswa okuxubile, amafutha abizwa ngokuthi i-semi-synthetic, nakuba ngokuvamile "amanzi amaminerali" alula anesengezo esincane sezingxenye zokwenziwa. Enye inganekwane ukuthi inzuzo ephelele yama-synthetics. Nakuba futhi ivela emisuka ehlukene, imikhiqizo eminingi yesabelomali yenziwe ngemikhiqizo efanayo ye-petroleum nge-hydrocracking.

Ukubaluleka kokugcina inani elifanele lamafutha ohlelweni

Kumasistimu anokugeza ngamafutha ku-crankcase, izinga kufanele ligcinwe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo eqinile. Ukubumbana kwenjini kanye nezidingo zokusetshenziswa ukonga kwemikhiqizo ebizayo akuvumeli ukwakhiwa kwama-pallets amakhulu. Futhi ukweqa izinga kugcwele ukuthinta ama-crankshaft crank ngesibuko sokugeza samafutha, okuzoholela ekukhiqizweni nasekulahlekelweni kwezakhiwo. Uma izinga liphansi kakhulu, khona-ke ukulayishwa kwe-lateral noma ukusheshisa kwe-longitudinal kuzoholela ekuvezweni kwesamukeli samafutha.

Ama-motor anamuhla athambekele ekudleni amafutha, ahlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kweziketi ze-piston ezifushanisiwe, izindandatho ezincane ezonga amandla kanye nokuba khona kwe-turbocharger. Ngakho-ke, ikakhulukazi badinga ukuqapha njalo nge-dipstick yamafutha. Ukwengeza, izinzwa zeleveli zifakiwe.

Injini ngayinye inomkhawulo obekiwe wokusetshenziswa kukawoyela, ukalwa ngamalitha noma amakhilogremu ngamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane. Ukweqa le nkomba kusho izinkinga zokuguga kwamasilinda, amasongo e-piston noma izimpawu zikawoyela zeziqu ze-valve. Intuthu ephawulekayo evela ohlelweni lokukhipha umoya iqala, ukungcoliswa kweziguquli ze-catalytic kanye nokwakheka kwensimu emakamelweni avuthayo. I-motor idinga ukushintshwa noma ukushintshwa. Ukushiswa kukawoyela kungenye yezinkomba eziyinhloko zesimo senjini.