Amasistimu wokumisa. Khubaza noma cha?
Okuqukethwe
Umsebenzi we-start-stop system wukucisha injini endaweni yokupaka bese uyiqalisa futhi uma umshayeli esefisa ukuqhubeka nokushayela. Yenzelweni, isebenza kanjani futhi isebenza kanjani ngokusebenza?
Umqondo wokucisha injini ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwayo okungenamsebenzi, ngisho naserobhothini elibomvu noma esiminyaminyeni sezimoto, usunamashumi eminyaka ukhona. I-Toyota yasungula uhlelo olunjalo ngo-1964 futhi yaluvivinya ku-Crown kwaze kwaba maphakathi no-1,5s. I-electronics ivala injini ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemva kwemizuzwana eyi-10 yokungenzi lutho. Ezivivinyweni emigwaqweni yaseTokyo, kubikwa ukuthi kufinyelelwe ukongiwa kukaphethiloli okungu-XNUMX%, okuwumphumela omuhle kakhulu, nokho, inkampani yaseJapan ibingekho phakathi kwamaphayona omhlangano we-serial wamadivayisi anjalo.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1985, ikhono lokumisa injini ezitobhini lavela kuFiat Regata ES (Energy Saving) ngohlelo lweCitymatic olwakhiqizwa kusukela ngo-1987 kuya ku-XNUMX. Umshayeli wanquma ukuyicisha injini, ephethe inkinobho ekhethekile. Ukuze aqalise kabusha injini, kwakudingeka acindezele i-pedal pedal. Isinqumo esifanayo senziwa ngabakwaVolkswagen ngeminyaka yama-XNUMXs, futhi inkampani kagesi yezimoto i-Hella yanquma ukucisha injini futhi iqhubeke nenkinobho ohlelweni lwayo.
Imodeli yokuqala yokukhiqiza enohlelo lokuqala oluvala injini ngokuzenzakalelayo ezimeni ezithile kwakuyiGalofu yesizukulwane sesithathu enguqulweni ye-Ecomatic, eyethulwa emakethe ekwindla ka-1993. Isebenzise ulwazi olutholwe ngenkathi isebenza ku-Öko. - I-Prototype Golf, esekelwe kuGalofu yesizukulwane sesibili. Injini ivaliwe hhayi kuphela ngemva kwemizuzwana emi-5 yokungenzi lutho, kodwa futhi ngenkathi ushayela, lapho umshayeli engacindezeli i-pedal yegesi. Ukucindezela i-pedal kuphinde kwavula udizili oshiwo ngokwemvelo. Ukuze uqalise injini, iphazamisekile endaweni yokupaka, kwadingeka kufakwe igiya lokuqala. Lokhu kwenziwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-clutch ngoba iGolf Ecomatic ivele ingenayo (semi-automatic).
Lokhu akulona lodwa ushintsho lobuchwepheshe kusukela ku-base Golf. Okulandelayo kwaba ukwethulwa kwesiteringi samandla e-electro-hydraulic, ukubekwa kweswishi "yokuqalisa-stop" kudeshi, ukufakwa kwephakethe lebhethri elikhulu kanye nebhethri eliyisiza elincanyana. Ezinye izimoto zakwa-VW ezihlome nge-start-stop system yiLupo 3L kanye ne-Audi A2 3L ka-1999 (izinhlobo eziluhlaza ezidla uphethiloli ongu-3 l/100 km).
Bheka futhi: Yiziphi izimoto ezingashayelwa ezinelayisense yokushayela esezingeni B?
IVolkswagen yaba ngeyokuqala ukusabela ezimisweni zomthetho ezintsha ezaqala ukusebenza e-European Union ngoJanuwari 1, 1996, nabanye abakhiqizi balandela ngokushesha. Lolu shintsho lomthetho luwumjikelezo omusha wokulinganisa we-NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) wokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ezimotweni zabagibeli, lapho injini ibingasebenzi cishe ingxenye yesine yesikhathi esinqunyiwe (ukuma njalo kanye nokuqalisa kabusha). Kungakho izinhlelo zokuqala ze-serial start-stop zathuthukiswa eYurophu. E-US, isimo sasihluke ngokuphelele. Emjikelezweni wamanje wokulinganisa we-US EPA, ngaphezudlwana kancane kuka-10% wesikhathi esibonisiwe esichithwe kungenzisa injini. Ngakho-ke, ukuyivala ngeke kuthinte umphumela wokugcina kakhulu.
