Isinyathelo esibheke ku-nanotechnology
Okuqukethwe
Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, abantu babezibuza ukuthi izidumbu ezizungezile zakhiwe ngani. Izimpendulo zazihlukahluka. EGreece yasendulo, ososayensi baveza umbono wokuthi zonke izindikimba ziqukethe izakhi ezincane ezingahlukaniseki, abazibiza ngokuthi ama-athomu. Ukuthi kuncane kangakanani abakwazanga ukukukhombisa. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, imibono yamaGreki yahlala iyimibono nje. Babuyiselwa kubo ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, lapho kwenziwa izivivinyo zokulinganisa ubukhulu bama-athomu nama-athomu.
Olunye ucwaningo olubalulekile ngokomlando, olwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubala ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana, lwenziwa Usosayensi oyiNgisi uLord Rayleigh. Njengoba kulula ukwenza futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ekholisa kakhulu, ake sizame ukuphinda ekhaya. Khona-ke siphendukela kwezinye izivivinyo ezimbili ezizosivumela ukuba sifunde ezinye zezici zama-molecule.
Ayini amasayizi wezinhlayiyana?
Ilayisi. 1. Indlela yokulungisa isirinji yokubeka isixazululo samafutha kuphethiloli okhishiwe kuwo; p - i-poxylina,
c – isirinji
Ake sizame ukuphendula lo mbuzo ngokwenza ucwaningo olulandelayo. Kusuka kusirinji engu-2 cm3 khipha i-plunger bese uvala indawo yayo yokuphuma nge-Poxiline ukuze igcwalise ngokuphelele ishubhu lokuphuma elihloselwe ukufakwa yenaliti (Fig. 1). Silinda imizuzu embalwa kuze kube yilapho i-Poxilina iqina. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, thela kusirinji cishe ngo-0,2 cm3 amafutha adliwayo futhi urekhode leli nani. Leli inani lamafutha asetshenzisiwe.o. Gcwalisa umthamo osele wesirinji ngophethiloli. Hlanganisa kokubili uketshezi ngocingo kuze kutholakale isisombululo esilinganayo futhi ulungise isirinji iqonde kunoma yisiphi isibambi.
Bese uthele amanzi afudumele emgqonyeni ukuze ukujula kwawo kube ngu-0,5-1 cm. Sebenzisa amanzi afudumele, kodwa angashisi, ukuze umusi okhuphuka ungabonakali. Sihudula umugqa wephepha phezu kwamanzi izikhathi eziningana ukuze sihlanze impova engahleliwe.
Siqoqa ingxube encane yamafutha nophethiloli ku-dropper bese sishayela i-dropper phakathi nendawo yomkhumbi ngamanzi. Sicindezela ngobumnene irabha, siwisa iconsi elincane ngangokunokwenzeka phezu kwamanzi. Iconsi lengxube kawoyela nophethiloli lizosakazeka kabanzi kuzo zonke izinhlangothi phezu kwamanzi futhi lenze ungqimba oluncane kakhulu olunogqinsi olulingana nobubanzi bezinhlayiyana eyodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo kakhulu - okuthiwa. ungqimba we-monomolecular. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngokuvamile imizuzu embalwa, uphethiloli uzohwamuka (usheshiswe ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi), ushiye ungqimba lwamafutha we-monomolecular ebusweni (Fig. 2). Isendlalelo esiwumphumela ngokuvamile sinomumo wombuthano onobubanzi obungamasentimitha ambalwa noma ngaphezulu.
