Kopisha bese unamathisele - isinyathelo esisodwa esibheke ekwakhiweni komuntu

Ngawo-30, u-Aldous Huxley, encwadini yakhe edumile ethi Brave New World, wachaza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukukhethwa kofuzo kwabasebenzi besikhathi esizayo - abantu abathile, ngokusekelwe kukhiye wofuzo, bazokwabelwa ukwenza imisebenzi ethile yomphakathi.

U-Huxley wabhala mayelana "nokukhishwa kwe-degum" kwezingane ezinezici ezifiselekayo ekubukeni nasekuziphatheni, ecabangela kokubili izinsuku zokuzalwa ngokwazo kanye nokujwayela ukuphila emphakathini onenjongo.

“Ukwenza abantu babe ngcono cishe kuzoba imboni enkulu yekhulu lama-XNUMX,” ebikezela. Yuval Harari, umbhali wencwadi esanda kunyatheliswa ethi Homo Deus. Njengoba isazi-mlando sase-Israel siphawula, izitho zethu zisasebenza ngendlela efanayo njalo ngo-200 XNUMX. eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Kodwa-ke, wengeza ngokuthi umuntu oqinile angabiza kakhulu, okuzoletha ukungalingani kwezenhlalo endaweni entsha. “Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, ukungalingani kwezomnotho kungasho nokungalingani kwezinto eziphilayo,” kubhala uHarari.

Iphupho elidala lababhali bezinganekwane zesayensi ukuthuthukisa indlela "yokulayisha" ngokushesha nangokuqondile ulwazi namakhono ebuchosheni. Kuvele ukuthi i-DARPA yethule iphrojekthi yocwaningo ehlose ukwenza lokho. Uhlelo lwabizwa Ukuqeqeshwa Kwe-Neuroplasticity Okuhlosiwe (TNT) ihlose ukusheshisa inqubo yokuthola ulwazi olusha ngengqondo ngokukhohlisa okusebenzisa i-synaptic plasticity. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngama-synapses e-neurostimulating, angashintshelwa endleleni evamile futhi ehlelekile yokwenza ukuxhumana okuwumongo wesayensi.

Ukumelwa okuyisibonelo kokuqeqeshwa okuhlosiwe kwe-neuroplastic

I-CRISPR njenge-MS Word

Nakuba okwamanje lokhu kubonakala kungathembekile kithi, kusenemibiko evela emhlabeni wesayensi ukuthi ukuphela kokufa kuseduze. Ngisho nezimila. I-Immunotherapy, ngokuhlomisa amangqamuzana amasosha omzimba esiguli ngama-molecule "ahambisana" nomdlavuza, kube yimpumelelo enkulu. Phakathi nocwaningo, ku-94% (!) yeziguli ezine-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, izimpawu zanyamalala. Ezigulini ezinezifo ze-tumor zegazi, leli phesenti lingama-80%.

Futhi lesi yisingeniso nje, ngoba lokhu kushaywa kwangempela kwezinyanga zakamuva. Indlela yokuhlela yofuzo ye-CRISPR. Lokhu kukodwa kwenza inqubo yokuhlela izakhi zibe into abanye abayiqhathanisa nokuhlelwa kombhalo nge-MS Word—umsebenzi ophumelelayo futhi olula.

I-CRISPR imele igama lesiNgisi ("ukuphindaphinda okufushane kwe-palindromic okuvame ukuphazanyiswa"). Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukuhlela ikhodi ye-DNA (ukusika izingcezu eziphukile, ukufaka ezintsha esikhundleni sazo, noma ukwengeza izingcezu zekhodi ye-DNA, njengoba kwenzeka kuma-word processors) ukuze kubuyiselwe amangqamuzana ahlaselwe umdlavuza, futhi ngisho nokubhubhisa ngokuphelele umdlavuza, kuqedwe. kusuka kumaseli. I-CRISPR kuthiwa ilingisa imvelo, ikakhulukazi indlela esetshenziswa amagciwane ukuze azivikele ekuhlaselweni amagciwane. Nokho, ngokungafani nama-GMO, ukushintsha izakhi zofuzo akuphumeleli ezakhini zofuzo zezinye izinhlobo.

