Ingabe umuntu uzothatha izinyathelo ezimbili ukuya phambili emkhathini futhi nini?

Ukuthumela abantu emkhathini kunzima, kuyabiza, kuyingozi, futhi akwenzi umqondo wesayensi owedlula ukuthunywa okuzenzakalelayo. Nokho, ayikho into ejabulisa umcabango njengohambo lokuya ezindaweni lapho kungakaze kube khona muntu ngaphambili.

Iqembu lamandla asemkhathini elathumela umuntu emkhathini wangaphandle (okungafanele kudidaniswe nokundiza kwesakhamuzi sakuleli zwe ngaphansi kwefulegi langaphandle) lisahlanganisa i-USA, Russia neChina kuphela. I-India izojoyina leli qembu maduze.

UNdunankulu uNarendra Modi umemezele ngokunethezekile ukuthi izwe lakhe lihlela ukuba nendiza ezungeza abantu ngo-2022, ngokunokwenzeka emkhathini ohleliwe. Gaganyaan (eyodwa). Muva nje, abezindaba baphinde babika ngomsebenzi wokuqala womkhumbi omusha waseRussia. Inhlanganookulindeleke ukuthi indize ukudlula i-Soyuz (igama layo lizoshintshwa libe "lifaneleka kakhulu" naphezu kokuthi leli elikhona manje liqokwe emqhudelwaneni kazwelonke). Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo nge-capsule entsha yase-China ngaphandle kokuthi indiza yayo yokuhlola ihlelelwe u-2021, yize kungenzeka ukuthi abekho abantu abagibele.

Ngokuqondene nomgomo wesikhathi eside wemishini eyenziwe ngabantu, ifanele lokhu Mashi. I-Ejensi ihlela ngokusekelwe ku isiteshi sesango (okuthiwa isango) dala inkimbinkimbi Ezokuthutha endaweni ejulile (isikhathi sasehlobo). Ihlanganisa ama-Orion pods, izindawo zokuhlala, namamojula azimele wokukhiqiza, izogcina ithuthelwe ku-(2), nakuba lelo kuseyikusasa elikude impela.

2. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo ezokuthutha zasemkhathini ezijulile ezifika eduze ne-Mars, okudalwe ngu-Lockheed Martin.

Isizukulwane esisha semikhumbi-mkhathi

Kuhambo lwasemkhathini olude, kuyadingeka ukuba nezimoto ezithuthuke kancane kunamakhepsuli ezokuthutha asetshenziswa ngokuqinile ku-LEO (i-low earth orbit). Umsebenzi waseMelika uthuthuke kakhulu kusuka e-Orion (3), ethunywe ngu-Lockheed Martin. I-Orion capsule, njengengxenye yemishini ye-EM-1 engaphethwe muntu ehlelelwe u-2020, izohlonyiswa ngohlelo lwe-ESA oluhlinzekwa yi-ejensi yaseYurophu.

Izosetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwakha nokuthutha abasebenzi esiteshini i-Gateway ezungeze iNyanga, okuzothi, ngokusho kwesimemezelo, kuzoba iphrojekthi yamazwe ngamazwe - hhayi e-US kuphela, kodwa naseYurophu, eJapane, eCanada kanye naseRussia ngokunokwenzeka. . .

Umsebenzi wokwakha umkhumbi-mkhathi omusha uyaqhubeka, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ezinhlangothini ezimbili.

Omunye uyakha amaphilisi okugcina iziteshi ze-orbitalnjenge-International Space Station ISS noma uzakwabo waseShayina wesikhathi esizayo. Yilokhu okufanele kwenziwe yizinkampani ezizimele e-US. Udrako 2 kusuka ku-SpaceX kanye I-CST-100 Starliner Boeing, endabeni yamaShayina Shenzhoukanye namaRussia Inyunyana.

Uhlobo lwesibili isifiso. izindiza ezingaphezu komjikelezo womhlaba, okungukuthi, ukuya ku-Mars, futhi ekugcineni ku-Mars. Lezo ezihloselwe kuphela izindiza eziya ku-BEO (okungukuthi, ngale kwemikhawulo ye-Earth orbit) zizoshiwo. Ngokufanayo, iRussian Federation, njengoba kusanda kubikwa yiRoskosmos.

