Russian anti-aircraft uhlelo Sosna
Pine ngomashi. Emaceleni ekhanda le-optical-electronic, ungabona izembozo zensimbi ezivikela amalensi kujethi yegesi yenjini yerokhethi. Izinkundla zokuntanta ezilungisiwe ezivela ku-BMP-2 zifakwe ngaphezu kwamathrekhi.
Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I, kwavela isigaba esisha sezindiza zokulwa. Lezi kwakuyizimoto ezihlaselayo eziklanyelwe ukusekela amasosha azo ngaphambili, kanye nokulwa namabutho aphansi ezitha. Kusukela ekubukeni kwanamuhla, ukuphumelela kwabo kwakunganaki, kodwa babonisa ukumelana okumangalisayo nomonakalo - babengomunye wemishini yokuqala enesakhiwo sensimbi. Umnikazi werekhodi ubuyele esikhumulweni sezindiza sakhe somdabu nezithombe ezicishe zibe ngu-200.
Ukusebenza kahle kwama-stormtroopers kusukela eMpini Yezwe Yesibili kwakuphakeme kakhulu, ngisho noma iziqinisekiso zikaHans-Ulrich Rudl zokubhujiswa kwamathangi angaphezu kwe-XNUMX kufanele zibhekwe njengehaba elibi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuze kuvikelwe kubo, kwasetshenziswa izibhamu ezinkulu ezisindayo kanye nezibhamu ezincane ezizenzakalelayo zokulwa nezindiza, ezisabhekwa njengendlela ephumelelayo yokulwa nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ngisho nezindiza ezindizela kancane. Abathwali bezikhali ze-air-to-ground ezinembile yinkinga ekhulayo. Njengamanje, imicibisholo ejikijelwayo nama-glider angadulwa ukusuka ebangeni elidlula kude ububanzi bezibhamu ezisezingeni elincane, futhi amathuba okudubula acitshwayo afikayo mancane. Ngakho-ke, amandla aphansi adinga izikhali ezilwa nezindiza ezinobubanzi obukhulu kunalelo lezikhali ezisuka emoyeni ukuya phansi ezinembayo. Lo msebenzi ungasingathwa izibhamu zezindiza ezisezingeni eliphakathi ezinezinhlamvu zesimanje noma imicibisholo ecitshwayo esuka phezulu kuya emoyeni.
ESoviet Union, ukuzivikela emoyeni kwamasosha angaphansi kwanikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu, ngaphezu kwanoma yiliphi elinye izwe. Ngemuva kwempi, izakhiwo zayo ezinezitezi eziningi zakhiwe: ukuzivikela okuqondile kwafinyelela ku-2-3 km we-firepower, umugqa owedlulele wokuzivikela wamabutho aphansi wahlukaniswa ngamakhilomitha angu-50 noma ngaphezulu, futhi phakathi kwalezi zimo ezimbi kwakukhona okungenani eyodwa " ungqimba oluphakathi”. I-echelon yokuqala ekuqaleni yayinezibhamu ezingamawele nezine 14,5 mm ZPU-2/ZU-2 kanye ne-ZPU-4, kwase kuba izibhamu ezingama-23 mm ZU-23-2 kanye nezigigaba eziphathwayo zesizukulwane sokuqala (9K32 Strela-2, 9K32M "Strela-- 2M"), okwesibili - iziqhumane zamarokhethi ezizishayelayo 9K31 / M "Strela-1 / M" ezinobubanzi bokudubula obufika ku-4200 m kanye nezikhali ezizihambelayo zikhwela iZSU-23-4 "Shilka". Kamuva, i-Strela-1 yathathelwa indawo yizakhiwo ze-9K35 Strela-10 ezinobubanzi bokudubula obufika ku-5 km nezinketho zokuthuthukiswa kwazo, futhi, ekugcineni, ekuqaleni kwawo-80s, i-2S6 Tunguska self-propelled rocket-artillery mounts enama-30 amabili - mm ama-artillery mounts. izibhamu ezimbili kanye neziqhumane zamarokhethi eziyisishiyagalombili ezinobubanzi obungu-8 km. Isendlalelo esilandelayo kwaba izibhamu ezizishayelayo 9K33 Osa (kamuva 9K330 Tor), olandelayo - 2K12 Kub (kamuva 9K37 Buk), futhi uhla olukhulu kakhulu kwaba uhlelo 2K11 Krug, indawo 80s by 9K81 S-300V.
Nakuba i-Tunguska yayithuthukisiwe futhi isebenza kahle, kwaba nzima ukuyikhiqiza futhi ibiza kakhulu, ngakho ayizange ishintshe ngokuphelele isizukulwane sangaphambilini se-Shilka / Strela-10, njengoba kwakunjalo ezinhlelweni zokuqala. Amarokhethi e-Strela-10 avuselelwe izikhathi eziningana (i-9M37 eyisisekelo, i-9M37M / MD ithuthukisiwe kanye ne-9M333), futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka kwaze kwazanywa ngisho nokuwashintsha ngemicibisholo engu-9M39 ye-9K38 Igla kits ephathekayo. Uhla lwazo lwaluqhathaniswa ne-9M37/M, inani lemicibisholo elilungele ukwethulwa laliphindwe kabili, kodwa lesi sinqumo sivimbela isici esisodwa - ukusebenza kahle kwe-warhead. Isisindo se-Igla warhead singaphansi izikhathi ezimbili kunemicibisholo engu-9M37 / M Strela-10 - 1,7 uma kuqhathaniswa no-3 kg. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathuba okushaya okuhloswe ngawo awanqunywa kuphela ukuzwela nomsindo wokuzivikela komuntu ofunayo, kodwa futhi nokusebenza kwe-warhead, ekhula ngokulingana nesikwele sobuningi bayo.
Umsebenzi we-missile entsha ye-mass 9M37 ye-Strela-10 complex yaqalwa emuva ezikhathini zaseSoviet. Isici sawo esihlukanisayo bekuyindlela ehlukile yokukhomba. Ibutho laseSoviet lanquma ukuthi ngisho nasezimeni zemicibisholo ecitshwayo elwa nendiza elula, ukuya endaweni yokushisa kwakuyindlela "eyingozi enkulu" - kwakungenakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi isitha sizothuthukisa nini isizukulwane esisha semishini yokujamza ezokwenza lokho kuqondiswe. imicibisholo ayisebenzi nhlobo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemicibisholo engu-9M32 ye-9K32 Strela-2 complex. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60s nama-70s eVietnam, basebenza kahle kakhulu, ngo-1973 eMpumalanga Ephakathi babonakala besebenza ngokusesilinganisweni, futhi ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ukusebenza kwabo kwehle kwaze kwaba cishe ku-zero, ngisho nasesimweni somcibisholo othuthukisiwe we-9M32M. setha i-Strela- 2M. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona ezinye izindlela emhlabeni: ukulawula umsakazo kanye nesiqondiso se-laser. Eyangaphambili yayivame ukusetshenziselwa amarokhethi amakhulu, kodwa kwakukhona okuhlukile, okufana ne-blowpipe yaseBrithani ephathekayo. Isiqondiso eduze kwe-laser guide beam yaqala ukusetshenziswa ekufakweni kwe-Swedish RBS-70. Lesi sakamuva sasibhekwa njengento ethembisa kakhulu e-USSR, ikakhulukazi njengoba imicibisholo eyi-9M33 Osa ne-9M311 ye-Tunguska yayinesiqondiso somyalo womsakazo. Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqondisa imicibisholo ezisetshenziswa esakhiweni sokuvikela umoya esinamazinga amaningi zenza kube nzima ukulwa nesitha.