I-Alliance Ground Surveillance System
Uhlelo lwe-AGS lwenzelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ehlobene nokuvikeleka kwemingcele yamazwe e-NATO (kokubili umhlabathi nolwandle), ukuvikelwa kwamasosha kanye nezakhamuzi, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele nosizo lokusiza abantu.
NgoNovemba 21 ngonyaka odlule, uNorthrop Grumman umemezele ukuphumelela kwendiza ewela i-atlantic yemoto yokuqala engaphethwe muntu (UAV) i-RQ-4D, ezokwenza umsebenzi wokuhlola kabusha weNorth Atlantic Alliance. Lena eyokuqala kwezinhlanu ezihleliwe zezindiza ezinganamuntu ezilethwe e-Europe ngezidingo zohlelo lwe-NATO AGS lokugada phansi emoyeni.
Imoto yasemoyeni engaphethwe muntu i-RQ-4D yasuka ngoNovemba 20, 2019 isuka ePalmdale, eCalifornia, futhi cishe amahora angama-22 kamuva, ngoNovemba 21, yahlala e-Italian Air Force Base Sigonella. I-UAV eyakhiwe e-US ihlangabezana nezidingo zesitifiketi sohlobo lwezempi lokuzizulazula endaweni yezindiza phezu kwe-Europe ezikhishwe yi-European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). I-RQ-4D inguqulo ye-Global Hawk yasemoyeni engenamuntu ebisetshenziswa Umbutho Wasemoyeni wase-US iminyaka eminingi. Izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu ezithengwe yiNorth Atlantic Alliance zijwayelana nezimfuneko zayo; zizokwenza imisebenzi yokuhlola kanye nokulawula ngesikhathi sokuthula, inhlekelele kanye nesikhathi sempi.
Uhlelo lwe-NATO AGS luhlanganisa izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu ezinezinhlelo ze-radar ezithuthukisiwe, izingxenye eziphansi kanye nokusekelwa. Isici esiyinhloko sokulawula i-Main Operating Base (MOB), etholakala eSigonella, eSicily. Izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu ze-NATO AGS zizosuka lapha. Izindiza ezimbili zizobe zisebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi idatha evela kuma-radar e-SAR-GMTI efakwe kumadekhi azo izohlaziywa ngamaqembu amabili ochwepheshe. Uhlelo lwe-AGS NATO seluyisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu samazwe aseNyakatho ye-Atlantic Alliance iminyaka eminingi, kodwa alukake lwenziwa ngokugcwele. Nokho, kwasala izinyathelo ezincane kuphela kwaze kwafika ukulungela ngokugcwele ukusebenza. Lesi sixazululo sifana kakhulu ne-NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control Force (NAEW&CF), esisebenze cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane.
Uhlelo lwe-AGS luqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: umoya kanye nomhlabathi, okuzohlinzeka hhayi kuphela ngezinsizakalo zokuhlaziya kanye nokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe kulo mkhankaso, kodwa futhi kuqhuba ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi.
Inhloso yohlelo lwe-NATO AGS kuzoba ukugcwalisa igebe emandleni abaluleke kakhulu ezobunhloli eNorth Atlantic Alliance. Akulona iqembu le-NATO kuphela elikhathazekile ngempumelelo yalolu hlelo. Ukuphumelela kwalokhu kutshalwa kwezimali kwezokuphepha kuncike kakhulu kubo bonke abaziyo ukuthi ukutholwa kwamakhono amasha kuphela okungasisiza silondoloze ukuphepha eYurophu nasemhlabeni. Lesi sinyathelo esibalulekile siwukuqapha njalo konke okwenzeka emhlabeni nasolwandle, okuhlanganisa kude nendawo ye-North Atlantic Alliance, ubusuku nemini, kuzo zonke izimo zezulu. Umsebenzi obalulekile ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono esimanjemanje kwezobunhloli emkhakheni wezobunhloli, ukubhekwa nokuqashelwa kwamakhono e-RNR (EzobuNhloli, Ukugada kanye Nokuqaphela).
Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokwehla nokwenyuka, ekugcineni, iqembu lamazwe angu-15 linqume ngokuhlanganyela ukuthola lawa makhono abaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni we-NATO AGS, i.e. yakha uhlelo oludidiyelwe oluhlanganisa izakhi ezintathu: umoya, umhlabathi kanye nokusekela. I-NATO AGS Air Segment izoba nama-UAV amahlanu angahlomile e-RQ-4D Global Hawk. Le nkundla yasemoyeni yaseMelika eyaziwa kakhulu engenamuntu isekelwe ekwakhiweni kwendiza ye-Global Hawk Block 40 eyakhiwe yi-Northrop Grumman Corporation, efakwe i-radar eyakhiwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-MP-RTIP (Multi Platform - Radar Technology Insertion Programme), kanye isixhumanisi sokuxhumana ngaphakathi komugqa wokubona nangale komugqa wokubona, enobubanzi obude kakhulu nokuxhumeka kwedatha ye-broadband.
