Amahemuhemu okuhlolwa komkhathi anehaba kakhulu.

Lapho imoto yokuthutha yaseRussia i-Progress M-5M ima ngempumelelo endaweni eyi-node ku-International Space Station (28) ngoJulayi 1, ihlinzeka abasebenzi ngempahla ebalulekile, labo ababekhathazekile ngekusasa lakhe bathola ukwehla kwezinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo. Kodwa-ke, ukukhathazeka mayelana nesiphetho sesikhathi esizayo sokuhlolwa komkhathi kwasala - kuvele ukuthi sinezinkinga ngezindiza ezibonakala "ezijwayelekile" eziya ku-orbit.

1. Umkhumbi "Inqubekelaphambili" wama ku-ISS

Bekungaphezu kwamathani ama-3 wezimpahla ebhodini leNqubeko. Umkhumbi wathatha, phakathi kokunye, i-520 kg ye-propellant ukushintsha umzila wesiteshi, i-420 kg yamanzi, i-48 kg ye-oxygen nomoya, kanye nenye i-1393 kg yempahla eyomile, kuhlanganise nokudla, imishini, amabhethri, izinto ezisetshenziswayo (kuhlanganise nemithi ) kanye nezingxenye ezisele. Impahla yajabulisa abasebenzi, njengoba isimo sengqondo ngemva kokuphahlazeka kwerokhethi i-Falcon 9 nekhepsuli ye-Dragon egcwele impahla (2) sasimuncu.

Lezi zinhlobo zemishini bezilokhu ziyinjwayelo iminyaka eminingi. Khonamanjalo, ukuphahlazeka kwerokhethi yangasese i-Falcon 9 kanye nezinkinga zangaphambili nge-capsule yaseRussia kwakusho ukuthi udaba lokunikezwa international space station (ISS) ivele yaba yinto emangalisayo. I-Progress mission yaze yabizwa ngokuthi ibucayi, njengoba uchungechunge lokwehluleka ohambweni lokuhlinzeka ngempahla lwaphoqa osomkhathi ukuba babaleke.

Kwakungekho ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu noma ezine emkhunjini i-ISS ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi wokudla waseRussia usondele. Uma kwenzeka kuba nokwehluleka kwezokuthutha zaseRussia, umcibisholo we-H-16B wawuhlelelwe ukuthi uhambe nomkhumbi wokuthutha waseJapane i-HTV-2 ngo-Agasti 5, kodwa lokhu kwakuzoba indiza yokugcina esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Izindiza eziya e-ISS akulindelekile ukuthi ziqale futhi ngoDisemba Swan capsule.

2Falcon 9 Missile Crash

Ngemva kokulethwa ngempumelelo kwezimpahla yi-Russian Progress - inqobo nje uma izimpahla zilethwa ngesikhathi ngo-August ngomkhumbi waseJapane i-HTV-5 - ukuba khona kwabantu esiteshini kufanele kuqinisekiswe ekupheleni kwalo nyaka. Nokho, imibuzo exakayo ayipheli. Kwenzekani kubuchwepheshe bethu basemkhathini? Isintu, esindizela enyangeni cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, manje sesilahlekelwa amandla okwethula impahla evamile emzileni?!

UMusk: Asazi ukuthi kwenzekeni okwamanje

NgoMeyi 2015, amaRussia alahlekelwa ukuxhumana ne-M-27M endizela ku-ISS, eyaphahlazeka emhlabeni ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva. Kulokhu, izinkinga zaqala phezulu ngaphezu koMhlaba. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukulawula umkhumbi. Kungenzeka ukuthi ingozi yabangelwa ukushayisana kwesigaba sesithathu serokhethi yayo, nakuba iRoscosmos ingakanikezi imininingwane enemininingwane mayelana nezizathu. Nokho, kuyaziwa ukuthi i-preorbital yayingenele, futhi i-Progress, lapho ikhululwa, yaqala ukujikeleza ngaphandle kokulawula kabusha, cishe ngenxa yokushayisana nalesi sigaba sesithathu se-rocket. Iqiniso lakamuva lalizoboniswa ifu lemfucumfucu, izakhi ezingaba ngu-40, eduze nomkhumbi.

3. Ukuphahlazeka kwerokhethi yase-Antares ngo-Okthoba 2014.

Kodwa-ke, uchungechunge lokwehluleka ekunikezelweni kwempahla eziteshini ze-ISS lwaqala ngisho nangaphambili, ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba 2014. Ngemva kwesikhashana kwethulwe umkhankaso we-CRS-3/OrB-3 ngomkhumbi wangasese i-Cygnus, izinjini zesiteji sokuqala zaqhuma. Amarokhethi Antares (3). Kuze kube manje, imbangela yengozi ayikaziwa.

