Impilo emnandi yekhemisi

Ubumnandi bunomqondo omuhle. Ubumnandi bezimpawu zobuntu buheha abantu. Izingane ezincane nezilwane "zinhle." Ukunqoba kunambitheka kamnandi, futhi wonke umuntu ufuna ukuphila okumnandi - nakuba kufanele siqaphele lapho othile esimnandi kakhulu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukwenziwa kwezinto kwamaswidi kungushukela ojwayelekile.

Ososayensi bebengeke babe bona uma bengawubheki lo mqondo ongaqondakali. Baqhamuke nayo njenge-density noma ivolumu ubumnandielichaza ngokwezinombolo isilinganiso sobumnandi. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, izilinganiso zobumnandi zamukelekile ngisho nasezilungiselelweni zaselabhorethri yasekhaya.

Ungakala kanjani ubumnandi?

Ayikho idivayisi (okwamanje?) yokulinganisa ubumnandi. Isizathu ubunkimbinkimbi obumangalisayo bezinzwa zamakhemikhali eziyinhloko: ukunambitha kanye nomuzwa ohlobene wokuhogela. Endabeni yezitho zezinzwa ezincane kakhulu ngokwemibandela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ezisabela ekushukunyisweni komzimba (umbono, ukuzwa, ukuthinta), amathuluzi alinganayo akhiwa - izakhi ze-photosensitive, imibhobho, izinzwa zokuthinta. Ngokuphathelene nokunambitha, kunokuhlola okusekelwe emizweni yokucabangela yabaphendulayo, futhi amathuluzi okulinganisa ulimi namakhala omuntu.

Isixazululo esingu-10% sikashukela wetafula, i.e. sucrose. Kulesi silinganiso inani elinemibandela liyi-100 (kweminye imithombo lingu-1). Kubizwa ubumnandi obuhlobene, echazwa ngesifinyezo esithi RS (English). Isilinganiso siqukethe ukukhetha ukugxila kwephesenti lesixazululo sento yokuhlola ukuze umbono wobumnandi esiwukhiqizayo ufane nalowo wezinga. Isibonelo: uma isixazululo esingu-5% sinomphumela ofanayo wokunambitha njengesixazululo se-sucrose esingu-10%, into yokuhlola imnandi ku-200.

I-Sucrose iyindinganiso yobumnandi.

Sekuyisikhathi sokuba izilinganiso zobumnandi.

Uzoyidinga isisindo. Elabhorethri yasekhaya, imodeli yephaketheni eshibhile yama-zloty ayishumi, enamandla okulayisha afinyelela ku-200 amagremu futhi enesisindo sokunemba kwe-0,1 g (futhi izoba usizo phakathi nokunye ukuhlola okuningi), yanele.

Manje imikhiqizo efakazelwe. Khipha ushukela wetafula ojwayelekile. I-glucose ingatholakala esitolo sokudla, iyatholakala nakhona lezwasil esikhundleni sikashukela. [iglucose_xylitol] Uhlaka ake sibheke ishalofu elinemikhiqizo yesifo sikashukela, bye i-lactose esetshenziswa ekwenzeni utshwala ekhaya.

Silungisa izixazululo ngokugxila kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-25% futhi sikulebule ngendlela eyaziwayo (isixazululo sento ngayinye ekugxilweni okuningana). Sicela ukhumbule ukuthi lena yimikhiqizo ehloselwe ukudliwa abantu, ngakho qiniseka ukwenza kanjalo imithetho yenhlanzeko.

Bheka abantu abazimisele ukuzama phakathi komndeni wakho nabangane. Ukuhlolwa kobumnandi kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo lapho kunambitha iwayini namaphunga ekhofi - ulimi kuphela oluswakama ngenani elincane lezixazululo (ngaphandle kokugwinya) futhi umlomo uhlanjululwe kahle ngamanzi ahlanzekile ngaphambi kokunambitha. isisombululo esilandelayo.

Ushukela awuhlali umnandi

Ushukela	RS
i-fructose	180
ushukela	75
umnono	30
igalactose	32
sucrose	100
i-lactose	25
maltose	30

Ama-compounds ahlolwe ngoshukela (ngaphandle kwe-xylitol). IN itafula kukhona amanani e-RS ahambisanayo kubo. Ushukela olula (ushukela, i-fructose, i-mannose, i-galactose) uvame ukuba mnandi kune-disaccharides (i-sucrose ukuphela koshukela omnandi kakhulu). Ushukela onezinhlayiya ezinkulu (isitashi, i-cellulose) awumnandi neze. Ukuze uthole umbono wobumnandi, kubalulekile ukuthi i-molecule ne-taste bud zihambisane. Lesi simo sisebenza ikakhulukazi kusayizi wamangqamuzana, ochaza ubumnandi obuningi boshukela ngama-molecule amancane. Ubumnandi bokudla kwemvelo buvela ebukhoneni boshukela kubo - isibonelo, uju (cishe ama-rupees angu-100) luqukethe i-fructose eningi.