Umlando wendlela ye-CRISPR uqala ngo-1987. Iqembu labacwaningi baseJapane labe selithola izingcezu ezimbalwa ezingajwayelekile kakhulu ku-genome yebhaktheriya. Ayesesimweni sokulandelana okufanayo okuyisihlanu, ahlukaniswe izigaba ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ososayensi abazange bakuqonde lokhu. Icala lathola ukunakwa okwengeziwe lapho ukulandelana okufanayo kwe-DNA kutholakala kwezinye izinhlobo zebhaktheriya. Ngakho, ezitokisini kwakufanele bakhonze okuthile okubalulekile. Ngo-2002 URuud Jansen ovela eNyuvesi yase-Utrecht e-Netherlands wanquma ukubiza lokhu kulandelana ngokuthi CRISPR. Ithimba lika-Jansen liphinde lathola ukuthi ukulandelana okufihlekile kwakuhlale kuhambisana nofuzo olufaka i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi. Cas9okunganqamula umucu we-DNA.

Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, ososayensi bathola ukuthi uyini umsebenzi walokhu kulandelana. Lapho igciwane lihlasela amagciwane, i-enzyme ye-Cas9 ibamba i-DNA yayo, iyisike futhi iyicindezele phakathi kokulandelana okufanayo kwe-CRISPR ku-genome yebhaktheriya. Lesi sifanekiso sizoba usizo lapho amagciwane ephinda ehlaselwa uhlobo olufanayo lwegciwane. Khona-ke amagciwane azoyibona ngokushesha futhi ayibhubhise. Ngemuva kweminyaka yocwaningo, ososayensi baphethe ngokuthi i-CRISPR, ihlanganiswe ne-Cas9 enzyme, ingasetshenziswa ukukhohlisa i-DNA elebhu. Amaqembu ocwaningo UJennifer Doudna kusuka eNyuvesi yaseBerkeley e-USA kanye Emmanuelle Charpentier evela eNyuvesi yase-Umeå eSweden yamemezela ngo-2012 ukuthi uhlelo lwebhaktheriya, lapho lulungiswa, luvumela ukuhlela noma iyiphi i-DNA fragment: ungakwazi ukusika ufuzo kuwo, ufake amajini amasha, uwavule noma uwavale.

Indlela ngokwayo, ebizwa I-CRISPR-Cas9, isebenza ngokuqaphela i-DNA yangaphandle nge-mRNA, enesibopho sokuthwala imininingwane yofuzo. Konke ukulandelana kwe-CRISPR bese kuhlukaniswa kube izingcezu ezimfushane (crRNA) eziqukethe ucezu lwegciwane le-DNA kanye nokulandelana kwe-CRISPR. Ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi oluqukethwe ngokulandelana kwe-CRISPR, i-tracrRNA iyadalwa, exhunywe ku-crRNA eyakhiwe kanye ne-gRNA, okuyirekhodi elithile legciwane, isiginesha yalo ikhunjulwa iseli futhi isetshenziswe ekulweni negciwane.

Esimeni sokutheleleka, i-gRNA, eyimodeli yegciwane elihlaselayo, ibophezela ku-enzyme ye-Cas9 bese isika umhlaseli abe yizicucu, imenze angabi nangozi nhlobo. Izingcezu ezisikiwe zibe sezifakwa kuchungechunge lwe-CRISPR, isizindalwazi esikhethekile sosongo. Ngokuqhubeka nokuthuthuka kwalolu hlelo, kwavela ukuthi umuntu angakha i-gRNA, ekuvumela ukuthi uphazamise izakhi zofuzo, uzishintshe noma usike izingcezu eziyingozi.

Ngonyaka odlule, izazi ze-oncologists eNyuvesi yaseSichuan e-Chengdu zaqala ukuhlola indlela yokuhlela izakhi zofuzo zisebenzisa indlela ye-CRISPR-Cas9. Bekungokokuqala ukuthi le ndlela yokuguqula ihlolwe kumuntu onomdlavuza. Isiguli esinomdlavuza wamaphaphu onamandla sithole amaseli aqukethe izakhi zofuzo ezishintshiwe ukuze asisize silwe nesifo. Bathatha amangqamuzana kuye, bawasika ukuze bathole isakhi sofuzo esasizonciphisa ukusebenza kwamangqamuzana akhe ngokumelene nomdlavuza, base bewabuyisela esigulini. Amaseli anjalo ashintshiwe kufanele abhekane kangcono nomdlavuza.