Ngokungafani nama-capsules asetshenziswe ngaphambilini, ayelahlwa, abakhiqizi, kanye nomuntu oyedwa, bathi imikhumbi yesikhathi esizayo izophinde isetshenziswe. Ngamunye wabo uzobe efakwe imodyuli yokushayela, ezoqukatha amandla, izinjini zokudubula, uphethiloli, njll. Futhi zinkulu kakhulu ngokwazo, njengoba zidinga izihlangu ezisebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nazo. Imikhumbi ehloselwe umkhankaso we-BEO kufanele ifakwe amasistimu amakhulu okushayela, njengoba idinga uphethiloli owengeziwe, izinjini ezinamandla kanye nokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwesistimu.

2033 kuya kuMars? Kungase kungasebenzi

NgoSepthemba odlule, i-NASA yamemezela okuningiliziwe Uhlelo Lukazwelonke Lokuhlola Umkhathi (). Ihlose ukufeza izinjongo eziphakeme zikaMongameli wase-US u-Donald Trump, njengoba zibekwe ku-Space Policy Directive yakhe yangoZibandlela wezi-2017, ukuyisa osomkhathi base-US ku-Mars, futhi ngokuvamile nokuqinisa ukubaluleka kwe-US endaweni engaphandle komhlaba.

Abahlaziyi bachaze ikusasa elicatshangwayo embikweni onamakhasi angama-21, benikeza isikhathi senhloso ngayinye. Nokho, kukhona ukuguquguquka ekubikezeleni noma yikuphi kwalokhu, futhi kungase kushintshe uma uhlelo lungena ezithiyo noma luhlinzeka ngedatha entsha. I-NASA ihlela, isibonelo, ukulinda imiphumela ye-mission ezophothulwa kuze kube yilapho sekuphothulwa imiphumela ye-mission nesabelomali esihlongozwayo somsebenzi we-Martian ophethwe umuntu. March 2020lapho i-rover elandelayo izoqoqa futhi ihlaziye amasampula phezulu. Uhambo oluphethwe umuntu ngokwalo lwaluzokwenzeka kuma-30s, futhi okungcono - kuze kube ngu-2033.

Umbiko ozimele okhiqizwe yi-NASA we-Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI) oshicilelwe ngo-April 2019 ubonisa ukuthi izinselelo zobuchwepheshe zokwakha isiteshi sokuthutha esijulile esithatha osomkhathi ukuya nokubuya ku-Mars, kanye nezinye izici eziningi ze-Mars Expedition. Ukuhlela, okubekwe ngaphansi kombuzo obalulekile ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukufeza umgomo ekuqaleni kuka-2033.

Lo mbiko, oqedwe ngaphambi kwenkulumo kaMike Pence kaMashi 26 esezingeni eliphakeme lapho iPhini likaMongameli wase-US licishe liyalele i-NASA ukuthi ibuyisele abantu enyangeni ngo-2024, ukhombisa ukuthi kungabiza malini ukubuyela enyangeni nokuthi kusho ukuthini enyangeni. isikhathi eside. -Isimo esiphuthumayo sihlela ukuthumela abasebenzi.

I-STPI ibicubungula ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezisathuthukiswayo njengamanje, abahlali benyanga kanye nakamuva be-Mars, i-Orion kanye neSango elihleliwe elizokwakhiwa ngeminyaka yama-20s Umbiko ubonisa ukuthi wonke lo msebenzi uzothatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuqedwa ngesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, elinye iwindi lokwethulwa ngo-2035 nalo lalibhekwa njengelingenangqondo.

“Sithola ukuthi noma ngaphandle kwezingqinamba zesabelomali, umgomo we-orbital March 2033 ayikwazi ukwenziwa ngokuhambisana nezinhlelo zamanje nezokuqagela ze-NASA, ”kusho umbhalo we-STPI. "Ukuhlaziya kwethu kukhombisa ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ngaphambi kuka-2037, kuncike ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe okungaphazamiseki, ngaphandle kokubambezeleka, ukwenyuka kwezindleko kanye nengozi yokushoda kwesabelomali."