Ngesikhathi lapho i-Progress M-27M engalungile iqeda ukuphila kwayo emkhathini womhlaba endaweni ezungezayo yoMhlaba ephansi ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, umkhankaso oyimpumelelo we-CRS-6 / SpX-6 owawuholwa yi-SpaceX wawuqhubeka. esiteshini se-ISS. Ukuletha impahla edingeka kakhulu esiteshini se-ISS ngoJuni komunye umkhankaso we-SpaceX, i-CRS-7/SpX-7, kwabonwa njengento ehamba phambili. I-SpaceX - Dragon - isivele ibhekwa njengesixazululo "esinokwethenjelwa" nesithembekile, ngokungafani nokuthembeka okungabazekayo kwemikhumbi yaseRussia (ukubamba kwayo iqhaza emisebenzini ye-ISS kuncane futhi kungathandeki kwezombusazwe).

Ngakho-ke, okwenzeka ngoJuni 28, lapho i-rocket ye-Dragon's Falcon 9 iqhuma ngomzuzu wesithathu wokundiza, kwaba igalelo kubantu baseMelika naseNtshonalanga, okwenza abaningi bajabule. I-hypotheses yokuqala ye-post-accident iphakamisa ukuthi lesi simo sibangelwa ukwanda okungazelelwe kwengcindezi esigabeni sesibili se-LOX tank. Le rocket yamamitha angama-63 seyenze izindiza eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili eziyimpumelelo kusukela yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2010.

U-Elon Musk (4), Isikhulu esiphezulu se-SpaceX, lapho exoxa nabezindaba ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokuphahlazeka, wavuma ukuthi ukwaziswa okuqoqwe kunzima ukukuchaza futhi isizathu sibonakala siyinkimbinkimbi: “Noma ngabe kwenzekani lapho, akukho okwakusobala futhi kulula. (…) Ayisekho ithiyori engaguquki yokuchaza yonke imininingwane.” Onjiniyela baqala ukuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi enye idatha imane ingelona iqiniso: "Nquma ukuthi iyiphi idatha iqukethe iphutha, noma singayichaza ngandlela thile ngokuhambisanayo."

Ukuhlulwa ngokumelene nesizinda sezombangazwe

Kungaba ngcono ku-SpaceX kanye nalo lonke uhlelo lwasemkhathini lwase-US uma izimbangela zengozi zitholakala ngokushesha okukhulu. Izinkampani ezizimele ziyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yezinhlelo zesikhala zeNASA. Ngo-2017, ukuthuthwa kwabantu beya e-International Space Station kufanele kuthathwe yibona ngokugcwele, okuyi-SpaceX ne-Boeing. Cishe izinkontileka ze-NASA ezibiza izigidi eziyisi-7 zamarandi zizothatha indawo yezithutha zasemkhathini ezayekiswa ukusebenza ngo-2011.

Ukukhethwa kwe-SpaceX ngu-Elon Musk, inkampani ebilokhu iletha amarokhethi nemikhumbi yezimpahla esiteshini kusukela ngo-2012, akuzange kumangaze. Idizayini yakhe ye-DragonX V2 (5) efakwe i-capsule, eklanyelwe ukuhlalisa abantu abayisikhombisa, idume kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa kanye nendiza yokuqala yomuntu kwahlelwa kuze kube ngu-2017. Kodwa iningi lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6,8 lizoya ku-Boeing (i-SpaceX kulindeleke ukuthi ithole "kuphela" amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,6), esebenza nenkampani yamarokhethi eyasungulwa yi-Amazon iBlue Origin LLC. umphathi uJeff Bezos. I-capsule yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Boeing - (CST)-100 - izophinde ithathe abantu abayisikhombisa. I-Boeing ingasebenzisa amarokhethi e-Blue Origin's BE-3 noma i-SpaceX's Falcons.

5. I-capsule eyenziwe ngabantu i-DragonX V2

Kunjalo, kunomqondo oqinile wezombangazwe kuyo yonke le ndaba, ngoba abaseMelika bafuna ukuzikhulula ekuncikeni kwiNqubekela phambili yaseRussia kanye neSoyuz ngemishini ye-orbital logistics, okungukuthi, ukulethwa kwabantu nempahla ku-ISS. AmaRussia nawo angathanda ukuqhubeka enza lokhu, hhayi ngenxa yezizathu zezimali kuphela. Kodwa-ke, bona ngokwabo baqophe ukwehluleka okuncane kwesikhala eminyakeni yamuva, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwakamuva kwe-Progress M-27M akukona ngisho nokwehluleka okumangalisayo.

Ehlobo eledlule, ngemuva nje kokwethulwa kwe-Baikonur Cosmodrome, imoto yaseRussia iProton-M(150) yaphahlazeka endaweni engaba ngu-6 km ngaphezu komhlaba, umsebenzi wayo bekuwukwethula isathelayithi yezokuxhumana i-Express-AM4R ku-orbit. Inkinga ivele ngemuva kwemizuzu eyisishiyagalolunye yokundiza ngesikhathi kwethulwa isigaba sesithathu serokhethi. Uhlelo lokuphakama lwawa, futhi izingcezu zalo zawela eSiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude kanye noLwandlekazi iPacific. I-Rocket "Proton-M" iphinde yehluleka.

