Sinesikhathi esingakanani sezimali ezikhokhwayo?
Izazi zezinkanyezi zithole inkanyezi efana kakhulu neLanga, etholakala cishe eminyakeni engama-300 yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni. I-HIP68468 iyathakazelisa ngoba isikhombisa ikusasa lesimiso sonozungezilanga - futhi lokhu akunemibala kakhulu ...
Ukunaka okuyinhloko kososayensi kwakhangwa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuyinqaba kwenkanyezi. Kubonakala sengathi isivele yagwinya amaplanethi ayo ambalwa ngenxa yokuthi inezakhi eziningi ezivela kwezinye izindikimba zasezulwini. I-HIP68468 izungezwa ezinye izinto ezimbili “eziqinile”… Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukulingisa okwenziwe kukhombisa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esikude iMercury yethu izokhishwa emzileni wayo futhi uwela elangeni. Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kuzoholela ekulahlekeni kwamanye amaplanethi, kuhlanganise noMhlaba, ngokusho kwesimiso se-domino.
Isimo singase sibe ngendlela yokuthi ama-vortives ahambisana naso adonse iplanethi yethu emzileni oqhubekayo. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi kungcono kubantu, ngoba, eqinisweni, kuyasisongela. ukuhlala ngaphandle kwendawo yokuphila.
Lapho i-carbon dioxide iphela
Inkinga ingase iqale maduze. Eminyakeni nje eyizigidi ezingama-230, ukuzungeza kwamaplanethi kuzoba okungalindelekile lapho kuphela Isikhathi saseLapunov, okungukuthi, isikhathi lapho umkhondo wabo ungabikezelwa ngokunembile. Ngemva kwalesi sikhathi, inqubo iba nesiphithiphithi.
Ngokulandelayo, iminyaka efinyelela ezigidini ezingama-500-600, umuntu kufanele alinde ukwenzeka kwayo ebangeni elingama-light years angama-6500 ukusuka eMhlabeni. i-rozglisk gamma noma ukuqhuma kwe-supernova hyperenergy. Imisebe ye-gamma ewumphumela ingathinta futhi ibangele ungqimba lwe-ozone Yomhlaba. ukushabalala okukhulu okufana nokushabalala kwe-Ordovician, kodwa bekuzodingeka kuqondiswe ngqo emhlabeni wethu ukuze ukwazi ukudala noma yimuphi umonakalo - oqinisekisa abaningi, ngoba ingozi yenhlekelele iyancipha kakhulu.
Ngemva kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-600 ukwanda kokukhanya kwelanga lokhu kuzosheshisa isimo sezulu samadwala ebusweni boMhlaba, ngenxa yalokho i-carbon dioxide izoboshwa ngendlela yama-carbonates futhi okuqukethwe kwayo emkhathini kuzokwehla. Lokhu kuzophazamisa umjikelezo we-carbonate-silicate. Ngenxa yokuhwamuka kwamanzi, amadwala azoqina, azonciphisa, futhi ekugcineni amise izinqubo ze-tectonic. Azikho izintaba-mlilo ezingabuyisela ikhabhoni emkhathini amazinga e-carbon dioxide azokwehla “Ekugcineni kuze kufike ezingeni lapho i-photosynthesis ye-C3 iba yinto engenakwenzeka futhi zonke izitshalo eziyisebenzisayo (cishe u-99% wezinhlobo zezilwane) ziyafa. Phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-800, okuqukethwe kwe-carbon dioxide ye-O'Mal emkhathini kuzoba phansi kangangokuthi i-C4 photosynthesis nayo ngeke isakwazi. Zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo zizofa, okuholela ekufeni kwazo umoya-mpilo uzogcina unyamalale emkhathini futhi wonke ama-multicellular organisms azofa. Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,3, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-carbon dioxide, ama-eukaryote azofa. Ama-Prokaryotes azohlala ewukuphela kwendlela yokuphila eMhlabeni.
“Esikhathini esizayo esikude, izimo eMhlabeni ziyoba nenzondo ekuphileni njengoba sikwazi,” kusho isazi sezinkanyezi ezineminyaka emine edlule. UJack O'Malley-James evela eScottish University of St. Andrews. Wenza isibikezelo sakhe esinethemba elincane ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zekhompyutha ezibonisa ukuthi izinguquko ezenzeka eLangeni zingawuthinta kanjani uMhlaba. Isazi sezinkanyezi sethule lokho akutholile ku-National Astronomical Assembly enyuvesi.
Kulesi simo izakhamuzi zokugcina zoMhlaba zizoba ama-microorganisms angaphila ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Nokho, nazo zizoshabalala.. Eminyakeni eyizigidigidi ezayo, indawo yoMhlaba izoshisa ngendlela yokuthi yonke imithombo yamanzi izohwamuka. Amagciwane ngeke akwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa anjalo kanye nokuchayeka njalo emisebeni ye-ultraviolet.