Ilayisi. 2. Ingqimba ye-monomolecular yamafutha phezu kwamanzi
m – okhalweni, c – amanzi, o – amafutha, D – ukubumbeka ububanzi, g – ukujiya kokwakheka
(usayizi wezinhlayiyana zamafutha)
Sikhanyisa ingaphezulu lamanzi ngokuqondisa umsebe wokukhanya kusuka ethoshi ngokudayagonali kuwo. Ngenxa yalokhu, imingcele yongqimba ibonakala kakhulu. Singakwazi ukunquma kalula ubukhulu bayo obucishe bube ngu-D eruleni elibanjwe ngenhla nje kobuso bamanzi. Ukwazi lobu bubanzi, singabala indawo yesendlalelo S sisebenzisa ifomula yendawo yombuthano:
Ukube besazi ukuthi iyini ivolumu kawoyela V1 equkethwe econsi, khona-ke ububanzi be-molecule kawoyela d bungabalwa kalula, kucatshangwa ukuthi uwoyela wancibilika futhi wenza ungqimba olunobuso S, okungukuthi:
Ngemva kokuqhathanisa amafomula (1) kanye no-(2) kanye noguquko olulula, sithola ifomula esivumela ukubala usayizi wezinhlayiya zikawoyela:
Indlela elula, kodwa hhayi enembe kakhulu yokunquma ivolumu V1 ukuhlola ukuthi mangaki amaconsi angatholakala kumthamo ophelele wengxube equkethwe kusirinji bese uhlukanisa umthamo wamafutha Vo asetshenziswe yile nombolo. Ukuze senze lokhu, siqoqa ingxube ku-pipette bese sidala amaconsi, sizama ukuwenza usayizi ofanayo nalapho ehla phezu kwamanzi. Senza lokhu kuze kube yilapho yonke ingxube isiphelile.
Indlela enembe kakhudlwana, kodwa edla isikhathi esiningi iwukulahla ngokuphindaphindiwe ithonsi likawoyela phezu kwamanzi, uthole ungqimba lwamafutha we-monomolecular bese ukala ububanzi bawo. Yiqiniso, ngaphambi kokuba ungqimba ngalunye lwenziwe, amanzi asetshenziswe ngaphambilini namafutha kufanele kuthululwe ngaphandle kwesitsha futhi kuthululwe kuhlanzekile. Kusukela kuzilinganiso ezitholiwe, isilinganiso se-arithmetic siyabalwa.
Ukushintsha amanani atholiwe kufomula (3), ungakhohlwa ukuguqula amayunithi futhi uveze inkulumo ngamamitha (m) kanye no-V.1 ngama-cubic metres (m3). Thola usayizi wezinhlayiyana ngamamitha. Lo sayizi uzoncika ohlotsheni lwamafutha asetshenzisiwe. Umphumela ungase ube nephutha ngenxa yokuqagela okwenziwe lula, ikakhulukazi ngoba ungqimba bekungelona i-monomolecular nokuthi amasayizi amaconsi ayengafani ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kulula ukubona ukuthi ukungabikho kwesendlalelo se-monomolecular kuholela ekucabangeni ngokweqile kwevelu engu-d. Osayizi abavamile bezinhlayiya zikawoyela bakububanzi obuyi-10.-8-10-9 m. Block 10-9 m ubizwa i-nanometer futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni ochumayo owaziwa ngokuthi i-nanotechnology.
"Enyamalala" ivolumu yoketshezi
Ilayisi. 3. Idizayini yomkhumbi wokuhlola ukuncipha koketshezi;
g - ishubhu lepulasitiki elisobala, p - polyoxylin, l - irula,
t – itheyiphu esobala
Ukuhlola okubili okulandelayo kuzosivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi ama-molecule emizimba ehlukene anomumo nobukhulu obuhlukene. Okokuqala, usike izingcezu ezimbili zeshubhu lepulasitiki elisobala, kokubili ububanzi bangaphakathi obungu-1-2 cm nobude obungu-30 cm. 3). Vala iziphetho ezingezansi zamapayipi ngamapulaki e-poxylin. Lungisa womabili amarula anamapayipi anamathiselwe endaweni eqondile. Thela amanzi anele kwelinye lamapayipi ukuze wenze ikholomu cishe ingxenye yobude bepayipi, ithi amasentimitha angu-14. Thela inani elifanayo le-ethyl alcohol eshubhuni lesibili lokuhlola.