Ngokombiko we-STPI, uma ufuna ukundizela ku-Mars ngo-2033, kuzodingeka udlule ezindizeni ezibucayi ngo-2022, okuyinto engenakwenzeka. Ucwaningo "ngesigaba A" sephrojekthi ye-Deep Space Transport kufanele iqale ekuqaleni kuka-2020, okungenakwenzeka futhi, njengoba ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko zayo yonke iphrojekthi kungakaqali. Umbiko uphinde waxwayisa ngokuthi ukuzama ukusheshisa umugqa wesikhathi ngokuphambuka kumkhuba ojwayelekile weNASA kuzodala ubungozi obukhulu ekufinyeleleni izinhloso.

I-STPI iphinde yalinganisela isabelomali semishini eya ku-Mars esikhathini “esingokoqobo” sika-2037. Isamba sezindleko zokwakha zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo - okuhlanganisa nemoto yokwethulwa esindayo. I-Space Launch System (SLS), umkhumbi we-Orion, i-Gateway, i-DST nezinye izakhi namasevisi kukhonjisiwe $ 120,6 billionkubalwe kwaze kwaba ngu-2037. Kule mali, izigidigidi ezingama-33,7 sezichithiwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo ze-SLS ne-Orion kanye nezinhlelo ezihambisana nazo zomhlabathi. Kuyafaneleka ukwengeza ukuthi i-Martian mission iyingxenye yohlelo lonke lwendiza yasemkhathini, izindleko eziphelele kuze kube ngu-2037 zilinganiselwa ku- $ 217,4 billion. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthumela abantu ku-Red Planet, kanye nokusebenza kwezinga eliphansi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ze-Mars ezidingekayo emisebenzini yesikhathi esizayo.

Inhloko ye-NASA UJim Bridenstine Kodwa-ke, enkulumweni eyanikezwa ngo-Ephreli 9 e-35th Space Symposium e-Colorado Springs, umbiko omusha awuzange ubonakale umangalisa. Uzwakalise isasasa likaPence lokusheshisa uhlelo lwenyanga. Ngokombono wakhe, iholela ngqo ku-Mars.

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I-China: Isizinda se-Martian e-Gobi Desert

AmaShayina nawo anezinhlelo zawo zeMartian, nakuba ngokwesiko akukho okwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ngawo, futhi nezinhlelo zezindiza eziphethwe abantu azikaziwa. Kunoma yikuphi, uhambo lwaseShayina nge-Mars luzoqala ngonyaka ozayo.

Imishini izobe isithunyelwa ngo-2021 ukuhlola indawo. I-rover yokuqala yaseChina i-HX-1. Lander futhi uqhubeke lolu hambo, waphakamisa rocket "Changzheng-5". Lapho ifika, i-rover kufanele ibheke nxazonke futhi ikhethe izindawo ezifanele zokuqoqa amasampula. Uma lokhu kwenzeka kuba nzima kakhulu Imoto yokwethulwa ngoMashi 9 ende (esathuthukiswayo) izothumela enye i-lander lapho nenye i-rover, irobhothi layo elizothatha amasampula, liwahambise kurokhethi, elizowafaka ku-orbit futhi zonke izisetshenziswa zizobuyela eMhlabeni. Konke lokhu kufanele kwenzeke ngo-2030. Kuze kube manje, alikho izwe elikwazile ukuqeda umsebenzi onjalo. Nokho, njengoba ungase uqagele, ukuhlolwa kwe-Return from Mars kuyisingeniso sohlelo lokuthumela abantu lapho.

AmaShayina awazange enze umsebenzi wawo wokuqala owenziwe umuntu wangaphandle kwaze kwaba ngu-2003. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, sebevele bazakhele umnyombo wabo futhi bathumela imikhumbi eminingi emkhathini, futhi ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wezomkhathi, ithambile. behlela kude le inyanga.

Manje bathi ngeke bame kusathelayithi yethu yemvelo, noma imbala kuMars. Ngesikhathi sezindiza eziya kulezi zikhungo, zizoba khona ohambweni lwama-asteroids kanye ne-Jupiter, iplanethi enkulu kunazo zonke. INational Space Administration yaseChina (CNSA) ihlela ukuba lapho ngo-2029. Umsebenzi wokwakha amarokhethi nezinjini zemikhumbi ezisebenza kahle usaqhubeka. Kufanele kube njalo injini yenuzi isizukulwane esisha.