Amasistimu wokumisa. Kodwa kungani?
Ngenxa yokuthi abakhiqizi banquma izinzuzo zokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuqala lokumisa ngokusho kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kokulinganisa, kukhona ukudumazeka okuningi ezimweni ezisebenzayo zemoto. Akuwona wonke umuntu ojabulayo lapho ukukhokha okwengeziwe ngohlelo lomnotho wezimoto kuphenduka imfucuza engenamsebenzi. I-"Start-stop" inikeza izinzuzo ezibonakalayo ngendlela yokonga uphethiloli lapho ushayela esiminyaminya sedolobha. Uma ngesikhathi samahora aphakeme umuntu kufanele ahambe esuka enkabeni yedolobha eya endaweni ekude, khona-ke umgwaqo uzothatha amahora angu-1,5-2, cishe ezimpini zezimoto ezingapheli. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, umshini uyama ngokoqobo izikhathi ezingamakhulu. Isikhathi esiphelele sokuvalwa kwenjini singafinyelela ngisho namaminithi ambalwa. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngokungenzi lutho, kuye ngokuthi injini, kusuka ku-0,5 kuya ku-1 litre ngehora, futhi imoto idlula umzila onjalo kabili ngosuku, ukonga uphethiloli ngenyanga kungafinyelela ngisho namalitha ambalwa kaphethiloli, futhi cishe amalitha ayi-120. Ezimweni ezinjalo zokusebenza, uhlelo lokuqala lokumisa lunengqondo.
Ngemoto efanayo, kodwa ngemva kokushayela amahora angu-1,5-2 kuthrafikhi evamile yedolobha, isikhathi esiphelele sizoba yimizuzu engu-2-3. Ukonga ama-1,5-2 amalitha kaphethiloli ngenyanga kanye namalitha angama-20 kaphethiloli ngonyaka ngeke kwanele ukukhokhelwa ngokweqile kohlelo lokuqala lokumisa, umsebenzi owengeziwe wokulungisa noma inkinga yesakhiwo semoto, okungaholela ekuqhekekeni. Ezimotweni ezishayela kakhulu amabanga amade, inzuzo etholakala ngokucisha injini ezitobhini incane kakhulu.
Ukuzijwayeza kubonisa ukuthi imoto kaphethiloli esezingeni eliphakathi esebenza kumodi ephakathi ezimweni ezehlukene zomgwaqo, isikhathi esiphelele lapho injini imiswa khona ngesistimu yokumisa cishe imizuzu engu-8 ikhilomitha eyi-100. Lokhu kunikeza amalitha angu-0,13 kaphethiloli. Njengoba i-mileage yonyaka ingu-50 000 km, ukonga kuzoba amalitha angama-65. Kodwa ukuzijwayeza kukhombisa ukuthi imiphumela ingahluka kakhulu kuye ngezimo zokusebenza nohlobo lwenjini. Ezinjinini ezinkulu zikaphethiloli, zingafinyelela ku-2 l/100 km, kuma-turbodiesel amancane - amakhulu kuphela ilitha. Ngakho-ke - uma kufanele ukhokhe imali eyengeziwe ohlelweni lokuqala lokumisa, udinga ukuhlaziya ngokucophelela zonke izinzuzo nezingozi.
Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, umbuzo wenkokhelo eyengeziwe yesistimu yokumisa isiqalo kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwayo okuqondile nenzuzo engase ibe khona ephaketheni lomsebenzisi awusabalulekile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi "ukuqala-stop" uyekile ukuba ingxenye yemishini eyengeziwe, kodwa isibe ingxenye evamile yezinguqulo ezithile zenjini. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha inketho yenjini ngesistimu yokuqala yokumisa, ungakhohlwa ukuthi imoto izosebenza kanjani. Sizomane sigwemeke ukuba nesimiso esinjalo.
Bheka futhi: Yiziphi izimoto ezingashayelwa ezinelayisense yokushayela esezingeni B?
Kodwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga zomnotho ezihlobene nezinhlelo zokuqalisa, kuphinde kube nezinkinga ezivamile zensiza. Kujwayelekile ezimotweni zesimanje ukuqalisa kabusha injini ngemuva kokuthi isivalwe wuhlelo ngokucindezela i-clutch pedal. Futhi lapha kuphakama izinkinga, ngoba kwezinye izimo ukuxhaphazwa kanyekanye kwe-clutch kanye "negesi" ama-pedals, lapho uhlelo lufuna ukuqala injini, luphela ngokumisa imoto. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukuthi isistimu ikwazi kanjani ukuqala injini evaliwe ngaphambili (okungcono kakhulu).