Manje siyabuza, kuyoba yini ukuphakama kwekholomu yengxube yakho kokubili uketshezi? Ake sizame ukuthola impendulo kubo ngokuhlola. Thela utshwala epayipini lamanzi bese ukala ngokushesha izinga eliphezulu loketshezi. Simaka leli zinga ngomaka ongangeni manzi epayipini. Bese uhlanganisa kokubili uketshezi ngocingo bese uhlola izinga futhi. Yini esiyiqaphelayo? Kuvela ukuthi leli zinga liye lehla, i.e. umthamo wengxube ungaphansi kwesamba semiqulu yezithako ezisetshenziselwa ukuyikhiqiza. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi ukufinyezwa kwevolumu ye-liquid. Ukwehliswa kwevolumu ngokuvamile ngamaphesenti ambalwa.
Incazelo yemodeli
Ukuze sichaze umphumela wokucindezela, sizokwenza isilingo semodeli. Ama-molecule otshwala kulokhu kuhlolwa azomelwa yizinhlamvu zephizi, futhi ama-molecule amanzi azoba imbewu ye-poppy. Thela uphizi onezinhlamvu ezinkulu cishe ngo-0,4 m ukuphakama esitsheni sokuqala, esincane, esisobala, isibonelo, imbiza ende Thela imbewu ye-poppy esitsheni sesibili esifanayo sobude obufanayo (isithombe 1a). Bese sithela imbewu ye-poppy esitsheni esinama-peas futhi sisebenzise irula ukukala ukuphakama lapho izinga eliphezulu lokusanhlamvu lifinyelela khona. Simaka leli zinga ngomaka noma ibhande lenjoloba elenza imithi emkhunjini (isithombe 1b). Vala isitsha bese usinyakazisa izikhathi eziningana. Siwabeka sibheke phezulu bese sibheka ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lengxube yokusanhlamvu lifinyelela kuliphi izinga manje. Kuvela ukuthi iphansi kunangaphambi kokuxuba (isithombe 1c).
Ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ukuthi ngemva kokuxuba, imbewu encane ye-poppy yagcwalisa izikhala zamahhala phakathi kwamaphizi, ngenxa yalokho inani eliphelele elithathwe yingxube lehla. Isimo esifanayo senzeka lapho kuhlanganiswa amanzi notshwala nolunye uketshezi. Ama-molecule awo afika ngawo wonke amasayizi nezimo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlayiya ezincane zigcwalisa izikhala phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezinkulu futhi umthamo we-liquid uyancipha.
Isithombe 1. Izigaba ezilandelayo zocwaningo lwemodeli yokuminyanisa:
a) ubhontshisi kanye nembewu ye-poppy ezitsheni ezihlukene,
b) okusanhlamvu ngemva kokuchithwa, c) ukunciphisa umthamo wezinhlamvu ngemva kokuxuba
Imiphumela yesimanje
Namuhla kwaziwa kahle ukuthi zonke izidumbu ezisizungezile zakhiwe ama- molecule, futhi lawo, wona, akhiwa ama-athomu. Kokubili ama-athomu nama-athomu ahamba ngokungahleliwe, ijubane lakho elincike ezingeni lokushisa. Ngenxa yezibonakhulu zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi isibonakhulu esithwebulayo (STM), ama-athomu ngamanye angabonwa. Izindlela ziyaziwa nangokuthi sebenzisa i-atomic force microscope (AFM-), ekuvumela ukuthi uhambise ngokunembile ama-athomu ngamanye futhi uwahlanganise abe amasistimu abizwa ngokuthi. nanostructures. Umphumela wokucindezelwa nawo unemiphumela engokoqobo. Kufanele sikucabangele lokhu lapho sikhetha inani loketshezi oluthile oludingekayo ukuze sithole ingxube yevolumu edingekayo. Kufanele ukucabangele, kuhlanganisa. ekukhiqizeni i-vodkas, njengoba wazi, izingxube ikakhulukazi i-ethyl utshwala (utshwala) namanzi, ngoba umthamo wesiphuzo esiwumphumela uzoba ngaphansi kwesamba semiqulu yezithako.