Izifiso zaseShayina zifanekiselwa yizizathu ezifakazelayo njengezindawo ezicwebezelayo, zekusasa elivulwe ngo-Ephreli kulo nyaka. I-Mars Base 1 (4) emaphakathi nogwadule lwaseGobi. Inhloso yawo ukukhombisa izivakashi ukuthi impilo ingaba njani kubantu. Isakhiwo sinedome elisiliva namamojula ayisishiyagalolunye, okuhlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala, igumbi lokulawula, indawo yokushisa, kanye nesango. Ngenkathi uhambo lwesikole silethwa lapha.

4. I-Chinese Mars Base 1 ogwadule lwaseGobi

isivivinyo samawele esithintayo

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, eminye imisebenzi eqhutshwa abantu ayizange yamukelwe kahle ngabezindaba ngenxa yezindleko kanye nezinsongo zezidalwa eziphilayo ezisemkhathini. Kwakukhona ukucasuka mayelana nokuthi kufanele yini siyeke ukuhlola amaplanethi nokujula komkhathi kumarobhothi. Kodwa imininingwane emisha yesayensi iyabakhuthaza abantu.

Imiphumela yohambo lwe-NASA yathathwa njengekhuthazayo mayelana nohambo oluqhutshwa abantu. zama "ngewele esikhaleni". Osomkhathi Scott noMark Kelly (5) wabamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni, inhloso yakho kwakuwukuthola ithonya lesikhathi eside lesikhala emzimbeni womuntu. Cishe isikhathi esingangonyaka, la mawele ehlolwa okufanayo, elinye ligibele, elinye lisemhlabeni. Imiphumela yakamuva ibonisa ukuthi unyaka osemkhathini unomphumela ophawulekayo, kodwa ongafaki ukuphila engozini emzimbeni womuntu, ophakamisa ithemba lokuthi kungenzeka kube khona umkhankaso wokuya kuyi-Mars esikhathini esizayo.

5. Amawele uScott noMark Kelly

Ngokuhamba konyaka, uScott waqoqa zonke izinhlobo zamarekhodi ezokwelapha ngaye. Wathatha igazi nomchamo wenza ne cognitive test. Emhlabeni, umfowabo wenza okufanayo. Ngo-2016, uScott wabuyela eMhlabeni lapho afundelwa khona izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ezalandela. Manje, ngemva kweminyaka emine kuqale ucwaningo, sebeyishicilele imiphumela egcwele.

Okokuqala, abonisa ukuthi kunezici kuma-chromosome kaScott ukulimala kwemisebe. Lokhu kungaholela ezifweni ezinjengomdlavuza.

Kodwa-ke, unyaka osemkhathini ubuye usebenze izinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo ezihambisana namasosha omzimba, okwenzeka eMhlabeni kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Lapho sizithola sisezimweni ezicindezelayo, silimala kakhulu noma sigula, impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba iqala ukusebenza.

Twin cell izakhiwo ezibizwa ama-telomeres. Kukhona ama-caps ekugcineni kwama-chromosome. ukusiza ukuvikela i-DNA yethu kusuka emonakalweni bese ushwabana noma ngaphandle kokushuba. Okwamangaza abacwaningi ukuthi ama-telomere kaScott emkhathini ayengemafishane, kodwa ayemade kakhulu. Ngemva kokubuyela eMhlabeni phakathi namahora angu-48, baphinde baba bafishane, futhi ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, ngaphezu kwama-90% ezakhi zabo zofuzo zokuzivikela ezicushiwe zacima. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye, ama-chromosome ayengawonakali kangako, okusho ukuthi alukho ushintsho abacwaningi ababelubonile ngaphambili olwalubeka ukuphila kwakhe engozini.

Kusho uScott engxoxweni.

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USusan Bailey, umcwaningi waseColorado State University, ukholelwa ukuthi umzimba kaScott wasabela esimweni semisebe. ukuhlanganisa ama-stem cell. Lokhu okutholakele kungasiza ososayensi bathuthukise izindlela zokulwa nemiphumela yohambo lwasemkhathini. Umcwaningi akakushiyi ngaphandle nokuthi ngelinye ilanga uyoze azitholele izindlela isandiso sempilo emhlabeni.

Ngakho, ingabe uhambo lwesikhathi eside lwasemkhathini kufanele lwandise ukuphila kwethu? Lokhu kungaba umphumela ongalindelekile wohlelo lokuhlola indawo.