Njengoba abacwaningi bephawula, kakade kunezindawo emhlabeni wethu lapho ukuphila kungenakwenzeka khona. Isibonelo esisodwa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi Isigodi Sokufaetholakala eningizimu yeCalifornia. Inesimo sezulu esomile esinemvula engaphansi kuka-50 mm ngonyaka, futhi kuba neminyaka lapho izulu lingani nhlobo. Lena enye yezindawo ezishisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Abacwaningi baxwayisa ngokuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungase kwenyuse ubukhulu bezindawo ezinjalo.
Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2, nelanga elikhanyayo kakhulu kanye namazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-100 ° C, amadamu amancane kuphela, afihliwe amanzi azohlala eMhlabeni, phezulu ezintabeni, lapho izinga lokushisa lizobe liphansi, noma emihumeni, ikakhulukazi emigedeni engaphansi komhlaba. Lapha ukuphila kuzoqhubeka isikhathi esithile. Nokho, ama-micro-organisms ahlala ezimweni ezinjalo ekugcineni ngeke asinde ekwandeni kwezinga lokushisa kanye nemisebe ye-ultraviolet ehlala ikhula.
“Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,8, ngeke kube khona ukuphila eMhlabeni ngisho sesimweni esingavamile,” kubikezela uJack O'Malooley-James. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo lembulunga ngalesi sikhathi lizofinyelela ku-147°C. Ukuphila kuzophela ngokuphelele.
Ezilinganisweni zezikhathi ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, cishe kunethuba elingu-2:1 lokuthi inkanyezi izokhipha uMhlaba emkhathini wezinkanyezi ngenxa yokudlula eduze eduze neLanga, bese kuba nethuba elingu-100:000 lokuthi izozungeza enye inkanyezi. . Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ukuphila kungahlala isikhathi eside. Uma izimo ezintsha, izinga lokushisa nokukhanya kuvumela.
Kuyoba iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,3 ngaphambi kokuba uMhlaba ushise ukuqina komnyombo wangaphandle woMhlaba - kucatshangwa ukuthi ingaphakathi elingaphakathi liyaqhubeka nokukhula ngesilinganiso esingu-1 mm ngonyaka. Ngaphandle komgogodla owuketshezi woMhlaba insimu kazibuthe izoshabalalaokusho ukuthi empeleni kusho ukukuncisha isivikelo emisebeni yelanga. Uma iplanethi ingakaqedwa izinga lokushisa ngaleso sikhathi, imisebe izokwenza ubuqili.
Kuzo zonke izigigaba ezehlukene ezingenzeka eMhlabeni, ukufa kweLanga nakho kumele kubhekwe. Inqubo yokufa kwenkanyezi yethu izoqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5,4, iLanga lizoqala ukuguquka libe umdondoshiya obomvu. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka lapho iningi le-hydrogen ephakathi nendawo selisetshenzisiwe, i-helium eyakhiwe izothatha indawo encane, izinga lokushisa lizoqala ukukhuphuka endaweni eseduze nayo, futhi i-hydrogen "izosha" kakhulu emaphethelweni e-nucleus. . . Ilanga lizongena esigabeni esiphansi futhi kancane kancane liphindwe kabili ngobukhulu phakathi neminyaka engaba yingxenye yebhiliyoni. Phakathi neminyaka eyisigamu sebhiliyoni ezayo, izokhula ngesivinini esikhulu ize ibe cishe. 200 izikhathi ngaphezulu kunamanje (ububanzi) I izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngokukhanya. Khona-ke izoba segatsheni okuthiwa yi-red giant, lapho izochitha khona iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane.
Ilanga lisesigabeni esikhulu esibomvu futhi umhlaba ushile
Ilanga cishe lineminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9 ubudala ukuphelelwa uphethiloli we-heliumyini ezokwenza kukhanye manje. Bese iyajiya futhi izonciphisa ubukhulu bayo usayizi woMhlaba, uphenduka ube mhlophe - ngakho uzophenduka i-gnome emhlophe. Khona-ke amandla asinika wona namuhla azophela. Umhlaba uzobe umbozwe yiqhwa, okuyinto, nokho, ngokukhanya kwezenzakalo ezichazwe ngaphambili, akufanele kusaba nandaba, ngoba ngemva kokuphila emhlabeni wethu ngeke kube nezinkumbulo ezisele. Kuzothatha izigidigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka eyengeziwe ukuze ilanga liphelelwe uphethiloli. Khona-ke izophenduka ibe umnyama omnyama.
Iphupho lomuntu wukusungula imoto esikhathini esizayo ezoyisa isintu kwesinye isimiso sonozungezilanga. Ekugcineni, ngaphandle uma sibulawa izinhlekelele eziningi ezingenzeka endleleni, ukubalekela kwenye indawo kuzoba isidingo. Futhi, mhlawumbe, akufanele siziduduze ngokuthi sineminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ukupakisha izikhwama zethu, ngoba kunezindlela eziningi zokucatshangelwa zokuqothulwa endleleni.