Isizathu sokuziphendukela kwemvelo esenza ukuthi ushukela ubonakale umnandi (okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kokudla okuqukethe) yingoba ugayeka kalula futhi ugcwele ama-calories. Ngakho bawumthombo omuhle wamandla, “amafutha” amangqamuzana omzimba wethu. Kodwa-ke, ukujwayela kokuphila okwakudingeka ukuze kuphile umuntu ngaphambi kwenkathi yokufinyelela kalula kokudla kubangela imiphumela eminingi emibi yezempilo.

Akuwona nje ushukela omnandi

Nazo zinambitheka kamnandi izinhlanganisela ezingezona ushukela. I-Xylitol isivele isetshenziswa emizamweni yokuthola ubumnandi bezinto. Kuphuma okungokwemvelo komunye woshukela ongajwayelekile futhi i-RS yawo ifana ne-sucrose. Kuyi-sweetener evunyelwe (ikhodi E967) ephinde isetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka kwezixube zamazinyo kanye noshingamu. Amakhompiyutha ahlobene anokusetshenziswa okufanayo: I-mannitol E421 i I-sorbitol E420.

Imodeli yama-molecule abanye ushukela: i-glucose (phezulu kwesokunxele), i-fructose (phezulu kwesokudla), i-sucrose (ngezansi).

I-Glycerin (E422, i-liqueur sweetener nesilondolozi somswakama) kanye ne-amino acid glycine (E640, isithuthukisi ukunambitheka) nazo ziyizinto ezinokunambitheka okumnandi. Amagama azo zombili izinhlanganisela (kanye neglucose nezinye ezimbalwa) avela egameni lesiGreki elisho “okumnandi.” I-Glycerin ne-glycine ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kobumnandi (inqobo nje uma ihlanzekile, njengakutholakala ekhemisi). Kodwa masinganambithi ukuhlola ezinye izinhlanganisela!

Amaphrotheni akhishwe kwezinye izitshalo ezingavamile nawo angama-sweeteners. Kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa eYurophu. I-Thaumatin E957. I-RS yayo ilinganiselwa ezinkulungwaneni ezi-3. izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-sucrose. Kukhona ubudlelwano obuthokozisayo isimangalisoNakuba inganambitheki ubumnandi ngokwayo, ingashintsha unomphela indlela ama-receptors olimi asebenza ngayo. Ngisho nejusi kalamula iba mnandi kakhulu ngemva kokuyiphuza!

Amanye ama-substitutes kashukela ama-steviosides, okungukuthi, izinto ezikhishwe esitshalweni saseNingizimu Melika. Lezi zinto zicishe zibe mnandi izikhathi eziyi-100-150 kune-sucrose. Ama-Steviosides avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa njengesengezo sokudla ngaphansi kwekhodi E960. Asetshenziselwa ukwenza uswidi iziphuzo, ujamu, ushingamu kanye namaswidi kuswidi. Abanesifo sikashukela bangawadla.

Kuma-inorganic compounds athandwayo, anokunambitheka okumnandi. i-solnce beryl (ekuqaleni le ngxenye yayibizwa ngokuthi i-glucin futhi inophawu Gl) futhi Hola. Zinobuthi kakhulu - ikakhulukazi umthofu(II) acetate Pb(CH₃Isikhulu esiphezulu)₂, kakade obizwa ngokuthi i-lead sugar yizazi ze-alchemists. Ngaphansi kwezimo akufanele sizame lobu budlelwano!

Amaswidi avela elabhorethri

Imikhiqizo yokudla iya ngokuya igcwele amaswidi hhayi emithonjeni yemvelo, kodwa isuka ngqo elabhorethri yamakhemikhali. kuyathandwa impela amaswidiI-RS ephindwe ngamashumi futhi ngisho namakhulu izikhathi ezinkulu kune-sucrose. Ngenxa yalokho, inani lamandla avela kumthamo omncane kufanele likhishwe. Uma izinto zingashiswa emzimbeni, zinama-calories angu-0 ngempela. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu:

• i-saccharin E954 - i-sweetener endala kakhulu yokwenziwa (etholwe ngo-1879);
• i-sodium cyclamate E952;
• I-aspartame E951 - enye yama-sweeteners athandwa kakhulu. Emzimbeni, inhlanganisela ihlukana ibe ama-amino acid (i-aspartic acid ne-phenylalanine) kanye ne-alcohol methanol, ngakho imikhiqizo efakwe ushukela nge-aspartame ithwala isexwayiso emaphaketheni kubantu abane-phenylketonuria (ukuphazamiseka kofuzo kwe-phenylalanine metabolism). Isikhalazo esivamile nge-aspartame ukukhululwa kwe-methanol, okuyinhlanganisela enobuthi. Kodwa-ke, umthamo ojwayelekile we-aspartame (uma ungadli ngaphezu kwegremu ngosuku) ukhiqiza okweshumi kuphela kwegremu ye-methanol, engahambisani nomzimba (okuningi kukhiqizwa yi-metabolism yemvelo);
• I-acesulfame K E950;
• I-sucralose E955 – okuphuma ku-sucrose lapho kufakwa khona ama-athomu e-chlorine. Leli khemikhali "iqhinga" livimbele umzimba ukuthi ungalisebenzisi.

