Isisulu esidume kakhulu seCaronades

I-American frigate elula njenge-Essex, iningi kakhulu kodwa elincane kakhulu eliboniswayo kunamafrigates asezingeni eliphezulu loMthethosisekelo. Umfanekiso wenkathi. Umbhali womdwebo: uJean-Jerome Beaujan

I-Caronades, izibhamu ezithile zemikhumbi zasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, ezinemigoqo emifushane futhi zinebanga elifushane, kodwa zikhanya ngokwedlulele uma ziqhathaniswa nohlobo lwazo, zadlala indima ebalulekile ezimpini zasolwandle zangaleso sikhathi nasengxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, nakuba ngesikhathi esifanayo balinganisela kakhulu futhi bathi yizenzo zabo hhayi lezo zigaba zemikhumbi ezazibaluleke kakhulu kuzo. Futhi isisulu sabo esidume kakhulu kwakungesona isikebhe sikaseyili esaxoshwa kuma-caronades, kodwa okuphambene kakhulu - okwakudingeka sivumele isitha, ngoba izikhali zaso zazinezibhamu eziningi kakhulu zalo mklamo.

Ukuzalwa kwe-Essex frigate

Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yaseMelika ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kwakunezici eziningi ezithile. Amasosha asolwandle ahlushwa ukuntula imali okungapheli okubangelwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukunengeka okukhulu kuhulumeni omkhulu oqinile, ukuthambekela kokuzihlukanisa okukhona kakhulu emphakathini, kanye nenkolelo yokuthi sasingekho isidingo sokudala amanye amayunithi okulwa ngaphandle kwalawo avikelayo. . ogwini lwakho (okuqondwa mandulo njengezenzo ezenqatshelwe). Kwaba khona futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi kwakungeke kwenzeke ukulingana ngezinombolo - ngesikhathi esifanele - imikhumbi yemikhumbi emikhulu yaseYurophu ngokwesiko, njengeBritish, French, Spanish noma Dutch. Ezinye izinsongo ezisafufusa, njengezenzo zama-corsairs/pirates baseNyakatho Afrika noma amandla kaNapoleon alula ngokumelene nomkhumbi wabathengisi baseMelika, zazanywa ukuba zilwe ngokwakha imikhumbi embalwa, enamandla kakhulu ezigabeni zayo, ukuze ingakwazi ukusebenza ngobuningi. amaqembu futhi enze imisebenzi emikhulu, ngisho nokuwina ama-duels . Yile ndlela amafrigate amakhulu adumile eqembu loMthethosisekelo adalwe ngayo.

Babenezinkinga zabo kanye nemikhawulo, ngaphandle kwalokho, ekuqaleni abazange bamukelwe ngentshiseko nokuqonda, ngakho-ke abaseMelika nabo baklama amayunithi endabuko amaningi. Enye yazo bekuyi-32-gun frigate Essex. Yakhiwa ngesikhathi se-Quasi-War ne-France ngemali evela esikhwameni somphakathi.

Umklamo wawukaWilliam Hackett kanti umakhi kwakungu-Enos Briggs waseSalem, eMassachusetts. Ngemva kokubeka i-keel ngo-April 13, 1799, iyunithi yethulwa ngo-September 30, tr. futhi yaqedwa ngo-December 17, 1799. Ijubane lokwakha laliphawuleka, nakuba ngesikhathi semikhumbi yokhuni, lapho izinto zokwakha kwakudingeka ziguge kokubili ngaphambi kokusika izakhi kanye nezigaba zokuhlanganiswa ngakunye, lokhu akuzange kubonise ukuphila isikhathi eside kwe-frigate. Kulabo abangekho ngisho izinkulungwane eziyishumi. kubantu baseSalema, ukwakhiwa komkhumbi omkhulu kangaka kwakuyisenzakalo esibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokwethulwa kwe-Essex, ehlome ngebhethri eyinhloko enezibhamu ezingu-10-pounder, yayingefani kakhulu namanye amayunithi kulesi sigaba. Kuma-frigate angu-12 aseFrance asenkonzweni esebenzayo, angu-61 ayengaleli klasi; kwabangu-25 baseBrithani, ingxenye yabaningi. Kodwa abanye babephethe izikhali ezinkulu ezisindayo (ezihlanganisa izibhamu ezingu-126 nezingu-18). Ngaphakathi kwesigaba sayo, i-Essex yayicishe ifane, nakuba ukusebenza kwayo kungenakuqhathaniswa ngokunembile nalokho kwamafrigate afanayo aseFrance noma aseBrithani ngenxa yezinhlelo zokulinganisa ezihlukene ezikhona emkhunjini ngamunye.

I-Essex yahamba ngomkhumbi ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1799, iphelezelwa uhide oluya e-Dutch East Indies. Uzibonakalise engumkhumbi okwazi ukumelana nezimo zezulu ezinzima futhi uyashesha ngokwanele, unamandla amakhulu okubamba, uyalawuleka, ugcinwe kahle emoyeni, nakuba uhamba kakhulu (longitudinal sway). Kodwa-ke, njengoba kwakulindelekile ekwakhiweni okusheshayo, kusukela ngo-1807 izingxenye ezinkulu zamafreyimu ayo amhlophe e-oki aseMelika zatholakala zibolile futhi kwadingeka ukuba kufakwe izingcezu ezintsha ze-oki ezisacatshangelwa, njengoba nje kwakudingeka izitezi, imishayo kanye nezinsimbi. kufakwe esikhundleni. ngo-1809. Ngesikhathi sokulungiswa, amapheshana e-side plating aqinisiwe aphakanyisiwe futhi ukuthambekela kwangaphakathi kwezinhlangothi kwancishiswa.

I-frigate yayisenkonzweni yokulwa kusukela ngoDisemba 22, 1799 kuya ku-Agasti 2, 1802, kusukela ngoMeyi 1804 kuya kuJulayi 28, 1806, futhi kusukela ngoFebhuwari 1809 kuya kuMashi 1814. Ithemba noma ukungena ePacific Ocean. Kwenzeke izinguquko ezinkulu ezikhundleni zayo. Okokuqala, ngo-February 1809, kwavela ama-caronade angamakhilogremu angu-32 endaweni engemuva nangaphambili, eyandisa isisindo se-salvo eseceleni cishe izikhathi ezimbili nengxenye! Ukuguqulwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukushintshwa ngo-Agasti 1811 kwebhethri eliyinhloko le-12-pounder nama-caronades angu-32-pounder. Yiqiniso, ngenxa yalokhu, isisindo se-broadside sikhuphuke ngomunye u-48%, kodwa lokhu futhi kwakusho ukuthi ifakwe izikhali, lapho, kuzo zonke iziqhumane nama-caronade angu-46, ayisithupha kuphela angadubula kusukela ebangeni elivamile.

Umbhali wesithombe: Jean-Jerome Boja