Nakuba izimo ezinjalo zingenzeki njalo, zingabangela ukunengeka ohlelweni lokuqala lokumisa. Abashayeli abaningi abayithandi ngisho nangaphandle kwesizathu esithile. Ukucisha okuzenzakalelayo kwenjini kuyabacasula. Ngakho-ke, ngokushesha nje lapho bengena emotweni, noma lapho injini icishiwe okokuqala, bafinyelela inkinobho yokuvala uhlelo. Iqembu labashisekeli balesi sixazululo esisekela imvelo cishe likhulu, futhi ukutholakala okubanzi kwesistimu yokumisa ukuqalisa njengokujwayelekile kuyabajabulisa. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso liwukuthi kufanele ukhokhele lokhu ngentengo yemoto. Akekho onikeza noma yini mahhala, ikakhulukazi into ebonakala ilula kuphela ohlangothini lwezobuchwepheshe.
Amasistimu wokumisa. Umsebenzi olula, inkimbinkimbi enkulu
Kungase kubonakale sengathi ukuvula nokuvala injini kuyinto encane futhi ayidingi izixazululo ezikhethekile zobuchwepheshe. Empeleni, konke kuhluke ngokuphelele. Ngisho nasezinhlelweni ezilula ezisekelwe kusiqalisi sendabuko, kuyadingeka ukwethula izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuphatha amandla ezingagcini nje ngokulawula izinga lebhethri, izinga lokushisa kanye namandla okuqala, kodwa futhi zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwamanye amadivaysi ngesikhathi sokuqala nokulawula ibhethri. ishaja ibhethri ngokufanele. Ibhethri ngokwalo kufanele lenziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuhluke ngokuphelele kunobujwayelekile ukuze imelane nokushajwa okusheshayo nokunamandla, kanye nokushajwa kwamanje.
Isistimu yokumisa isiqalo kufanele futhi ithole ulwazi kuma-electronics angaphakathi ebhodini mayelana nezinga lokushisa lomoya wangaphandle, izinga lokushisa likawoyela (injini ebandayo ngeke ivalwe) kanye nezinga lokushisa le-turbocharger kumayunithi ane-turbocharged. Uma i-turbocharger idinga ukupholisa ngemva kokuhamba kanzima, injini nayo ngeke ime. Kwezinye izixazululo ezithuthuke kakhulu, i-turbocharger inesistimu yokugcoba ezimele eqhubeka nokusebenza ngisho nalapho injini icishiwe. Ngisho nesiqalisi sokumisa esivamile sinamandla engeziwe, izingxenye zangaphakathi eziqinile (njengamabhulashi nama-coupler) kanye negiya elilungisiwe (ukunciphisa umsindo).
Ezinhlelweni zokuqala zokumisa eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngenxa yalokho ezibiza kakhulu, isiqalisi esivamile sithathelwa indawo umshini kagesi ogibele i-flywheel noma i-alternator eklanywe ngokukhethekile. Kuzo zombili izimo, sisebenzelana nedivayisi engakwazi ukusebenza njengesiqalisi kanye nejeneretha, kuye ngesidingo. Lokhu akusona isiphetho.
I-electronics kufanele ibale isikhathi phakathi kokuma kwenjini futhi ihlole ukuthi imoto isifinyelele isivinini esifanele kusukela iqalile. Kukhona ukuguqulwa okuningi ohlelweni lokuqala lokumisa. Ezinye zihambisana nezinhlelo zokuhlenga amandla okubhuleka (ukuvuselela), ezinye zisebenzisa ama-capacitor akhethekile ukugcina ugesi nokusekela ibhethri lapho amandla awo okuqala ehla. Kukhona nalabo lapho, ngemva kokumisa injini, ama-pistons ayo abekwe endaweni efanelekile yokuqalisa kabusha. Ngesikhathi sokuqala, kwanele ukunyakazisa isiqalisi. Uphethiloli ujovwa ngombhobho kuphela kusilinda lapho ipiston ilungele ukushaywa khona futhi injini iqala ukusebenza ngokushesha nangokuthula. Yilokhu abaklami abakufuna kakhulu lapho beklama amasistimu okuqalisa - ukusebenza okusheshayo namazinga omsindo aphansi.