Okubi kwamanye ama-sweeteners okwenziwa ukuthi ayabhujiswa ngesikhathi sokucubungula ukudla (njengokubhaka). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, afaneleka kuphela ukunandisa imikhiqizo eqediwe engeke isashiswa.

Naphezu kwezakhiwo ezilingayo zama-sweeteners (ubumnandi ngaphandle kwama-calories!), Umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwawo uvame ukuphikisa. Ama-Sweet taste receptors asakazeke ezithweni eziningi zomzimba wethu, kuhlanganise namathumbu. Ama-sweeteners ashukumisa ama-receptors amathumbu ukuze athumele isignali "yokulethwa okusha". Umzimba utshela amanyikwe ukuthi aqale ukukhiqiza i-insulin, esiza ukususa ushukela egazini uye kumaseli. Kodwa-ke, lapho kusetshenziswa ama-sweeteners esikhundleni sikashukela, akukho lutho olungathatha indawo ye-glucose ekhishwe ezicutshini, ukugxila kwayo kuncipha futhi ubuchopho buthumele izimpawu zendlala. Naphezu kokudla ingxenye eyanele yokudla, umzimba awukazizwa usuthi, nakuba ukudla okungenashukela kunezinye izithako ezinikeza amandla. Ngakho-ke, ama-sweeteners avimbela umzimba ekuhloleni kahle okuqukethwe kwekhalori yokudla, okuholela emzweni wendlala okhuthaza ukudla okwengeziwe.

I-Physiology kanye ne-psychology yokunambitha

Isikhathi sokuvela okuthile.

Faka ikristalu elikhulu likashukela (ushukela weqhwa) olimini lwakho bese ulumunca kancane. Hlanza umlomo wakho ngamanzi bese ufafaza ulimi lwakho ngoshukela oyimpuphu (noma ushukela ovamile ogaywe kahle). Ake siqhathanise okuvelayo kuyo yomibili imikhiqizo. Ushukela omuhle ubonakala umnandi kunoshukela weqhwa. Isizathu yizinga lokuqedwa kwe-sucrose, elincike ebusweni bamakristalu (futhi lokhu - sekukonke - kungaphezulu kwemvuthuluka encane kunesiqephu esisodwa esikhulu sesisindo esifanayo). Ukuqedwa ngokushesha kuholela ekusebenzeni ngokushesha kwama-receptors amaningi olimini kanye nomuzwa omkhulu wobumnandi.

Kumnandi kakhulu

Into emnandi kakhulu eyaziwa yinhlanganisela ebizwa ngokuthi Lugduname, etholwe osokhemisi baseFrance baseLyon (ngesiLatini). I-RS yento ilinganiselwa ku-30.000.000 300 20 (lokhu kumnandi izikhathi ezingu-XNUMX kune-sucrose)! Kukhona ukuxhumana okufanayo okufanayo ne-RS XNUMX million.

Ezincwadini zakudala zebhayoloji kwakukhona imephu yokuzwela kolimi ekuthandeni komuntu ngamunye. Ngokusho kwakhe, isiphetho sesitho sethu sokunambitha bekufanele samukele ikakhulukazi amaswidi. Moisten induku ye-sanitary ngesisombululo sikashukela bese uthinta ulimi lwakho ezindaweni ezahlukene: ekugcineni, esisekelweni, phakathi nendawo nasezinhlangothini. Cishe ngeke kube khona umehluko obalulekile endleleni izindawo ezihlukene zobuchopho ezisabela ngayo kubumnandi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-receptors ngokuthandwa okuyisisekelo kucishe kufane kulo lonke ulimi, futhi umehluko wokuzwela ngokwawo mncane kakhulu.

Ekugcineni, okuthile okuvela i-psychology yokunambitheka. Silungisa izixazululo zikashukela zokuhlushwa okufanayo, kodwa ngamunye unombala ohlukile: obomvu, ophuzi nohlaza (ombala, yiqiniso, ngombala wokudla). Senza isivivinyo sobumnandi kubangani abangazi ukwakheka kwezisombululo. Cishe bazothola ukuthi izixazululo ezibomvu neziphuzi zimnandi kunezixazululo eziluhlaza. Umphumela wokuhlolwa uphinde ube yinsalela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu - izithelo ezibomvu neziphuzi zivuthiwe futhi ziqukethe ushukela omningi, ngokungafani nezithelo ezingavuthiwe eziluhlaza.