Ingxenye engaphansi ye-NATO AGS, eyingxenye ebalulekile yalolu hlelo olusha, iqukethe izikhungo ezikhethekile ezisekela umsebenzi wokuhlola we-AGS MOB kanye neziteshi eziningi ezakhiwe ngomakhalekhukhwini, ukucushwa okuphathekayo nokuphathekayo okukwazi ukuhlanganisa nokucubungula idatha. enekhono lokusebenza. Lawa madivayisi afakwe izixhumi ezibonakalayo ezinikeza izinga eliphezulu lokusebenzelana nabasebenzisi abaningi bedatha. Ngokusho kwe-NATO, ingxenye yomhlabathi yalolu hlelo izomela ukuxhumana okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwesistimu ye-NATO AGS kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo ze-C2ISR (Command, Control, Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance) zomyalo, ukulawula, ubuhlakani, ukubhekwa kanye nokuhlola. . . Ingxenye yaphansi izoxhumana namasistimu amaningi asevele ekhona. Izosebenza nabasebenzisi abaningi abasebenzayo futhi isebenze kude nendawo yokuhlola esemoyeni.
Ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kwesizinda esiningi sohlelo lwe-NATO AGS kuzokwenziwa ukuze kuhlale kuqwashiswa ngezimo endaweni yaseshashalazini yokusebenza ngezidingo, okubandakanya abaphathi abamiswe ezindaweni zokuthuthukiswa kwamandla. Ukwengeza, uhlelo lwe-AGS luzokwazi ukusekela inhlobonhlobo yemisebenzi edlula kude ubuhlakani bamasu noma obunobuhlakani. Ngalawa mathuluzi aguquguqukayo, kuzokwazi ukuqaliswa: ukuvikelwa kwezakhamuzi, ukulawulwa kwemingcele kanye nokuphepha kwasolwandle, ukuthunywa okulwa nobuphekula, ukusekelwa kwenqubo yokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele kanye nokusiza abantu uma kwenzeka izinhlekelele zemvelo, ukusekelwa kwemisebenzi yokusesha nokuhlenga.
Umlando we-NATO's AGS airborne system mude futhi uyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngokuvamile udinga ukuyekethisa. Ngo-1992, ithuba lokuthola ngokuhlanganyela amabutho amasha kanye nempahla ngamazwe e-NATO kwanqunywa ngesisekelo sokuhlaziywa kokukhula komnotho okwenziwa minyaka yonke e-NATO yiKomidi Lokuhlela Lokuvikela. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi i-Alliance kufanele ihlose ukusebenzela ekuqiniseni amakhono okuqapha okusekelwe phansi komhlaba, kulekelelwa, uma kungenzeka, ezinye izinhlelo ezisebenzayo kakade nezisebenza emoyeni ezisebenzisana nezinhlelo ezintsha ezihlanganisiwe zamazwe amaningana.
Kusukela ekuqaleni, bekulindeleke ukuthi, ngenxa yejubane eliya phambili lokukhula komnotho, uhlelo lwe-NATO AGS lokugada umhlaba luzokwazi ukuthembela ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa zezinhlelo zokugada phansi. Zonke izinhlelo zikazwelonke ezikhona ezikwazi ukuqapha isimo ziyabhekwa. Imiqondo yokwakha inguqulo yaseMelika yohlelo lwe-TIPS (i-Transatlantic Industrial Proposed Solution) noma inguqulo yaseYurophu esekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-radar entsha yomoya iyacatshangelwa; Isinyathelo sase-Europe sibizwa nge-SOSTAR (Stand off Surveillance Target Acquisition Radar). Kodwa-ke, yonke le mizamo yamaqembu ezifunda ezinemibono ehlukene ekwakhiweni kwamakhono amasha ayizange ithole ukwesekwa okwanele okuvela ku-North Atlantic Alliance ukuze iqale ukuqaliswa kwayo. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokungavumelani kwamazwe e-NATO kwakuwukuhlukaniswa kulawo mazwe asekela umbono wokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-radar yase-US i-TCAR (i-Transatlantic Cooperative Advanced Radar) kanye nalawo aphikelela esiphakamisweni saseYurophu (SOSTAR).