Ngaphambilini, ngoJulayi 2013, le modeli nayo yaphahlazeka, ngenxa yalokho amaRussia alahlekelwa ama-satellite amathathu okuzulazula abiza cishe ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-200. I-Kazakhstan yabe sethula ukuvinjelwa kwesikhashana kwe-Proton-M endaweni yayo. Ngisho nangaphambili, ngo-2011, umsebenzi waseRussia waphenduka ukwehluleka okukhulu. I-Phobos-Grunt probe kwenye yezinyanga zaseMars.

6. Izingcezu eziwayo zerokhethi "Proton-M"

Ibhizinisi lasemkhathini elizimele lishaye kakhulu

"Siyakwamukela ekilabhini!" - yilokhu okushiwo inkampani yangasese ye-Orbital Sciences, kokubili i-NASA yaseMelika enomlando omude wezinhlekelele nokuhluleka, kanye nama-ejensi asemkhathini aseRussia angasho. Ukuqhuma okukhulunywe ngakho ngaphambili kwerokhethi yase-Antares ne-capsule yokuthutha i-Cygnus ebhodini kwaba isenzakalo sokuqala esimangalisa kangaka esithinta ibhizinisi elizimele lasemkhathini (okwesibili kwaba yi-Falcon 9 kanye ne-Dragon ngoJuni walo nyaka). Ngokolwazi oluvele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli rocket liqhunyiswe ngabasebenzi ngesikhathi bebona ukuthi lisengozini yokufeyila kakhulu. Umqondo wawuwukunciphisa indawo yokulimala okungenzeka ebusweni boMhlaba.

Ecaleni lika-Antares, akekho owashona futhi akekho owalimala. Irokhethi bekufanele ilethe umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Cygnus namathani amabili wempahla e-International Space Station. I-NASA ithe ngokushesha nje lapho kusungulwa izimbangela zalo mcimbi, ukubambisana ne-Orbital Sciences kuzoqhubeka. Phambilini isayine inkontileka ka-$1,9 billion ne-NASA yokulethwa kweziyisishiyagalombili ku-ISS, kanti umgomo olandelayo uhlelelwe uZibandlela wezi-2015.

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-Antares, i-Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo (7) indiza yabavakashi yasemkhathini yaphahlazeka. Ngokusho kolwazi lokuqala, ingozi ayizange yenzeke ngenxa yokwehluleka kwenjini, kodwa ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwesistimu "ye-aileron" ebhekene nokwehla eMhlabeni. Ithuthuke ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngaphambi kokuthi umshini wehlise isivinini ekwakhiweni kwe-Mach 1,4. Nokho, kulokhu, omunye wabashayeli bezindiza washona. Isisulu sesibili siphuthunyiswe esibhedlela.

Inhloko yeVirgin Galactic, uRichard Branson, uthe inkampani yakhe ngeke iyeke ukusebenza ezindizeni ezingaphansi kwezivakashi. Nokho, abantu ababethenge amathikithi ngaphambilini baqala ukwenqaba ukubhukha izindiza ezinemizila ephansi. Abanye bacele ukubuyiselwa imali.

Izinkampani ezizimele zazinezinhlelo ezinkulu. Ngaphambi kokuthi i-rocket yayo yokubuyisela kabusha i-ISS iqhume, i-Space X yayifuna ukuyisa ezingeni elilandelayo. Wazama ukubuyisela irokhethi elibalulekile, okwathi ngemva kokungena ku-orbit, kwakufanele lihlale ngokuphepha endaweni engasogwini evinjwe amadrayivu akhethekile. Ayikho yale mizamo eyaphumelela, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye, ngokusho kwemibiko esemthethweni, "kwakuseduze."

Manje indawo esanda kuzalwa "ibhizinisi" ibhekene namaqiniso anzima ohambo lwasemkhathini. Ukuthikamezeka okulandelayo kungaholela emibuzweni ebibuzwa kuze kube manje “buthule” mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhamba emkhathini ngemali eshibhile njengoba ababukeli abanjengoMusk noma uBranson bebecabanga ukuzuza umfutho.

Kuze kube manje, izinkampani ezizimele zibala ukulahlekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela. Ngaphandle kokukodwa, ababazi ubuhlungu obuhlobene nokufa kwabantu abaningi ezindizeni zasemkhathini, okuhlangenwe nakho kwezinhlaka zikahulumeni ezifana ne-NASA noma izikhungo zokuhlola umkhathi zaseRussia (Soviet). Futhi kwangathi bangaze bamazi.