Le nqubo, ngaphezu kokushibhile futhi ilula, inenye inzuzo enkulu: amaseli ashintshiwe angahlolwa kahle ngaphambi kokwethulwa kabusha. zilungiswa ngaphandle kwesiguli. Bathatha igazi kuye, benze ukukhwabanisa okufanele, bakhethe amaseli afanelekile bese bejova kuphela. Ukuphepha kuphakeme kakhulu kunalokho uma siphakela amaseli anjalo ngokuqondile futhi silinde ukubona ukuthi kwenzekani.

okungukuthi ingane ehlelwe ngokofuzo

Yini esingashintsha kuyo Ubunjiniyela Bezofuzo? Kuvela okuningi. Kunemibiko yale ndlela esetshenziswayo ukuze kushintshwe i-DNA yezitshalo, izinyosi, izingulube, izinja, ngisho nemibungu yabantu. Sinolwazi mayelana nezitshalo ezingazivikela ekuhlaseleni isikhunta, ngemifino enobusha obuhlala isikhathi eside, noma ngezilwane zasemapulazini ezingavikelekile kumagciwane ayingozi. I-CRISPR iphinde yenze umsebenzi ukuthi wenziwe ukulungisa omiyane abasakaza umalaleveva. Ngosizo lwe-CRISPR, kwakungenzeka ukwethula isakhi sofuzo sokumelana ne-microbial ku-DNA yalezi zinambuzane. Futhi ngendlela yokuthi bonke inzalo yabo ifa it - ngaphandle ngaphandle.

Kodwa-ke, ukukhululeka kokushintsha amakhodi e-DNA kuphakamisa izingqinamba eziningi zokuziphatha. Nakuba kungangabazeki ukuthi le ndlela ingasetshenziswa ekwelapheni iziguli ezinomdlavuza, ihluke ngandlela thize uma sicabanga ukuyisebenzisa ukwelapha ukukhuluphala noma izinkinga zezinwele ezimhloshana. Ungabeka kuphi umkhawulo wokuphazanyiswa ezakhini zofuzo zomuntu? Ukushintsha isakhi sofuzo sesiguli kungase kwamukeleke, kodwa ukushintsha izakhi zofuzo emibungu nakho kuzodluliselwa ngokuzenzekelayo esizukulwaneni esilandelayo, esingasetshenziselwa okuhle, kodwa futhi nokulimaza isintu.

Ngo-2014, umcwaningi waseMelika umemezele ukuthi useguqule amagciwane ukuze ajove izakhi ze-CRISPR kumagundane. Lapho, i-DNA edaliwe yacushwa, yabangela ukuguqulwa okwabangela ukulingana komuntu nomdlavuza wamaphaphu... Ngendlela efanayo, kwakuyoba nokwenzeka ngokomqondo ukudala i-DNA yezinto eziphilayo ezibangela umdlavuza kubantu. Ngo-2015, abacwaningi baseShayina babike ukuthi basebenzise i-CRISPR ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo emibungu yabantu ukuguqulwa kwayo kuholela esifweni esitholakala ngofuzo esibizwa ngokuthi i-thalassemia. Ukwelashwa kube nempikiswano. Amajenali amabili esayensi abaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, iMvelo neSayensi, anqabile ukushicilela umsebenzi wamaShayina. Ekugcineni yavela kumagazini we-Protein & Cell. Ngendlela, kukhona ulwazi lokuthi okungenani amanye amaqembu amane ocwaningo eShayina nawo asebenza ekuguquleni izakhi zofuzo zemibungu yabantu. Imiphumela yokuqala yalolu cwaningo isivele yaziwa - ososayensi bafake ku-DNA yombungu isakhi sofuzo esinikeza ukuzivikela ekuthelelekeni nge-HIV.

Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuzalwa kwengane enezakhi zofuzo ezenziwe ngokwenziwa kuyindaba yesikhathi nje.