Ngo-September 1999, ngemva nje kokungena kwePoland ku-North Atlantic Alliance, sajoyina iqembu elibanzi lamazwe e-NATO ayesekela ngenkuthalo lolu hlelo olubalulekile lomfelandawonye. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukungqubuzana kwamazwe aseBalkan kwaqhubeka, futhi kwakunzima ukusho ukuthi isimo emhlabeni sasingeke sibe nezinye izinkinga noma ngisho nezimpi. Ngakho-ke, kulesi simo, amathuba anjalo ayebhekwa njengesidingo.
Ngo-2001, kulandela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula e-United States, iNorth Atlantic Council yanquma ukuvuselela umqondo wokwakha uhlelo lwe-NATO AGS ngokwethula uhlelo lokuthuthukisa olutholakala kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu. Ngo-2004, i-NATO yanquma ukukhetha, okwakusho ukuvumelana phakathi kwezikhundla zamazwe aseYurophu kanye ne-United States. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuvumelana, kwathathwa isinqumo sokwakha ngokuhlanganyela uxhaxha lwezimoto zasemoyeni ezixubene ze-NATO AGS nezingenamuntu. Ingxenye yomoya ye-NATO AGS yayizohlanganisa izindiza zase-Europe eziphethwe abantu i-Airbus A321 kanye nokuqaphela izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu ezakhiwe imboni yaseMelika i-BSP RQ-4 Global Hawk. Ingxenye yaphansi ye-NATO AGS bekumele ifake iziteshi eziningi ezigxilile nezihambahambayo ezikwazi ukudlulisa imininingwane isuka ohlelweni iye kubasebenzisi abakhethiwe.
Ngo-2007, ngenxa yesabelomali sezokuvikela esihlala sincane samazwe aseYurophu, amazwe e-NATO anquma ukumisa umsebenzi owengeziwe wokuqaliswa kwenguqulo ebiza kakhulu yemikhumbi exubile yamapulatifomu ezindiza ze-NATO AGS, esikhundleni salokho aphakamisa inguqulo eshibhile nelula yokwakha Uhlelo lwe-NATO AGS lapho ingxenye yomoya ye-NATO AGS bekufanele isekelwe kuphela ezindizeni zokuhlola ezingenamuntu ezifakazelwe, i.e. empeleni, lokhu kwakusho ukuzuza i-U.S. Global Hawk Block 40 UAV. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuyindiza kuphela engasebenzi ngokugcwele e-NATO yamazwe athathwa njengesigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke se-III e-NATO, ngaphezu kwe-High Altitude, Long Endurance (HALE ) isigaba kanye ne-MP radar ehlobene -RTIP (Uhlelo Lokufaka I-Multi Platform Radar Technology).
Ngokusho komkhiqizi, i-radar yayikwazi ukubona nokulandelela okuhlosiwe komhlaba ohambahambayo, ukubeka imephu yendawo, kanye nokuqapha okuhloswe emoyeni, okuhlanganisa imicibisholo ye-low-altitude cruise, kuzo zonke izimo zezulu, imini nobusuku. I-radar isuselwe kubuchwepheshe be-AESA (Active Electronics Scanned Array).
NgoFebhuwari 2009, amazwe angamalungu e-NATO asabambe iqhaza ohlelweni (hhayi wonke) aqala inqubo yokusayina Imemorandamu Yokuqondisisa ye-NATO AGS PMOU (Programme Memorandum of Understanding). Kwakuwumbhalo okuvunyelwene ngawo phakathi kwamazwe e-NATO (kuhlanganise nePoland) anqume ukusekela lolu hlelo futhi abambe iqhaza ekutholeni ingqalasizinda edingekayo yohlelo olusha oluhlangene.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iPoland, lapho ibhekene nenkinga yezomnotho eyayisongela imiphumela yayo entwasahlobo yalowo nyaka, ekugcineni yanquma ukungawusayini lo mbhalo futhi ngo-April yahoxisa kulolu hlelo, okubonisa ukuthi esimweni lapho isimo somnotho sithuthuka, ingase ibuyele ekusekeleni ngenkuthalo lezi zinhlelo ezibalulekile. Ekugcineni, ngo-2013, iPoland yabuyela eqenjini lamazwe e-NATO asabambe iqhaza ohlelweni futhi, njengengxenye yeshumi nanhlanu, yanquma ngokuhlanganyela ukuqedela lolu hlelo olubalulekile lwe-North Atlantic Alliance. Uhlelo lwaluhlanganisa amazwe alandelayo: Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg, Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Norway, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia kanye ne-USA.
